Literary common sense of Western drama

1. Literary common sense about drama

Literary common sense about drama Definition and characteristics Drama is an art in which actors play roles and perform storylines on the stage in front of the public.

Drama is a comprehensive stage art. It uses literature, music, dance, art and other artistic means to shape the image of stage art, reveal social contradictions and reflect real life. It is a type of literary genre.

Drama is inseparable from dramatic conflict, which is manifested in the conflict of characters' personalities and is specifically expressed as a series of actions. The basic element of drama is conflict. Representing social struggle life through specific stage images can arouse strong emotional reactions from the audience and achieve the purpose of social education.

Drama is an art performed by actors on the stage, so it must be restricted by the stage and suitable for the needs of the performance. This determines some of its characteristics: first, it is a more typical and concentrated expression of the conflicts and struggles of social life.

Second, the time and place where the storyline takes place are often concentrated, and the number of characters on the stage is also limited. Third, the character's personality and storyline are mainly expressed through the characters' language.

Fourth, the development of the storyline is often divided into acts and scenes. 2. Several nouns and terms. Several major elements of drama: including stage instructions, dramatic conflicts, character lines, etc. Dramatic language includes lines (character language) and stage instructions.

1. Conflict: It is a manifestation of contradictory struggle. It mainly expresses the conflicts between advanced and backward, progressive and conservative, etc. through conflicts between people.

Drama conflicts should be stronger, more typical, more concentrated, and more dramatic than conflicts in life. 2. Lines: It is the language of the characters in the play.

It is character-based and full of action, that is, the character's language is linked to his actions. The expressions of lines include: dialogue, monologue, narration (the character on the stage leaves other characters and speaks to the audience), narration (speaking in the background), and subtext (that is, what is said in the words, what is intended, and what is meant behind the lines. < /p>

It is actually the polysemous phenomenon of language) and so on. 3. Act and scene: Act means opening the stage curtain once, and one scene is a relatively complete paragraph of the drama.

The scene is the opening of two curtains on the stage. It is the smaller passage in the drama. 4. Stage instructions: These are relevant instructions that help the director and actors grasp the plot and provide some attention points for the performance.

The content of the description includes time, place, characters, scenery, the movements and expressions of the characters, the entrance and exit of the characters, the "effect", and the opening. , closing, etc. 3. Classification of dramas: 1) According to the form of expression: drama (such as "Thunderstorm"), opera (such as "The White-Haired Girl"), dance drama (such as "Flowers on the Silk Road"), pantomime, etc.; 2) According to the traditional and simplified plots and structure: one-act drama, multi-act drama (such as "Thunderstorm"); 3) according to the era reflected by the subject matter: historical drama (such as "Qu Yuan"), modern drama (such as "Thunderstorm"); 4) according to the nature of conflicts Divided into: tragedy (such as "Qu Yuan"), comedy (such as "The Merchant of Venice"), drama (such as "The White-Haired Girl") 5) Divided according to the performance occasion: stage drama, radio drama, TV series, etc.

Knowledge about drama literature Drama literature refers to various specific styles of scripts. Unlike other literary works, the purpose of creating a play is not primarily to be read, but to be performed.

Great dramatists like Guan Hanqing and Shakespeare spent their whole lives writing dozens of plays, and this is all true. Therefore, the rules of writing scripts must be restricted by the rules of stage art.

The characteristics of dramatic literature are: first, it should reflect life concisely, use strong dramatic conflicts to highly concentrate characters, time, and scenes in the limited space and time of the stage, making the small world of the stage , try to accommodate the vast world of the human world, condense the intricate real life, and artistically reproduce it on the stage with shorter length, fewer characters, simpler scenes, and simpler events. Second, the language in the script, mainly the character language (lines), must be personalized, a character with a certain character, language that comes from the heart and is spoken by the mouth.

Let the audience see the confrontation between characters through dialogue, create a sense of action, and thus show the plot. Third, there must be concentrated conflict.

Only conflict can promote the development of the plot. Without concentrated conflict, there is no drama. Dramatic literature is not a narrative form like a novel, but a representational form. Only by allowing characters to appear and speak in their own way can the character opposition and conflicts be formed, and only then can there be "drama".

Fourth, the structural layout of the script must be cleverly arranged to make the development and ending of the plot very clever, even fascinating and unpredictable, and enhance the dramatic effect. The classification of dramatic literature is diverse.

According to the nature of the content, there are tragedies, comedies and dramas (tragicomedy); from the expression techniques, there are dramas, operas, dance dramas, musicals and poetic dramas; from the structural form, there are one-act plays and multi-act plays. Act dramas are classified in terms of subject matter, including historical dramas, modern dramas, fairy tale dramas, etc. Drama, Opera, and Dance Drama Drama literature is classified according to art form and expression techniques, including drama, opera, and dance drama.

The characteristic of drama is that dialogue is the main means of expression. The dialogue must be standardized literary language, easy to understand, easy for the audience to accept, and suitable for reflecting life.

Opera is a dramatic form that combines vocal music and instrumental music, so it is also called a musical drama. Some operas have only singing, without soliloquy or dialogue, while others have all three.

The lyrics and music of an opera are very important, and the language of the lyrics should be the language of poetry. Dance drama is a dramatic art that combines dance, music and drama.

Its characteristics are: the development of the plot and the shaping of the characters are mainly expressed by the actors' dance movements (and music language). The dance in the play is divided into two types: plot dance and performance dance: plot dance is used to express the plot of the drama, and performance dance is used to depict the characteristics of the era and environment in which the plot takes place. Act drama and multi-act drama are based on the structural form and capacity of the drama. Divided into one-act plays and multi-act plays.

A one-act play is a short play that consists of one act. Since the display plot is subject to strict time, scene, etc. restrictions, the structure is required to be compact, and the conflicts unfold relatively quickly, but the basic parts of the plot - the beginning, development, climax, and ending should all be shown.

A multi-act play is a large-scale drama. It has a large capacity and a complex storyline.

Because it is divided into acts and scenes, it can express time intervals and spatial shifts by changing acts, so events that are difficult to perform on the stage can be represented.

2. Basic literary common sense of drama

In addition, the basic literary common sense of drama can be divided into "desk version" and "performance version". The former is generally more literary and drama literature< /p>

The performability is poor; the latter generally has both literariness and performability. Whether it is a "desk book" or a "performance book", it must be restricted by the three basic characteristics of drama. These three characteristics: First, complete comprehensiveness. That is, the comprehensive unity of various literary and artistic categories such as literature (scripts), music, dance, and fine arts; the second is the intuitiveness of the image. Dramatic art is the art of "living people acting in public for living people to see". Its characters, environment and plot development are all intuitive representations, unlike other literary works that require reading and imagination before they can be presented in the mind; third, it is highly concentrated. The performance time of a drama is generally less than three hours, and the performance is performed on the stage. Therefore, the time, space and characters of the drama must be highly concentrated. It can neither be displayed in an all-round way like a novel, nor can it be as free as a movie. Dramatic literature - script, which is unified with the basic characteristics of dramatic art, has its basic characteristic of outstanding stageness. Stageliness refers to the high concentration of time, scenes and characters; the second refers to the mobility of characters. Dramatic art is the art of action, the art of imitating people in action. The characters in the script must have strong and intuitive inner and outer movements; the lines of the three-fingered characters must be concise, concise, and easy to understand. Character language must be colloquial, action-oriented, and character-based. You will not be issued as soon as possible in accordance with laws and regulations and accelerated reforms. Secondly, dramatic literature must have strong drama. Drama is the main feature of dramatic art. Drama includes many requirements, such as contingency, mutation, legend, shock, etc., but it mainly refers to dramatic conflict. "Without conflict, there is no drama", this is the sacred code of dramatic literature and dramatic art. There are differences between things, and differences constitute contradictions between things. When the contradiction develops to the extreme and forms an antagonistic struggle, a conflict is formed. In novels, essays, and poems, you can only write about differences and contradictions but not conflicts.

But dramatic literature must place characters in acute social conflicts and inner conflicts to express them. The conflict itself is a concentrated reflection of the contradictions and essence of life, which is the most artistically attractive and shocking. If poetry is compared to ice ballet, prose is likened to floor exercise, and novels are likened to the decathlon, then dramatic literature or dramatic art is the exciting bullfighting, boxing, and football matches.

Again

Dramatic literature is a narrative style rather than a narrative style. Narrative style refers to a style of writing in which the author can directly narrate. Novels, essays, etc. are all narrative styles. The speaking style refers to a literary style that relies on the characters' own language in the work to shape the characters, describe the environment, and develop the plot. Dramatic literature uses the speaking style, which determines the specialization of script language and the difficulty of script creation. Gorky said, "Scripts (tragedy and comedy) are the most difficult literary forms to use. The reason why it is difficult is because of the requirements of the script. Each character in the play expresses his own characteristics with his own language and actions, without the author’s prompting. “The creation of the characters in the play relies specifically on and only on their language.” Language is everything to drama. Such as the introduction of characters, their relationships and the origin of events, the portrayal of characters' personalities, the revelation of their psychology, the development of the storyline, and even the environment in which the characters move (this is mainly reflected in opera literature), they can only rely on the language of the characters in the play. to achieve. Dramatic literature is generally divided into tragedy, comedy and drama according to the nature of dramatic conflicts, and is divided into drama, poetic drama and opera according to different art forms. Chinese opera literature, which can be classified as poetry and drama, is also called "drama poetry" and is a treasure of Chinese national literature.

Lines

Lines (part/dialog/line) are words spoken by characters in dramatic performances. It is the main means used by playwrights to display plots, depict characters, and embody themes. It is also the basic component of the script. The lines in early drama scripts in the world were all in verse. In the 17th century, prose lines began to establish a solid position in comedy scripts; in the 18th century, tragic lines also gradually used prose; after the mid-19th century, prose eventually replaced poetry as the basic form of script lines. The lines of drama generally include dialogue, monologue and narration. The lines in Western operas are mainly verse libretto; in Chinese opera, they are a combination of verse libretto and prose narration. The narration in opera is a musical artistic language, which can be divided into various forms of narration such as Sanbai and Yunbai. Dialogue is the dialogue between characters in a script and is also the main form of dramatic lines. A monologue is a line spoken by a character alone on the stage. It developed from classical tragedy and was widely used in Renaissance drama. It is an artistic method that directly conveys the inner feelings and thoughts of the character to the audience. It is often used in scenes with the most intense and complex inner activities of characters. Narration is a line that a character speaks directly to the audience on the stage without being heard by other characters on the stage. The content is mainly the evaluation of the other party and the disclosure of my inner activities. "Begging to confess" in Chinese opera is a type of narration. In script creation, lines are an important factor in determining the artistry of a dramatic work. Since drama is not like novels and other literary styles where the author comes out to narrate to the readers and can only rely on the characters' own language and actions to express everything, lines are the only language means that can be used on the drama stage. The writing and arrangement of lines become the drama An important part of the technique.

Reference materials:

3. Literary common sense about drama literary creation ~

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Book list: Part 1 Literary knowledge 1. Ancient Chinese literature (1) Ancient style, poetry, prose, rhymes, parallel prose, quotations, ancient poetry, modern poetry, rhythmic poetry, quatrains, Yuefu poems, prose, dramas, palace tunes, notes and essays (2) Pre-Qin literature "The Book of Songs" Mythology of Chu Song Ancient Chinese Mythology Oracle Bone Divination Bronze Inscription "Shang Shu" "Spring and Autumn" "Zuo Zhuan" "Guoyu" "Warring States Policy" "The Analects" "Mencius" "Zhuangzi" "Xunzi" "Han Feizi" "Lu Shi Chunqiu" " Pre-Qin fables (3) Qin and Han literature "Nineteen Ancient Poems" "The Peacock Flies Southeast" Sima Xiangru's "Zixu Fu" and "Shanglin Fu" Dongfang Shuo Jia Yi Sima Qian and his "Historical Records" Ban Gu and "Han Shu" (4) Three Kingdoms Literature of the Two Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties The Seven Sons of Jian'an and the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest Chen Shou's "Three Kingdoms" Tao Yuanming and Fan Ye's "Book of the Later Han" Li Daoyuan's "Shui Jing Zhu" Mulan's Poems Lu Ji's "Wen Fu" Liu Xie's "Wen Xin Diao Long" "Shi Shuo Xin Yu" ( 5) Literature of the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties Li Bai, Du Fu, Liu Yuxi and "Zhuzhi Ci" Bai Juyi and "New Yuefu" Ci by Wen Tingjun and Li Yu Du Mu's "Afanggong Fu" by the Four Great Masters of the Early Tang Dynasty The Ancient Prose Movement of the Tang and Song Dynasties The graceful school of literature in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the bold school with lyrics by Liu Yong, Li Qingzhao with lyrics by Xin Qiji, Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Che, Shen Kuo's "Mengxi Bi Tan" Guan Hanqing, Wang Shifu, Ma Zhiyuan, "Three Kingdoms Pinghua" (7) Ming and Qing literature eight-part essay "Xu Xiake's Travels" Chapter novel "Three Kingdoms" Romance" "Water Margin" "Journey to the West" "The Romance of the Gods" "Jin Ping Mei" Feng Menglong and "Three Words" Ling Mengchu and "Er Pai" Tang Xianzu "The Peony Pavilion" Hong Sheng "The Palace of Eternal Life" Kong Shangren "The Peach Blossom Fan" "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio" "The Scholars" "A Dream of Red Mansions" 2. Modern Chinese Literature (1) Modern Chinese Literature Gong Zizhen Wei Yuan Huang Zunxian Zeng Guofan and the Xiangxiang School Liu E's "Old Can's Travels" Zeng Pu's "Nie Haihua" Wu Woyao "Twenty Years of Witnessing" "Strange Current Situation" Li Baojia's "The Appearance of Officialdom" (2) Modern Chinese Literature "May 4th" New Literature Movement Vernacular Literature Vernacular Literature Left-wing Literature Yan'an Forum on Literature and Art Liberated Area Literature Chinese Left-wing Writers Alliance Lu Xun Ye Shengtao Mao Dun Zhu Ziqing Wen Yiduo Bing Xin Guo Moruo Lao She Shen Congwen Ba Jin Ouyang Yuqian, Cao Yu's "Gada Merlin" Afanti's story "Ashima" (3) Liberated Area writer Ding Ling, Zhao Shuli, Zhou Libo, Sun Li and Li Ji's "The White-Haired Girl" (4) Literature of the 1950s and 1960s Five novels of the 1950s and 1960s Short stories in the 1960s, prose in the 1950s and 1960s, poetry in the 1950s and 1960s, drama in the 1950s and 1960s. The literary and art world during the "Cultural Revolution" (5) Literature in the new era, socialism in the new era, literature in the new era, poetry in the new era, prose in the new era. Novels in the New Era of Drama (6) Hong Kong and Taiwan Literature Tang Dynasty Jin Yong Liang Yusheng Qiong Yao III, Foreign Literature (1) Japanese Literature Monogatari Literature Haiku Natsume Soseki Inoue Yasunaga Naokawabata Yasunari Kobayashi Taki II (2) Russian Literature Pushkin Lermonto Turgenev Dostoyevsky Lev Tolstoy Chekhov Gorky Fadeev Sholokhov (3) German Literature Goethe Heine Brothers Grimm Sturm und Drang (4) British Literature Shakespeare Defoe, Scott, Dickens, Shaw, Bernard Voynich (5) French literature, Molière, Rousseau, Balzac, Hugo Mérimée, Flaubert, Zola, Romain Rolland (6), Italian literature, Dante Petrarch, Boccaccio (7) Greece Literature Aesop's Fables Homer's Epic Greek Mythology Greek Tragedy (8) American Literature Hawthorne Mark Twain Jack London Hemingway (9) Others Tagore Cervantes Andersen's Fairy Tales "One Thousand and One Nights" Part 2 Literary and Art Knowledge 1 , Literature and Art Comprehensive (1) Literature and Art Theory Knowledge Literature and Art and Social Life Typical Realism Romanticism (2) The Party’s Literature and Art Policy “Two For” Direction “Double Hundred” Policy “Two Combinations” Creation Method Carry forward the main theme and advocate diversification About propaganda Four sentences about work about the three standards of high-quality products. The "Five Ones" project is close to 2. Some awards in China's cultural circles (1) Awards in the press and publishing circles (2) Awards in the literary world (3) Awards in the theater world (4) Movies Industry Awards (5) Television Industry Awards (6) Other Awards

3. Music (1) Overview (2) Music genre (3) Masterpieces of famous Chinese and foreign music masters 4. Drama (1) Overview (2) Genres of drama (3) European and American drama (4) Chinese drama 5. Opera (1) Overview ( 2) History of Chinese Opera (3) Types of Chinese Opera (4) Chinese Opera Literature (5) Opera Music (6) Opera Performance (7) Opera Stage Art 6, Acrobatics 7, Folk Art 8, Photography (1) Basic Knowledge of Cameras ( 2) Camera lens (3) Optical principles of photography (4) Photographic composition (5) Photographic light (6) Basic requirements for analyzing good photos (7) Work analysis 9. Movies (1) Basic concepts of movies (2) The characteristics of movies Functions (3) Image lens (4) Sound (5) Montage (6) Long shot (7) Chinese film types (8) Types and genres of Western films (9) Masterpieces of Chinese film masters (10) Masterpieces of foreign film masters 10. Radio and television art (1) The concept of radio and television (2) The emergence of radio and television (3) Radio and television in China (4) The artistic elements and artistic techniques of radio and television (5) Classification of radio and art programs (6) Programs of television and art Classification (7) Summary of programs, columns and works 11. Dance (1) Basic knowledge of dance (2) Classical dance (3) Folk dance (4) Ballet (5) Modern dance 12. Art (1) Concept of art ( 2) The social function of art (3) Modern art categories (4) Traditional Chinese calligraphy and painting categories (5) Elements of art works (6) Chinese and foreign art criticism and appreciation (7) Masterpieces of Chinese art masters (8) Foreign countries.

4. Collection of Chinese and foreign drama knowledge

1. The concept of drama: Drama is a comprehensive stage art that shapes the stage with the help of literature, music, dance, art and other artistic means. Artistic images reveal social contradictions and reflect social life.

2. Types of drama: From the performance form, it can be divided into drama, opera, dance drama, poetic drama, radio drama, TV series, street drama, live newspaper drama, etc.; from the nature of the work content, it can be divided into It can be divided into tragedy, comedy, drama, etc.; in terms of storyline, it can be divided into one-act drama, multi-act drama, etc. According to the era, it can be divided into historical dramas and modern dramas.

3. Elements of drama: including stage instructions, dramatic conflicts, character lines, etc. 4. Basic characteristics of drama: (1) Space and time must be highly concentrated. Drama, unlike novels and essays, is not limited by time and space. It requires time, characters, plots, and scenes to be highly concentrated within the scope of the stage.

On a small stage, the performance of a few people can represent thousands of troops. A few laps can show that they have crossed thousands of rivers and mountains. Changing a scene and characters can show that a brand new world has been reached. Places or how many years apart... Thousands of miles apart or several years apart, all can be displayed on the stage through changes in scenes and scenes. (2) Contradictions and conflicts must be sharp and concentrated. Various literary works must express social conflicts and conflicts, while drama requires that the contradictions and conflicts reflected in limited space and time be more sharp and concentrated.

Because the literary form of drama was created to reflect the conflicts in real life, it is said that without conflicts, there would be no drama. And because the script is limited by length and performance time, the real life reflected in the plot must be condensed into conflicts suitable for stage performance.

(3) Language should express the character. The language of drama is mainly lines. Lines are what the characters in the play say, including dialogue, monologue, and narration.

A monologue is what a character in the play says when he expresses his personal emotions and desires alone; a narration is what a character in the play says to the audience from the side behind the other actors on the stage. Drama mainly uses lines to promote plot development and express characters' personalities.

Therefore, the language of the lines must be able to fully express the character's personality, identity, thoughts and feelings, be popular, natural, concise and clear, be colloquial, and be suitable for stage performance. Chinese drama mainly includes opera and drama: opera is China’s inherent traditional drama, while drama is a Western drama form introduced in the 20th century.

Chinese classical opera is an important part of Chinese national culture. Its artistically charming performance has been loved by people of all ages. Moreover, it also occupies a unique position in the world theater world. Together with ancient Greek tragicomedy and Indian Sanskrit drama, it is known as the world's three major ancient dramas.

The formation of opera can be traced back to the Qin and Han Dynasties. But the formation process was quite long, and it took shape only during the Song and Yuan Dynasties.

Mature opera can be traced back to the Zaju of the Yuan Dynasty. It has experienced the continuous development and maturity of the Ming and Qing Dynasties and entered the modern era. It has flourished for more than 800 years and now has more than 360 types of opera. In its long development process, Chinese classical opera has successively appeared in four basic forms: Southern Opera of the Song and Yuan Dynasties, Zaju of the Yuan Dynasty, Legends of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, local operas of the Qing Dynasty, and modern and modern operas.

The Southern Opera of the Song and Yuan Dynasties probably occurred in the late Northern Song Dynasty and the early Southern Song Dynasty. Wenzhou in Zhejiang and Quanzhou and Fuzhou in Fujian were the formative period of the opera. The Yuan Dynasty Zaju is also called Beiqu Zaju. The Yuan Zaju was first produced in Zhending, Hebei and Pingyang, Shanxi in the late Jin Dynasty.

Popular in the Yuan Dynasty, Yuan Zaju was the first golden age of Chinese opera. It has reached a very high literary level, so much so that in terms of poetic style alone, the ancients had long referred to Tang poetry, Song lyrics, and Yuan opera together.

Legends of the Ming and Qing Dynasties are a form of opera developed from the Southern Opera of the Song and Yuan Dynasties. It was produced in the late Yuan Dynasty, spread in the early Ming Dynasty, flourished in the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, reached its peak in Wanli, and extended to the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty. The number of works is known as "Ci Shan Qu Hai".

Local opera in the Qing Dynasty was the third stage of classical opera. It has the same art form as modern and modern opera.

In the late Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, local operas flourished in various places and were called Huabu. In the Qianlong period, they began to compete with Kun Opera called Yabu. By the end of Qianlong's reign, Huabu overwhelmed Yabu and occupied the dominant position on the stage until the end of Daoguang's reign.

These 150 years were the era of local opera in the Qing Dynasty. The operas from 1840 to 1919 are called modern operas, which include Peking Opera formed during the Tongzhi and Guangxu years and a period of opera reform movement that emerged in the early 20th century.

During the "May 4th" New Culture Movement, traditional opera was fiercely criticized, and then opera entered the era of modern opera. The formation of Peking Opera was the result of the development of local operas in the Qing Dynasty, and after Peking Opera became a national representative opera, it did not suppress the development of local operas at all.

From local opera in the Qing Dynasty to Peking Opera, Chinese opera was an era of extreme prosperity. Chinese drama only has a history of a hundred years.

Introduced to China from the West, from the early 20th century to the May Fourth Movement, it was called "Wenming New Drama". This early drama still has some characteristics of opera. After the May 4th Movement, Western dramas were introduced again as they were, in the form of realist dramas, called "new dramas".

It was called "drama" in 1928 and is still used today. Opera is a traditional Chinese dramatic form.

It is a combination of various factors including literature, music, dance, art, martial arts, acrobatics and performing arts. Its origin has a long history. Song and dance have sprouted as early as in primitive society. In the long process of development, after more than 800 years of continuous enrichment, innovation and development, a relatively complete opera art system has gradually been formed.

Although its origins come from three different art forms: folk singing and dancing, rapping, and burlesque, the biggest feature that distinguishes a type of opera is that it comes from different vocal systems. These musical tunes are based on the languages, folk songs, and folk music of the regions where they are produced, and incorporate music from other regions.

Most of the characters in various dramas are played by different roles such as raw, dan, clean, ugly and so on. The performance focuses on the use of programmed movements based on life and virtual space processing.

It pays attention to the art of singing, acting, reading, and finding, and the performance and transportation are rich in dance. It is highly technical and constitutes a complete opera art system that is different from other dramas. According to incomplete statistics, there are about 360 kinds of operas and tens of thousands of traditional operas in various ethnic regions in my country.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, many adapted traditional plays appeared, including new historical dramas and expressions of modern life.

5. What common knowledge must be known about drama literature

1. What is the content of the performance major test.

As for the acting major, generally speaking, the examination content is voice, stage, acting, and performance. Usually, there will be a preliminary examination and a re-examination for the acting major. The content of the preliminary examination and the re-examination. Generally, the examination content of the preliminary examination is self-introduction, reading of self-selected works, performance of group sketches, and questions from the examiner.

These exam contents are quite difficult. In the self-introduction, candidates are asked to think about how to make their self-introduction special. There are also bright spots in other projects that candidates need to dig out themselves.

In this part, no matter which project it is, you must choose the materials or content that suits you. The re-examination is divided into the second test and the third test. Candidates who pass the second test will take the third test.

The examination items of the re-examination are relatively comprehensive. The aspects of cheating you in the examination room are relatively comprehensive.

So when you enter the third trial, you must prepare in advance. 2. Truthfulness and sincerity in front of the examiner are the most important.

When some candidates take the exam, they put on a kind of airs or pretend all the time, hoping that the examiner and others will notice them. But in fact, this is not necessary. In the eyes of the examiner, The candidates who are most able to attract them are often those very real candidates. Just show your truest side to the examiner and teacher. This way, you will get the teacher's attention or attention.

6. Literary common sense of historical dramas

Historical dramas

Open categories: Literature, drama

Table of contents

? Overview of historical dramas

? Tendencies of historical dramas

? Extremes of historical dramas

? Famous historical dramas

? Relationship with history

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English name: History Drama

Overview of historical drama

Historical drama is one of the types of drama divided according to subject matter and content. Refers to plays based on historical events and historical figures. In the West, works belonging to this type of drama have existed since ancient times. When Hegel used this name, he defined it as a work that "draws materials from the past era" and regarded "maintaining historical fidelity" as an important creative principle. The creation of historical dramas requires the analysis and research of a large amount of historical data, and selects typical and set dramas based on the historical reality. Dramatic events, enriched and supplemented by appropriate use of imagination and fiction, constitute dramatic conflicts and reproduce the social life of a certain historical period. The main characters and main events, as well as the environment and customs shown in historical dramas must be based on historical reality. Guo Moruo's "Qu Yuan" and "Cai Wenji", Tian Han's "Princess Wencheng", Cao Yu's "The Sword of Daring" are all famous historical dramas. .

In China, according to the historical stage in which the play is based, some people divide this type of drama into two categories: historical drama and revolutionary historical drama. The latter specifically refers to works based on the modern revolutionary history after the Revolution of 1911, while the former refers to plays based on the long historical era before.

The extent to which historical dramas should be faithful to history has always been a subject of debate among theorists. Generally speaking, historical drama, as a type of dramatic art, does not require the work to stick to the natural progression and details of historical events, but requires the playwright to focus on the grasp, performance and explanation of historical figures. The historical transmissibility and authenticity of characters should be the basic criteria for evaluating historical dramas, and should also be the basic principles followed by playwrights. In realizing this principle, the playwright can select and process historical events according to the needs of shaping typical characters, not only changing its natural course, but also making partial fictions.

Trends of historical dramas

There are two different tendencies in the creation of historical dramas: one emphasizes the authenticity of history and requires that words must be well-founded and everything can be done, so that It is easy to hinder the author's creativity and the dramatic effect is not strong; one is to take only a few historical reasons and create them at will, which lacks historical reality. Therefore, historical dramas require a high degree of unity between historical reality and artistic reality. The author must have both profound historical accomplishment and artistic creative ability. Both must be present.

The extreme of historical drama

Historical documentary drama

Historical documentary drama is an extreme of historical drama. It pays more attention to the faithful reproduction of historical phenomena, structuring the drama according to the confirmed character relationships provided by history, and arranging the plot progression according to the natural process of historical events. This type of repertoire can enable the audience to acquire historical knowledge and satisfy the requirements of artistic appreciation to a certain extent.

Playwrights can visualize major historical events through such plays, thereby revealing certain historical experiences and lessons, so that the audience can gain enlightenment.

Historical Story Drama

The other extreme of historical drama is the historical story drama. Although this type of play is also based on past eras, the characters and events have little or no historical basis. Rather, it is based on certain historical stories that have been circulated, such as the Yang Family General Opera and Bao Gong Opera in Chinese opera. This type of drama has a broader world of fiction and imagination. Some people object to classifying them into the category of historical dramas, but others regard them as a special category of historical dramas.

Famous historical dramas

Guo Moruo:

"Wang Zhaojun", "Nie Ying", "Zhuo Wenjun", "Qu Yuan", "Cai Wenji", "Wu Zetian" ", "Li Bai and Du Fu", etc.

Shakespeare:

"Richard III", "Henry IV", "Henry V", etc.

Relationship with history

Art comes from life and is higher than life. Therefore, historical dramas are artistic creations based on historical events and characters of a certain period. Of course, some dramas that mainly reflect history are called serious dramas. For example: "Yongzheng Dynasty"; there are also some entertainment-based dramas that are called joking historical dramas. For example: "Qianlong's private house in private". In any case, historical dramas cannot be called history, but they can reflect some people and events in history.