What are the customs and feelings of 10 in Water Margin?

On Social Customs in Song and Yuan Dynasties from Water Margin

First, the official system: In the third novel, there are "harmony between the old species" and "harmony between the small species". According to the three generations of the Northern Song Dynasty, if calculated according to the Song Huizong time described in the novel, there is a kind of teacher and a kind of teacher. According to the Records of History of Song Dynasty (Volume 335), Biography of the Seed Owner and Biography of the Seed Owner, in the Northern Song Dynasty, the seed owner was "known as the old seed in the world" and used to be a magistrate of a county. According to the Song system, he must be the envoy of Jingyuan Road. Among the breeders, he once knew Qingyang Prefecture and Qin Zhou. According to the official system, he must also serve as the envoy of Huanqing Road and Qingfeng Road. "Jinglvexianggong" does retain the address habits of Song people. For example, when Yue Fei was a junior military commander, the official document to General Liu Guangshi called him "appeasement". After he becomes a senior official, people may call him "Xuanxiang", that is, "Fu Xuan (special envoy) is" xianggong ". In the seventy-sixth novel, Tong Guan was called "brother-in-law" or "brother-in-law", which is also the official title used by Song people. The word "xianggong" was a title of respect for senior officials in the Song Dynasty, but later generations devalued more and more. For example, in Guan Hanqing's Yuan zaju "The Heaviness of Money Thanks Tianxiang", money is called "xianggong", not a high official. The eighteenth chapter of the novel is called "magistrate of a county" in Yuncheng County, and the twenty-eighth chapter is called "loving father", which is also an impossible title in Song society.

In addition, for example, in the second novel, Gao Qiu was called "Gao Dianshuai", and in the fifth and ninth novels, Su was called "Qiu". Diansi is the abbreviation of all the commanders and envoys in front of the temple. Jin dynasty changed to the inspection department before the temple, but Yuan dynasty didn't. Dian Shuai or Dian Qiu Si are both customary titles in the Song Dynasty. On this occasion, Qiu was honored as a military man. The Song Dynasty also set up a formal official-Qiu, but people used to call it the "two houses" alone. For example, the novel "Broken Jade Guanyin" called Qiu Liu Kun "Liu's two families".

Chapter 20 of the novel talks about replacing the magistrate of Jeju Prefecture, "the new official took out the replacement documents of Zhongshu Province", "after the new official became the magistrate" and "submitted them to Zhongshu Province at the same time". The 59th time I lied to He Taishou, "Many official documents must be kept in books". After Su Taiwei killed He Taishou, "Zhao Zhou pushed the official to move the document, and Shen Dazhong saved it." In the eighty-third time, "I saved two officials in storytelling", and the wine and meat were reduced. From the late Northern Song Dynasty to the Southern Song Dynasty, the central government still called the three provinces, the Jin Dynasty changed to Shangshu Province, and the Yuan Dynasty was Zhongshu Province. It can be seen that it reflects the official system of the Yuan Dynasty.

In the sixteenth novel, there are eight poems written by the king of Wuqi County. Making the county king a knight is also a customary official title of Song people. For example, Zhang Jun, a general in the early Southern Song Dynasty, called him "the King of Zhang Qi County". There seems to be traces of storytelling in the Song Dynasty. According to the story of Bodhisattva Man, there is "the mother-in-law of Emperor Gaozong, the king of Wuqi County". However, my maternal uncle should be Wei Yuan, and her brother of Wu Empress can be found in history books, including Wuyi and Wu Gai. Although Song Xiaozong was not born by Wu Zetian, Wu Yi and Wu Gai can be called their uncles.

In the twelfth time of the novel, there is "the left-behind department of Daming Mansion in Beijing", and "the name of the left-behind person is Liang Zhongshu, who is also afraid of the world". According to the Song Dynasty, it is also in line with the Song Dynasty to set up four capitals, east, west, north and south, and Daming House will also stay in Beijing. However, it should be called "Liang Stay", or a senior official can be called "Stay" without reason. According to the administrative divisions of the Yuan Dynasty, Daming Mansion is the general manager of Daming Mansion Road, and its chief is the great scholar Huachi (Xuancha) and the general manager. Obviously, it was influenced by the fact that the highest local administrative region in the Yuan Dynasty was China, a big book-writing province. Of course, Liang Shijie called himself "I Liang Zhongshu" in the TV series "The Water Margin", which was a joke caused by not reading the novel carefully.

In the seventeenth episode of the novel, there is an arrest messenger, He Tao, who is called "observation" or "arrest observation". According to the envoy, it is also a unique official name in the Song Dynasty, and it is a general term for the small military attache in 1989. Sometimes, functional titles are added to "envoys". For example, Yao's Food 46 12 contains "gang ambassador", which is the escort of the gang. Tong Shubing 1 1 7 includes "catching thieves and making envoys". "Yongle Grand Ceremony" (volume 14626) and "Official Regulations Law" (page 25) have "Lin 'an Government's arrest". It can be seen that this is indeed a Song system.

The 46th time, the clerk introduced Zhujiazhuang: "The owner of the village, grandpa Zhu Chaofeng, has three sons named Sister Zhu San." The ancients had the custom of avoiding names, especially shop assistants, who should not call the landlord by his first name. In the Song Dynasty, there was a civil servant who served Lang in the imperial court. After Jin, there was no such official name. "Zhu Chaofeng" should be the official name. Mr. He Xin thinks that the description of "sitting at the entrance of the village, Luan on the left and Sun on the right" is unreasonable in Chapter 19 of The Water Margin Study. "The phoenix is your respectful name of the rich, not the superior officials now. How can he sit in the middle and give orders, while Sun Li stands by like a partial tooth? " In fact, there should be traces of storytelling in the Song Dynasty. I wish the squire an official assistant, right in the middle. Of course, in later novels of the Ming Dynasty, "Chao Feng" was regarded as the title of the boss. The twenty-eighth volume of Surprise has such an explanation: When I met a headless woman: "During the Chenghua period, there was a businessman named Cheng in Huizhou, Zhili. He is vulgar there, but those who have wealth are called Chaofeng. During the Song Dynasty, there was a doctor in the imperial court, that is, if the rich man was called a member, he always respected him. " The explanation of this paragraph is obviously inaccurate. In Song Dynasty, civil and military officials were often doctors with senior officials and doctors with junior officials. For example, the doctor is in the sixth grade and the doctor is in the seventh grade. People should also call themselves by their official names differently. According to the records in Volume 5 of Hubei Jin Guo Xu, Yue Fei is Wei's pro-doctor, so he is called "pro-doctor", and the title of Dr. Chao Feng should also be based on this. Therefore, people who want to serve the dynasty should be doctors in Lang Feng. There are many similar examples. For example, Volume 7 of Jian Yizhi B, Yao Jiangshi, said: "Yao Jiangshi, Su Na bought an official." Jiang Shi, who is about to become an official, is a civil servant since the end of the ninth grade. In addition, there is Chai Jin's uncle "Chai Huangcheng" in the fifty-second episode, which was also regarded as an official imperial envoy or official imperial secretary in the Song Dynasty.

In the fiftieth chapter of the novel, Sun Li said, "Company commanders mansion wrote a book." According to the company commander, it was also the official name of the Ming Dynasty.

Generally speaking, the description of the official system in the novel is complicated and inaccurate, but it just spans the three dynasties of Song, Yuan and Ming.

Second, the official system: The novel reflects the situation of many grassroots officials and local government officials. For example, in the fourteenth novel, Bao Zheng said, "The original name of Bao Zheng in Dongxi Village is Chao Minggai". The eighteenth time, Song Jiang said to He Tao, "Chao Gai is a traitor and a stubborn servant." Bao was the leader of the grass-roots political power established by Wang Anshi after the political reform in Song Dynasty. Back to the 31st, after Song Wu killed a man in Feiyunpu, "Feiyunpu Bao Zheng and others" reported the discovery of the body to the government.

Li Zheng is the most devoted figure in this novel. The second time was that "Shi Taigong went to Huayin County to meet Li Zheng". Later, Shi Jin said to Chen Da, "My family met Li Zheng and was about to treat you as a thief." In chapter 18, the introduction of Li Zheng function is more specific. In rural areas, "anyone who runs an inn needs to set up a book and seal a letter." Every night when a businessman comes to stay, he should be asked where he comes from, where he goes, what his surname is and what business he does. Everything should be copied in the book. After the lawsuit is finished, go to Li Zheng to register once a month. "On the 23rd, Jingyanggang killed the tiger, and the placard in Yangyao County read:" Since this staff is limited to hunters in various villages, it has not been caught. "After Song Wu killed the tiger, everyone reported to the county to be in charge," and "all the households held meetings in front of the village". It seems that Li Zheng is usually from an upper-class family. After Song Wu killed Ximen Qing in the 27th time, "Ximen Qing's wife was imprisoned in Li Zheng". Back to jy for the 43rd time, Gui Li's wife revealed her identity. When my parents heard about it, they came to inform Li Zheng ","Li Zheng took people to the county to inform him ". At the forty-ninth session, it was said that Dengzhou caught tigers. "The home of Li Zheng in front of the mountain should also catch tigers. "Your family also saw that Li Zheng was in power, and the government also issued an imperial edict," said the man. The fifty-first time Lei Heng killed Bai Xiuying, the magistrate of a county "called Li Zheng, Lin You and others, and the autopsy was completed". According to the Song Dynasty, Li Zheng was also established, but it was abolished in the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty. But Li Zheng was established in Jin and Yuan Dynasties, and the novel actually describes Li Zheng in Jin and Yuan Dynasties. They were also in charge of public security.

More specifically, the president. This is unique to the Yuan Dynasty. Mr. Yang Ne once wrote an article entitled "Research on Rural Social System in the Yuan Dynasty". In the thirty-fifth novel, there are "President Zhang's Hotel" and "President Dong Cun Wang". The 60th Li Kui jy said, "I don't teach my brother to be president." On the sixty-second trip back to Yan Qing, two workers were shot. "The president nearby reported that Li Zheng had been informed." .

However, in addition to reflecting the grassroots leaders in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the novel says in Chapter 46 that when Pei Ruhai's body was discovered, the magistrate "commissioned an autopsy". Li Jia was also a grass-roots system in the Ming Dynasty.

Song Jiang appeared in the 18th novel as Yuncheng yamen. The eighth time, in Lin Chong's unjust case, "a criminal named Sun Mingding" helped Lin Chong. Back to the 40th Cai Jiu magistrate Song Jiang case, "when the case is Huang Kongmu". On the forty-ninth trip to Dengzhou, "there was a Confucius named Wang in six cases." Thirty-ninth back to Jiangzhou Cai Jiu Zhifu, "His name is follower Kuzi". Yasi, Confucius and Kuzi were official names in Song Dynasty, but Kuzi's name was used in Yuan Dynasty. The eighth time, I said, "It turned out that the public in the Song Dynasty was called Duan Gong." According to the petty officials in Song and Yuan Dynasties, they can be divided into two categories, namely, public officials and officials. The intermediate link between the past and the future should be the Jin Dynasty. The fiftieth time, Sun Li quoted him as saying, "This official Yunzhou sent someone here." It is not easy to find the official name Duangong in historical records handed down from generation to generation, which can make up for the lack of historical records.

The 27th time, Yang Yi said, "The magistrate asked the magistrate to ask Wang Po first." . According to the Song and Jin Dynasties, the order history was set up, but it was generally organized by the central government. For example, the History of Jin Dynasty (volume 52), the Election Annals (volume 49) contain the history of provincial orders, so the novel should reflect the situation of Yuan and Ming Dynasties. Back to the 38th "Jiangzhou House of Representatives imprisoned President Dai Zong Festival. At that time, in the Song Dynasty, all festivals in Jinling were called parents, and all festivals in Hunan were called dean. You can refer to "Xiang Juyuan is Dali Zheng, his son Su Shi" and "Li Er is a companion, so-called dean" in Volume 8 of Lin 'an Military Commander. The 40th time Jie Zhen and Jerbo went to prison, there was a "Jie Bao level", and Lehe was a small prison, a "small bar level". The fifty-first time, Zhu Tong was promoted to a "prisoner", and he sent Lei Heng to Cangzhou Prefecture. "In that house in Cangzhou, keepsakes, waitresses, doors, bureaus and prisoners all gave some favors." Back to the 54th, gaotang mansion has a "prison Ren Lin". Sixty-second time, with Cai Fu and Cai Qing as the government names, "the first level of supervision of the two houses". Generally speaking, waiting for danger, taking over the bureau, pledging fans, and ranks. Generally, it is the name or general name of a junior officer in the Song Dynasty. The word "token model" is relatively rare. According to the History of Song Dynasty (volume 19 1) and military documents, Tu Ding, a rebel in Shizhou, and his officers had an agreement. However, in the late Southern Song Dynasty, the situation changed. Such as Lu (Volume 19), Wanbao Shenghua, Zhai She, Doctor, Shu Biao Si, Pavilion, and Fu Fan are not officers. In the Song Monument of Houtu Temple in Shangcun, Wanrong Bridge, Shanxi Province, there is "Meng, the strength of the hand is the official name, and the rank here is not official. In the Yuan Dynasty's General Rules (volume 17) and leaders' indiscriminate setting, it was mentioned that "below the department level, township officials are even worse". There is a "Customer Department" under the 59th Guest House. In Song Dynasty, there were accounting department and guest department. Semantically, "customer department" seems to be a mistake of "customer department". According to my personal understanding, the so-called "two houses" mentioned above means that in the Song Dynasty, the judicial institutions at the state level included the state, the government and the hospital, but according to the actual situation, all localities either merged the state into the hospital or divided the hospital into left and right hospitals. For details, please refer to Song Yaohui.

Third, the military system: Chapter 16 of the novel, Yang Zhi, escorted the birth outline and "banned the top ten compartments", which is of course a unique classification of the military system in the Song Dynasty. The ninth story about "being in charge of Linchong in Cangzhou prison city" is "dispatching troops", which is in line with the historical facts of the Song Dynasty. According to the fact that the prison city is a military name of the Xiang army, it is roughly to recruit criminals to serve as soldiers of the Xiang army. In the novel, the prison city camp is simply described as a concentration camp for criminals, and the twenty-eighth time describes the prison city camp in Mengzhou. "Generally, prisoners are here, carrying water, chopping wood and doing odd jobs", which is actually the military camp of Xiang Army. The thirty-ninth time I went back to Jiangzhou Caijiu magistrate, "I sent someone to ask Kuzi to read the book on prison camp."

Lin Chong in the seventh time and Wang Jin in the second time in the novel "The Coach of Eight Hundred Thousand Imperial Guns and Sticks" are of course well known. According to the number of imperial guards in the Song Dynasty, the so-called "800,000" is of course a title. According to the Song Dynasty, it is true to set up a coach in the army, and choose those with high martial arts as the strong ones. However, coaches are generally officials with low status. There are obvious differences between officials and officials in Song Dynasty. In fact, their social status has been improved in the novel. As for the report in the eightieth article that Moon and Zhou Ang will be "eight hundred thousand imperial coaches" and "deputy coaches", that exaggerates the position of the coaches.

The guards of the Emperor of the Song Dynasty called each class. According to the book "Countless Victory Records of Old People in West Lake", there were 24 classes in the Southern Song Dynasty, including the "Golden Gun Class". Fifty-six times in the novel, it is said that Xu Ning "is a teacher of the Golden Gun Class, and he is the only coach in this hook and sickle marksmanship", and he wants to "be straight" and "serve" the emperor, which somewhat reflects the historical facts of the Song Dynasty. In the seventy-second time, there was "Ban Zhi Ren" and Wang Xing was "Wang Ban Zhi Ren", which obviously did not conform to the title of Song Dynasty. The military names mentioned in Chapter 80, such as Longmeng, Hu Yi and Pengri, are indeed the titles of the imperial army in the Northern Song Dynasty.

In the thirteenth time in the novel, Yuncheng County said: "Under the management of Wei Si, there are two commanders: one is the infantry commander and the other is the cavalry commander. This cavalry is responsible for 20 archers and 20 soldiers sitting on horses; Infantry tube 20 spearheads, 20 soldiers ",are Zhu Tong and Lei Heng. The eighteenth time, Zhu Tong and Lei Heng were told to "mount their horses, March archers, and have more than a hundred soldiers" to capture Danggai. Back on 24th and 26th, it was said that Song Wu was the leader of Yeung Yi County, and his men were also soldiers. The 43rd time, Liu Yun, the leader of the capital, "ordered 30 Lao Wolf soldiers" and captured Li Kui jy alive. According to the Song and Jin system, county commandant has archers, inspector has soldiers, and they are all responsible for local public security. Archers and soldiers in Song Dynasty had a "capital" level organizational unit, each of which was the length of a capital city. But since the Jin Dynasty, archers have been divided into horse archers and step archers. The history of Yuan Dynasty (10 1) was published in the art of war. During the reign of Yuan Shizu, there were horses and archers. In Yuan Zaju "Zhang Yide Dan Zhan Lu Bu" and "Guan Yunchang Chops Four Kous with One Knife", it is said that Guan Yu is a horse archer and Zhang Fei is a step archer. Thus, the narrative of the novel may be closer to the historical facts of the Yuan Dynasty.

The forty-first time, it was said that Ou Peng was "guarding the army of the great river, but he escaped from the rivers and lakes because of bad officials". In the Song Dynasty, the recruitment system was implemented, while in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, military households were set up to perform military service for generations. According to the Records of Military Affairs in Volume 99 of the History of Yuan Dynasty, in the three-year imperial edict of China's reunification, in the first year of Dade, the great river was the most important thing in Henan Province. According to the Yuan Dynasty, from north to south, the world is mixed, so we are careful to prevent the Han people in the south from rebelling, which is different from the Ming Dynasty driving the Yuan people in the south to the north. Therefore, the origin of Ou Peng should actually reflect the military system of Yuan Dynasty. But in the forty-eighth chapter, he said, "It turns out that Ou Peng's ancestors were born in the army class, which made him a good iron frame", and in the forty-ninth chapter, he also called Sun Xin "a gifted scholar in the army class". "Military squad" refers to various armies and squadrons in the Song Dynasty. The third military class of "Outline of the Ruling and Opposition" said: "The domestic and foreign troops are at the same level, and the military leaders have officials who work or make meritorious deeds." The second page of Yongle Dadian (14622) and Official Regulations Law contains "military origin", which shows that the special terms of the Song Dynasty have been used again.

Fourth, the criminal law: The ninth management camp novel said to Lin Chong: "When Emperor Mao Wude left the old system, recruits must learn from mistakes." The twenty-eighth song Wu stabbed to death in Mengzhou prison city camp also has the same narrative. According to historical records such as Records of the Post-war 1, History of Song Dynasty, and Zhao Kuangyin Ji. There is no word "martial virtue" in Song Taizu's honorific title before and after his death and in posthumous title, but it is impossible to prove whether he has ever won a victory. The eighth time, it was said that Lin Chong was "beaten by twenty sticks, far from evil" and "called a writer". The twelfth time, Yang Zhi was told to "break the 20 ridges of his staff, call a calligrapher, stab two lines of gold seals, and be assigned to the left-behind department of Daming Mansion in Beijing as an army". This is indeed a Song system. Tattooing on the faces or hands of criminals, handmaiden, sergeant and some government craftsmen is a unique system in Song Dynasty. A specialized calligrapher, or calligrapher, told the calligrapher to' overlap' him with the tattoo ... to declare' in the 17th Zhongzhou Prefecture. The tattooed word is called "Golden Seal". The thirty-first time, Sun Erniang said Song Wu: "Uncle saw two lines of gold seal on his face today and tomorrow." On the contrary, there is a lack of specific records in historical materials.

In the sixty-second chapter of the novel, it is said that Lu Junyi "matches Salmonella Island directly". In the Northern Song Dynasty, an important exile was Shamen Island in Dengzhou. Shamen Island is about Daheishan Island in the northwest of Changdao County, Shandong Province. It is generally used as an exile place for recidivists, but there are also cases where corrupt officials are exiled. For example, in June of 1999, Song Zhenzong's public prime minister said, "I know that Fan Heng of qi zhou is sitting in the wrong way, avoiding death, and his face matches the island of Samana." In the seventeenth time of the novel, Cai Jing officials threatened the Jeju magistrate and said, "If you don't take this matter for ten days, I'm afraid you won't invite Xianggong to visit Samoa first." The forty-fourth time, it was said that Pei Xuanyuan was born in Six Cases of Confucius in Jingzhao Mansion. "Because the court brought a greedy magistrate to visit, he found a job and tied it to Salmon Island." More or less reflects the historical facts of the Song Dynasty. As for the Yuan Dynasty, according to the Criminal Law of History of the Yuan Dynasty (volume 102), "the emigrants moved to the northern part of Liaoyang, and the northerners moved to the southern Huguang countryside."

As for the cangue system, according to the Criminal Law of No.77 Yuan History Volume 6 of Hui Criminal Law 103, all of them are "death penalty of 25 Jin, runner of 20 Jin, staff 15 Jin", "Ming History" Volume 93 and "Criminal Law Records" also record "cangue from 15 Jin to 25 Jin". However, the novel said eight times that Lin Chong was sent to Cangzhou. "The hall was protected by seven and a half pounds of iron leaves and was nailed." The twelfth time I said to send Yang Zhi, and the thirtieth time I said to send Song Wu, using the same cangue. The eighteenth time, I said, "Take 20 Jin of dead cangue and kill Bai Sheng". The sixty-second time, Lu Junyi was arrested. First, I asked someone to nail a 100 kg death row cangue, and then I changed it to a 20 kg iron leaf pan head cangue and nailed it in front of the hall. Back to the 39th time, some people said that Song Jiang was a "prisoner on death row who was beaten by 25 Jin". Forty-ninth back to Jie Zhen reconciliation treasure, fifty-second back to Chai Jin was arrested, also used 25 jins of death row cangue. It is not excluded that there are typos or missing words in the novel, but the details of the use of 7 pounds's half-cangue in three places are difficult to verify and do not conform to the cangue system recorded in historical books.

There are other execution plots in the novel, such as Wang Po being "pushed on the back of a donkey" in the 27th time and being executed to death. Before the 40th beheading of Song Jiang and Dai Zhong, "Brush your hair with glue, put pear flower horns and put HongLing paper flowers. Before driving to the case of the green-faced sage, I gave them a bowl of long lunch and farewell wine, which was cut at 3 pm to make up for the lack of historical materials. There are records of wooden donkeys and beheadings at three o'clock at noon in Volume 38 of Shen Bird Thrush and Yu Shi Ming Yan in Song Dynasty, which seems to have been written in Song Dynasty. In Guan Hanqing's zaju "Crime of Feeling the Earth", Zhang's donkey was finally "nailed to a wooden donkey and hacked to death with 120 knives", which proved that the same was true in the Yuan Dynasty.