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How did the ancient rap art in China develop?

China Quyi

Quyi is the general name of all kinds of rap arts of the Chinese nation. It is a unique art form formed by the long-term development and evolution of folk oral literature and singing art ..

Quyi has a long history. As early as ancient times, China folk storytelling, telling jokes, performing, singing and dancing, as well as You (a folk art expert specializing in court performances)' s funny performances in the court, all contained the artistic elements of Quyi. In the Tang Dynasty, the emergence of popular stories such as street novels and stories about spreading Buddhism to the people, and the popularity of Daqu and folk tunes made the rap skills flourish. Since then, Quyi as an independent art form began to take shape. By the Song Dynasty, due to the development of commodity economy, the city was prosperous, and the citizen class grew, the rap performance had a special position. Professional artists, speaking skills, drums, various palace tunes, singing and income were extremely prosperous, which were recorded in detail in Meng Yuan's Dream of Tokyo and Ned Weng's The Sound of the Capital. From the Ming and Qing Dynasties to the early Republic of China, with the germination of capitalist economy, the number of cities soared, which greatly promoted the development of rap art. On the one hand, folk rap with strong local color in the surrounding areas of cities flowed to cities and became more and more mature in performance practice, such as Daoqing, Lotus Falls, Fengyang Flower Drum and Overlord Whip. On the one hand, some old songs have changed in the process of communication, combining the characteristics of various regions and dialects. For example, Yuan and Ming Ci with scattered rhymes gradually evolved into Tanci in the south and Drum Ci in the north. During this period, new varieties and new songs of Quyi emerged constantly, and many types of Quyi were famous artists and schools. Most of the Quyi varieties we see today were spread from the Qing Dynasty to the early years of the Republic of China.

Although the art of rap has a long history, it has never had an independent artistic status. In the history of China's art development, rap art once belonged to "One Hundred Dramas in Song Dynasty" and was performed in Washe and Goulan (both geisha performance places in Song Dynasty). In modern times, it was attributed to "what variety", and most of them performed in Beijing Tianqiao, Nanjing Confucius Temple, Shanghai Xujiahui, Tianjin "Sangu", Kaifeng Suoguo Temple and other folk entertainment places. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, many mature rap arts were given a unified and stable name, collectively known as "Quyi", and entered the theater.

According to the survey, there are about 400 kinds of folk art in China, which are distributed in the north and south of China, inside and outside the Great Wall. Although these various songs have their own development process, they all have distinct folk and mass characteristics and have the same artistic characteristics. Its performance is as follows:

(1) takes "rap" as the main artistic expression means. Talking about cross talk, storytelling, storytelling and the like; Singing drums such as Jingyun Drum, Danxian Paizi Song, Yangzhou Qingqu, Northeast Drum, Wenzhou Drum, Jiaodong Drum, Hubei Drum, etc. I like rap (also known as rhyming style), such as Shandong Kuaishu, Allegro, Gong and Drum Book, Pingxiang Spring Gong, Sichuan Qianban, etc. Qin Shu, Xuzhou Qin Shu, Enshi Yangqin, Wuxiang Qin Shu, Anhui Qin Shu, Guizhou Qin Shu, Yunnan Yangqin, etc. can talk, sing and dance, such as duet, ten-long lotus drop, Ningbo walking book, Fengyang flower drum, car light, still flower drum and so on. It is precisely because Quyi mainly narrates and expresses emotion by speaking, singing, or singing, or speaking and singing, so its language must be suitable for speaking or singing, lively, refined and easy to catchy.

(2) Quyi is not performed by an actor dressed as a fixed role like a drama, but by an actor who does not dress as a role, telling the audience various roles and stories through rap in the way of "one person can imitate multiple roles". Therefore, Quyi performance is simpler and easier than drama. As long as there are one or two people, one or two accompaniment instruments, or one person with a wake-up call, a fan (for storytellers), a pair of bamboo boards (for allegro artists), or even nothing (such as crosstalk artists), it is more direct to communicate with the audience wherever they go and rap.

(3) The simplicity of Quyi performance enables it to quickly reflect life. Most of the tracks and bibliographies are short and pithy, and Quyi actors can generally write, direct and perform themselves. Compared with drama actors, Quyi actors have more obvious directing functions. For example, a track, a bibliography, or a comic dialogue, in the process of performance, the story structure, scene arrangement, scene change, atmosphere rendering, appearance and appearance of characters, psychological description of characters, language arrangement, tone mastery, rhythm speed and so on. , are arranged, arranged and directed by Quyi actors according to the needs of narration or lyricism and the judgment of the best reception effect for the audience.

(4) Quyi takes speaking and singing as the main artistic expression means, so it is an art that appeals to people's hearing. In other words, Quyi is to stimulate the audience's hearing through speaking and singing, to drive the audience's thinking in images, and to complete artistic creation with the actors in the image formed by the audience's thinking in images. Quyi performance can be performed on the stage or anywhere, so the thinking of Quyi audience is not limited by the stage framework compared with that of drama audience, and Quyi is more free than drama in time and space. In order to standardize the audience's imaginative thinking into the artistic world created by talking and singing, Quyi actors are more urgent and meticulous in listening to the audience's reactions, so their relationship with the audience is closer than that of drama actors.

(5) In order to make the audience enjoy the artistic beauty of listening to their voices, observing their people and being there, Quyi actors must have a solid foundation in speaking, singing and doing, and must have superb imitation. Quyi actors should have lively and moving skills, describe the joys and sorrows of the characters vividly and describe the events fascinating, so as to win the appreciation of the audience. The above solid foundation comes from Quyi actors' observation, experience and accumulation of real life, as well as analysis, research and understanding of historical life. This is especially important for a quyi actor.

The above is the similarity of the artistic characteristics of more than 400 Quyi varieties in different degrees, which is their * * * nature. And more than 400 kinds of songs exist independently, each with its own personality. Not only that, the music of the same genre has different artistic genres because of the performers' specialties. Even the same genre has its own characteristics because of the different performers, forming a prosperous scene of music.