Exaggeration in Classical Poetry (4)

1, which has a realistic basis.

Like other rhetorical methods, exaggeration is based on objective reality. In other words, exaggeration can only be based on real life, otherwise it is empty boasting or complete numbness. For example, in real life, the moon is cool and the sun is hot. Can only be exaggerated on the basis of reality? Does the sun burn like fire? And then what? However, does she dare to sing late songs in the moonlight? . What if we exaggerate? Moonlight burns like fire? And then what? You should feel cold in the sun at night, right? That is absolutely stupid. Lu Xun also gave a similar example, he said? Yanshan snowflakes are as big as seats? It's a bit exaggerated, but Yanshan is a little frank, so we know at once that Yanshan is so cold. What if? Guangzhou snowflakes are as big as seats? , that becomes a joke? . A poet in the Song Dynasty wrote a poem praising bamboo, two of which were:? Ye Chui thousand swords, why shrug ten thousand guns? The author was very proud and gave it to Su Shi. Su Shi joked: well written, but it takes ten bamboos to grow a leaf. This poem combines imagination and exaggeration well, and the antithesis is neat. Failure lies in its complete violation of the truth of life. Because in real life, it is impossible to grow a thousand bamboo leaves from ten thousand trunks (that is, ten bamboos ridiculed by Su Shi only grow one leaf). 1958 a batch of people came out of the Great Leap Forward? Folk songs of the Great Leap Forward? . With the Great Leap Forward? Bragging and having sex? Similarly, these folk songs also lack the foundation of real life, such as? Dahong, the so-called Hao Ying, takes Chaohu Lake as a ladle. If it doesn't rain, where will the drought fall? ; ? The rice pile was sharp and round, and the members piled it into the sky. Tear a piece of white cloud to wipe your sweat and smoke a pack of cigarettes against the sun? ; ? A shovel can shovel a thousand mountains, a load can pick two mountains, a gun can climb a cliff, a drill can pass through nine bays, and two giant hand-held rivers can be hung on the top of the mountain in an instant? .

But from another point of view, as long as it conforms to the reality of life and has a certain realistic foundation, exaggeration is allowed and should be exaggerated, because it has been said that exaggeration in poetry has five advantages. For example, Du Mu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote a quatrain "Spring in the South of the Yangtze River": South of the Yangtze River, the sound of green and red flowers blooming, and the waterside village in the foothills. There were 480 temples in the Southern Dynasties. How many towers were there in the misty rain? . Yang Shen in the Ming Dynasty thought it was too much, because? Thousands of miles away, who can hear? Thousands of miles of green reflect red, who can see it? If you have? Ten miles? Green and red scenery, village Guo, balcony, monk temple and wine flag are all among them? (See Sheng An Shi). Actually, it is, right? Ten miles? , or who can hear? Who saw it? And in this way, the vast and magnificent scene of spring scenery in the south of the Yangtze River in Du Mu's poems will not exist. Du Mu is not Du Mu. Because? Thousands of miles? Where's miles? All exaggerations are based on the same thing, that is, the spring in the south of the Yangtze River, with peaches and willows all over the garden and singing and dancing. Similarly, there are two sentences in Du Fu's "Cooper's Travels" that exaggerate Cooper's height and age:? It has been raining for forty weeks, and its emerald blue tip is two thousand feet in the sky? . Shen Kuo in Song Dynasty made a scientific calculation: forty yards is seven feet in diameter, but is it too slender? . Shen Kuo, a scientist, used the view of volume in physics to look at literary exaggeration, which turned out to be a joke. The next joke is Huang Wei, another poet in the Song Dynasty, defending these two poems. He criticized Shen Kuo for not understanding the ancient system of weights and measures. In ancient times, the circumference was three diameters and one, and the circumference of forty was one hundred and twenty feet. Its circumference is 120 feet, that is, its diameter is 40 feet and its diameter is 7 feet. How can it be too slim and ridiculous? (See "Tiaoxi Fishing Hidden from Conghua"), Huang criticized Shen Kuo and actually made the same mistake as Shen Kuo.

2. Have psychological restraint.

Exaggeration is a rhetorical device and a psychological adjustment, which reflects the author's deep feelings about something and a phenomenon and the strong psychological reaction caused by it. Therefore, although exaggeration is exaggerated, it is necessary to have psychological restraint, not the more exaggerated the better. Exaggeration is through transcending reality? Virtual? Express thoughts or feelings? Real? , that is? Empty words and true feelings? . Therefore, what Liu Xie emphasized in Wen Xin Diao Long is: exaggeration and restraint? 、? Decoration but not false? . In other words, exaggeration should be reasonable, moderate and measured. People choose various rhetorical methods based on certain psychological activities. People's psychological characteristics are different, the degree of exaggeration is different, and readers' acceptance psychology is also different. Li Bai is wild and uninhibited, and the exaggeration in his poems is particularly bold. Wang Yang is wanton, such as exaggeration? Worried? what's up White hair three thousands of feet, sorrow as long? (Qiu Ge),? Does Yishui lead to Wan Li's sorrow? (Hengjiang Ci); In Song Dynasty, Lu You was also a romantic poet whose style was similar to that of Li Bai. Xiao Li Bai? His exaggeration is close to Li Bai, bold, wild and dynamic. What did he write? Worried? Not only the length:? Ten zhangs sorrow city to clear? (Mountain Garden), and the volume:? Leisure is not equal to wine? (cursive song); There is even a range:? Besides Kyushu, there is also Kyushu. This statement is true, just to worry me? Jiang Lou played the flute and got drunk. As a talented woman, Li Qingzhao is also good at writing worries in exaggerated ways, but it is obviously a kind of female writing, which is commensurate with her status as a boudoir girl or an aristocratic woman with profound literary accomplishment, such as? Never know rhyme wins, be ashamed to borrow from the rain, and be impatient with the wind. Whose flute do you play with? ("Mann Fang Ting? Little brother hides spring "). As a wealthy and carefree aristocratic woman, her only dissatisfaction is that her husband is far away and her boudoir is empty. The poet uses it first? Small pavilions hide spring, idle windows lock the sky? Write your loneliness clearly, and then pass Yongmei's? Never knew rhyme won? Hint at your own character and use it again? Embarrassed by the rain, I can't stand the wind. Who is playing the flute? This figurative compound exaggeration describes a person's present situation and melancholy. ? Road overpasses wither at the bottom of windows in spring, boring railings, worrying about them. If you want a drink, you can have a rest. It may not be that the Ming dynasty can't afford the wind. ("Jade Louchun? Red Crisp is willing to break Qiongbao, which one should be used first? The Taoist priest languishes at the bottom of the spring window, bored and worried about the railing? Exaggerate your sadness and use it? If you want a drink, you can have a rest. It may not be that the Ming dynasty can't afford the wind. Suggest that plum blossoms may have to endure the wind and rain. Something like that? Only the running water in front of the building should remember me and stare at me all day. Looking at this place, from then on, a new sadness? ("Remember to blow on the Phoenix platform? "? Jin "); ? One kind of lovesickness, two places of leisure. There's nothing I can do in this situation but frown, but do you mind? ("A prune? Although the expression of these worries is exaggerated, they use implicit techniques such as metaphor and suggestion, and the degree and intensity of exaggeration are also consistent with their educated aristocratic women's identity, which is a way of writing for land women. What if Li Qingzhao shouts like Li Bai's Lu You? Leisure is not equal to wine? Or? White hair three thousands of feet, sorrow as long? That is not only uncomfortable for the poet, but also difficult for the reader to accept. Jin people worry about exaggeration and say:? If the husband's fantasy is too big, it is far from grade; Escape is too strong, contrary to the facts? ("On Articles"). Writer Mao Dun said when talking about his creative experience. Excessive exaggeration will caricature characters; If you exaggerate improperly, it will become vulgar? ("About Artistic Skills") This is all to show that exaggeration is psychologically restrained.

3. Exaggeration should be novel

Han Dynasty scholar Wang Chong said? Mediocre people are curious, not surprising, and needless to say. (On Balance) It is human nature to like the new and hate the old, and it is also true in the use of exaggeration. In a sense, using exaggeration is also a kind of creation. The use of exaggeration should be novel, unique, creative and unconventional. On the Importance of Poetry Innovation in Zhao Yi s On Poetry in Qing Dynasty;

Full of energy, the workers strive for new things every day.

Promote 500 years of new ideas and a thousand years of feeling.

The poems of Li Bai and Du Fu have been read by thousands of people, and it is nothing new to read them now.

There are many talented people all over the country, and their poems and popularity will last for hundreds of years.

Zhao Yi advocates innovation and opposes imitation. In order to explain the truth, the poet takes the great poets Li Bai and Du Fu as examples to illustrate the change of poetic style, and the way to survive and develop lies in innovation. Poetry creation is so, especially exaggeration as one of the means of poetry expression. Li Yannian of the Han Dynasty wrote a song about beautiful women: There are beautiful women in the north, but they are independent. Take care of the city first, then the country. Don't you know it's hard to find another beautiful woman? . First used in poetry? Falling in love with the countryside to describe the beauty of a beautiful woman is really refreshing and powerful. But I kept using it in the end. Falling in love with the country to describe beauty is not new so far? . Therefore, innovation is needed, and Huang Tingjian, a poet in the Song Dynasty, carried out reform and innovation. Falling in love with the countryside describes a friend who writes good poems: public poems are beautiful, and unmarried ones are also beautiful. . ("The Second Rhyme: Thinking of Liu Jingwen's Landing on the Wild Wangtai"). This poem was read before it was officially taken out. Unmarried has been reduced to the city? It is accurate and novel when used here.

Another example is contained in "Children's Tones and Flowers?" Ni, A Qing Dynasty. Borrow western languages. It is said that Qian Mengcuo, an official of the Ming Dynasty, surrendered when the Qing soldiers entered the customs. On the way, I met an old man. The old man tapped him on the head with a cane and said, I am a sad and sick person. Can I kill you? Hat? Reporter: In Wang Shifu's The West Chamber, Zhang Sheng once said to Cui Yingying. Are you beautiful? Am I sad? Are you sick? ,? Hat? With what? Appearance? Homophonic). These two examples are intended to prove that exaggeration needs novelty and innovation!