The fifth lecture is about the writing methods and requirements of couplets

The fifth lecture is about the writing methods and requirements of couplets

Lin Qingchang said; "Don't refer to couplets, which are all-encompassing. Bad scholars are vulgar, arrogant, broad, broad, miscellaneous and empty, and their disadvantages are different. " (See Lin Qingquan's Record of Couplets) It can be seen that couplets cannot be written casually. The following introduces the writing methods and requirements of couplets.

Writing style of couplets

(a) Setting sentences

A set of sentences is to select ready-made sentences that can form antithesis and coherent meanings from poems and articles to form couplets. This was in the Song Dynasty. Poets in the Song Dynasty wrote in Zhupo Poetry: Wang wrote a set of sentences and got the sentence "This Jiujiang official". My blue sleeves are wet. " He tried to object to the whole sentence, but failed for a long time. One day, I asked Cai Tianqi, "This Jiujiang official. My blue sleeves are wet. What can you say? " Apocalypse replied: "Why not say' Li Yuan disciple Bai Faxin'?"

"This Jiujiang official. My blue sleeves are wet "comes from Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip, and" Liyuan Disciple Bai Fuxin "comes from Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow. This poem is about Wang Anshi's and Cai Tian's propaganda, but "Miscellaneous Notes on the Roof" says: "Bitan" says that the set of sentences begins with the king, such as "the wind will still set flowers, and the Tianshan Mountain will be more secluded", but it doesn't actually begin with it. Yu Jin Shi Hua and Zhou Guohua Lu Xian said that there was a set of sentences in the early Song Dynasty, which were written in stone. For example, "If the sky is sentimental, if the sky is old" and "If the moon is long and round without complaining", it will not start in Gong Jing.

Since the Song Dynasty, antithetical sentences have been everywhere. Poetry is the most common, such as:

The new ghost is now wailing there with the old one;

His life is uncertain.

This is Ji Xiaolan's couplet mocking quacks. The first part comes from Du Fu's Military Vehicle Shop, and the second part comes from Li Shangyin's Ma Yi Yi Yi.

I am a madman in the state of Chu, and all the five mountains are sacred mountains, and I don't think far;

In my opinion, from this commanding height, Zoushicheng is full of sadness.

This couplet was written by Peng Yulin. The first two lines are from Li Bai's poem "Lushan Mountain sends Lu's imperial virtual boat". The second couplet "The land is still in Zoushi" comes from the poem "Lu Ji Kong Tan" written by Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty. "Because I see that from this height, sadness is everywhere" comes from Du Fu's poem "Going upstairs".

Set words, such as:

Spring goes and spring comes, thinking endlessly, and Ying Xiao Wo was born early;

I have said a lot, but I am not satisfied. Ask who will come to Jie Lianhuan.

"The spring is dim and the thoughts are endless", from the article "More Leakage"; "Ying Xiao Wo was born early", from Su Shi's Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia; "Too many words, not enough feelings", from Niu Xiji's Tea Son; "Who will come to Jie Lianhuan?" is from Xin Qiji's "Autumn in Han Palace, beginning of spring".

A set of sentences, such as:

Birds sing and flowers gather in the thick snow;

Clouds move with bamboo, and the moon moves with the flow.

The first part of this couplet is from Yu Xin's Ma Su Fu, and the second part is from Ye Yan Fu.

A collection of poems and sentences (that is, a collection of cross-class sentences), such as:

Silver candles have a high fever, lest flowers fall asleep at night;

At first glance, Zhulian seems to have met Yan's return.

This subtitle is a couplet praising the painting by modern painter Ma Mengrong. The first part is from Han Yu's poem Haitang, and the second part is from Yan Shu's poem Huanxisha.

Set other aspects, such as:

Morning flowers pick up in the evening;

A new story.

Upper and lower couplets are the names of Lu Xun's two works.

Mounting of ancient and modern celebrity calligraphy and painting in Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties;

Medicinal materials from Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Guangnan and Beinan.

This couplet is the signboard of two shops in a city in Qing Dynasty, which was collected by Ji Yun.

The above couplets are composed of many poems, articles or various sentences. There are also cases where sentences are connected by the same poem:

The mountain is high and the moon is small;

Get to the bottom of it.

These couplets are all from Su Shi's Fu on the Back of the Red Wall.

If the words quoted in the couplet are only part of the whole couplet, they cannot be regarded as definite sentences. "Sunset red to loquat, reading ancient and modern passers-by, moss barren pan-Millennium well; Spring water and green willows touch a lot of parting feelings, at the gate of Wu Dong Wan Li boating. " Hong Du, Tang Nv poet Xue Taozi. Pipamen Lane is his residence in Chengdu. This subtitle is in the couplet of Wangjianglou in Chengdu. The sentence "Boating Wu Dong and Wan Li" comes from Du Fu's quatrains. Whether "a thousand-year-old well with wild moss" is the original sentence of a poem has not yet been ascertained. Even if it is, there are only two of the six sentences, so it can't be used as a definite form, and it is only a semi-definite form at most.

(2) Dechemization

The so-called detachment means that the original sentences of related poems (including old couplets) are slightly modified according to new ideas and then made into couplets.

There are two sentences in Wang Wei's poem "Mountain Holidays Think of Shandong Brothers": "Being a stranger alone in a foreign land makes you miss your relatives twice during the festive season". Later, for the topic of a fellow guild hall, people slightly transformed it into such a couplet:

Be a stranger in a foreign land;

Do you live together every time we meet? br & gt

Change "independence" to "style", "festival" to "acquaintance" and "thinking" to "phase". With such a change, it is very suitable for the countrymen's guild hall.

When Shi Zhongyuan, a Taoist priest of the Five Dynasties, was hiding in Qixingyan, Guilin, there was an epigram saying: "The stone presses the wood and the cliff is upside down." In the Qing Dynasty, Wenran, a monk from Yongqing Temple, Jiaozi Hutong outside Xuanwu Gate in Beijing, changed couplets to hang on the ancestral temple wall.

Stone pressed bamboo shoots inclined out;

The rocks hang down and the flowers bloom.

"Wood" was changed to "bamboo shoots" because of bamboo. The change from "hanging" to "hanging" enhances the feeling of coming down. The change from "raw" to "open" also adds a layer of fragrance. These changes are all due to the temple scenery.

Sometimes, couplets themselves can be detached. Amin scholar Xu Wei wrote a couplet for his Ivy League bookstore: "Two scattered rooms, one accent". When it was moved to an iron shop, it became:

Three rickety houses,

A man with a big temper.

Xu Wei's family has only two rooms, so he said "two rooms"; Tiepu has three rooms, so it is called "Three Rooms". Xu Wei is a painter, poet and writer. He is good at zaju and often sings against traditional Confucianism, so he speaks "Southern accent and Northern tune". Blacksmiths are good at striking iron, so they call it "hammering"

Judging from the above three couplets, there are not many changed words, but they are all crucial, and each changed word can fully express new ideas. If the original sentence is changed beyond recognition, it can't express new ideas, or it still doesn't meet the situation to be expressed and the requirements of detachment.

This situation is not without it. Someone wrote such a couplet to Changsha Miao Gao Feng:

Long and flowing, a clean soil of the years;

Like floating jade, it is a strange peak here.

This pair of couplets is a detached couplet of Jiangxin Temple in Wenzhou. Only the word "Taiwan" in the original couplet was changed to the word "Feng". At first glance, it was not bad, but after careful consideration, I found something wrong. Because the Jiangxin Temple is located on an island in the middle reaches of the Oujiang River, it is called "like a duck to water" by many people. Miaofeng is a hill in the south of Changsha, which inevitably makes people laugh and cry.

Degeneration can be achieved by increasing or decreasing the strokes of words. For example:

Father Jinshi, son Jinshi, father and son Jinshi;

Old lady, daughter-in-law, old lady, daughter-in-law

This pair of couplets was handed down from the official family to show off their power. Because this family is evil on weekdays, someone secretly changed some pens at night, so it became like this:

Father in the grave, son in the grave, father and son in the grave;

A woman loses her husband, a daughter-in-law loses her husband, and both mother-in-law and daughter-in-law lose their husbands.

The meaning of showing off is changed to the meaning of death, and the content is completely different from the original couplet.

Abandoned anonymous rich man,

Many patients are sparse.

This couplet was written by Ji Xiaolan to satirize a quack. Abstract: The words "wisdom" and "death" in Meng Haoran's poems are respectively inverted from "wisdom" and "death". The words "wisdom" and "death" in the poem are "I slipped and was exiled by a wise king, and I have been ill for so long without seeing my friends". After the transposition of "Cai Ming", he made money for nothing, and his satire on quacks was very spicy.

But the most commonly used way of de-transformation is the word "Ti m 4 o, dialect, change" Some people say that the couplet of "old woman" is changed to "old woman steals people, daughter-in-law steals people, and both mother-in-law and daughter-in-law steal people", and only "husband" is called "stealing". If there is, it falls into this category. Once upon a time, there was a stingy rich man who celebrated his mother's birthday one day, and a pair of red couplets was missing at the door. He said to the accountant, "You rewrote and pasted the phrase" The sky is increasing, people are prolonging their lives, and spring is full of kung fu "for me." The accountant asked how to change the law, and he said, "Change the' person' in the upper part to' mother'." Mr. accountant asked the next copywriter, did the miser file collapse? Ldquo Needless to say, isn't' dad' and' mom' originally a couple? Mr. accountant then posted such a pair of beautiful eyes in distress situation. br & gt

The days are getting longer, the years are getting longer, and the mother is living longer and longer.

Spring is full of Gankunda's father.

On the surface, this couplet is just an thoughtless moment of the miser, but in fact it is a masterpiece of the storyteller expressing his hatred for the rich man, and it also uses Chinese characters.

If the original sentences of related poems (including old couplets) are changed too much according to new ideas, it will become parody. There are roughly the following three situations.

Keep the basic pattern and some words of the old couplets, one of which is. For example, an "oath" in "Laugh Well" said that an official arrived and posted it at the gate:

Withdraw money at dusk, and the devil takes the hindmost;

If you listen to the chief, you are a thief and a prostitute.

Later, in Huang Tu's The Secret of the Mountain Pavilion, I saw another official post the following:

One point, the devil takes the hindmost;

Listen to a situation, a thief and a prostitute.

It is said that the two officials still don't talk about taking bribes, but as far as these two couplets are concerned, they all come from the same pattern, and they still retain the words "the devil takes the hindmost" and "thieves and prostitutes".

Only the basic pattern of the old couplets is retained, and the original couplets are not used. This is the second one. Lijiang Yulong Mountain Changlian, which imitates Kunming Daguanlou Changlian, is an example. Lian Yue:

Tens of thousands of miles of the Yangtze River flows under his feet. Looking from a distance, it is endless. Kuangdong connects Bashu, Wula in the north, Jiaodi in the south and Tianzhu in the west. Throughout the ages, empty feelings have risen and fallen. While the moon is bright and the wind is clear, show off her ice muscle jade bone. From dawn to dusk, smoke and fog disappeared. Only won a thousand years of snow, an iron platform, a half-bay Linghu, surrounded by birds and flowers;

12 o'clock is illusory in my chest. Gao Huai walked alone, her tone full of affection. Look at the red sun, the sunset glow, the blue sky at noon and the stars at night. Yan went to the red laurel and let it be cold and hot. Long Yin Hu Xiao preached the great power of the emperor. In Ji's melancholy, he clearly showed honest and corrupt officials. There are also some scenic spots such as Three Dangers, Six Imperial edicts, the Western Han Dynasty Boat Drum, and Hundred Rivers.

The basic pattern of old couplets has also been broken, and only the shadow of imitation couplets can be seen, which is the third kind. Such as Hangzhou West Lake Flower Temple Old Ang Lee Games:

Cui Cui is red, full of Yingying Yan Yan;

Ups and downs, year after year.

Imitation of post-learning, Yu Yun:

Flowers, leaves, green and red, but Wei Xiang deliberately supported them, not teaching wind and rain, and it was cold;

Sole, long live, may all lovers get married, I always like it.

Although this couplet also has the word "emerald red", it is not in the same position as Huamiao couplet; Although there are also "rain, rain, wind, wind" and "morning and evening", they are not only in the same position, but also in reverse order. These can not be regarded as the reservation of the original words, but only as the "shadow" of the original words, that is, imitation marks.

(3) New draft

The so-called new draft is to write couplets completely in your own words. This is the most common way to write couplets, and there is no need to give examples.

There is a kind of couplets with combined characters, which also started from the Song Dynasty. There is a cloud in the sixth volume of Leng Lu Miscellaneous Knowledge: "Ci collection begins with Dongpo collection". Come home. "Liang Zhangju attached it to the couplet Conghua. In fact, this kind of couplet should be classified as a new draft. Because as far as content is concerned, it is entirely the author's own idea, and the only difference is that a range of words is specified. For example, this couplet, "Taoist artists are good at writing willows, showing their spirits or carrying fish in deep ponds", is just a collection of Shi Guwen's words without the help of ready-made poems. Shi Guwen was a seal script before Qin Shihuang unified the characters, with only over 300 characters. It is difficult to combine seal characters in this range. But this is only an additional condition.

(4) Single problem and combination problem

Couplets can be written by one person or two people.

One of a person's single questions is to expand others' original couplets into new ones. Ou Yangxun, a calligrapher in the Tang Dynasty, and his son's reading room-Shutang Temple in Wangcheng, Hunan Province, originally had such a couplet:

Shuxiang jade seat;

This hall is famous for its mountains.

Jade seat refers to the stone case in which Ou Yangxun and his son were studying. Structure, make also. This couplet was later expanded into the following one:

Jade seat leans against Ouyang, and thousands of books spreads the universe;

The famous mountain hides the king, and Qian Qiu Hall builds Gankun Town.

This unfolding is carried out by disassembling two couplets. Because the authors of the new couplet and the original couplet hold reverence for Ou Yangxun and his son, the new couplet only enriches and develops the original couplet in content.

Some extensions, the original couplet is not opened, and the extended part is directly added after the original couplet. There used to be a county magistrate who asked himself about the gate outside the department:

Love people, if they are children;

be rock-firm in executing the law—enforce the law strictly

Because this county magistrate talked about benevolence, righteousness and morality, people saw through his trick and added some words to it, which became such a couplet:

Love the people like children, parents of cattle and sheep, parents of granaries, only for their children;

Law enforcement is like a mountain, treasures are prosperous, and wealth and goods are prosperous. Is it the nature of mountains?

Add this, and the meaning of Part I becomes: How "loving the people like children"! People's cattle, sheep and food are filial to you, the "parent" officer! In your opinion, they are just doing their son's duty. The second couplet means: "Law enforcement is like a mountain"! You get more and more treasures and goods there every day. Is this the nature of the mountain? The meaning of the new couplet here is completely opposite to that of the original couplet. This couplet was added as:

Love the people like children, money is my son;

Law enforcement is like a mountain, and Qian Shan is a mountain!

This addition has the same effect as the last one.

Some even expand the words that are not couplets into couplets. During the Kuomintang rule, the people were suppressed and public opinion was suppressed. At that time, teahouses, hotels and other places all over Sichuan posted "Don't talk about state affairs" notes to avoid getting into trouble. Others also posted "Take care of your clothes". Because there are many thieves, the waiter can't take care of them, so he has to post this to attract customers' attention. On the basis of these two notes, someone expanded them into the following couplets:

Take care of your clothes, there are few gentlemen in the country this day;

Regardless of state affairs, there are many ghosts and foxes in the world today.

Ghost fox refers to the Kuomintang spy.

Some people also empty the original old sentences according to the meaning. In Qing Dynasty, Yakushiji, an Antu in Jiangsu, offered sacrifices to Hua Tuo. Repair after fire. When Li Daiweng looked at the couplets, Zhao said, "There is an old saying:' I hated Cao Cao for a long time before I split his skull, but I heard it once. "I wonder if there is?" Li Weng shook his head and said, "The words' I listened for a while' are too outrageous." Zhao said, "How about this?" Li Weng smiled and said, "I just want to take your pen." Zhao wrote to:

How can the skull be opened, just because the traitor should be punished, he wants to save the thunder from the disaster;

Why do you need to shave your arms? The saint is naturally free from illness, but fortunately there is a bright moon.

The first paragraph comes from "I always hate Cao's skull", and the second paragraph comes from "I heard it once when the doctor closed my arm". According to the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Hua Tuo was killed because he planned to perform brain surgery on Cao Cao. He also treated an arrow wound with Guan Yu. The old sentence and this upside-down couplet say these two things.

Two joint questions are generally nothing more than the following two methods:

One is that one person leaves the upper part and one person leaves the lower part. 1one night in the summer of 908, a 0/4-year-old bear in Taojiang, Hunan, enjoyed the cool in the yard. Everyone listened to his little news about the world and nodded yes, but only one Old Master Q didn't believe it. He changed a pack of cigarettes for the bear and made the first couplet:

A pair of candles tried three times, bright and bright, shining around.

Bear see praise feudal yamen, just a thought, replied:

The five continents are divided into two hemispheres, black and black, regardless of east, west, north and south!

This method of connecting problems is universal at all times.

First pass the word "one person" in turn and add it gradually until it is appropriate. Laugh well, the storm is coming, and the gossip will continue. Don't change your father's business. The chapter on "artistic skills" in this book is all good examples, so I won't quote them at this time. Please refer to. This inscription method is quite interesting, and it has been used occasionally so far.