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China is a famous capital in ancient history.

In the ancient history of China, the capital was moved countless times, but only eight times were recognized as famous in academic circles.

(1) BC14th century, King Pan Geng of Shang Dynasty moved the capital from Yan (Qudong, Shandong Province) to Yin (Northwest Anyang, Henan Province).

(2) In 770 BC, Zhou Pingwang moved the capital from Haojing (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi) to Luoyi (now Luoyang, Henan);

(3) In 494 AD, Emperor Tuoba Hong, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, moved the capital from Pingcheng (now Datong, Shanxi) to Luoyang;

(4) After114/Song Jin, King Wan Yanliang of Jin Hailing moved the capital from Huining (now south of Acheng County, Heilongjiang Province) to Yanjing (now Beijing) and renamed it Zhongdu;

(5) 1272, Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu moved his capital to Yanjing from Kaiping Prefecture in Shangdu (about 300 kilometers north of Beijing) and renamed it Dadu;

(6) 142 1 year, Ming Chengzu Judy moved to Beijing from Yingtian (now Nanjing, Jiangsu);

(7) After the late Jin captured a large area of Liaodong, Nurhachi moved the capital from Hetuala (now Xinbin, Liaoning) to Shenyang in 16 18;

(8) 1644, the Qing army entered the customs and occupied Beijing, and the emperor shunzhi of the Qing Dynasty moved the capital from Shenyang to Beijing.

Second, the reason why China moved the capital in ancient times.

1. The reason why Pan Geng moved to Yin.

(1) The land in Yin Di is relatively fertile, and the natural environment is better than that of the present capital, whether it is to build the capital or develop agricultural production. (2) Restrain extravagance and advocate frugality to ease class conflicts. After Tai Jia, the monarchs and slave owners of Shang Dynasty lived a corrupt life. The class contradiction between slaves and slave owners is very sharp, and slaves can't bear torture and flee in large numbers. After moving the capital, everything has to start from scratch, and the royal family and nobles will be bound, so that class contradictions can be alleviated to a certain extent. In Shangshu? Pan Geng recorded Pan Geng's speech to his subjects. When he was about to move, Pan Geng accused the nobles of being greedy for money. After moving, he warned officials not to accumulate property and be kind to the people. (3) To suppress dissidents and consolidate the throne by moving the capital. In the early Shang Dynasty, the battle for the throne was fierce, which directly led to the weakening of the authority of the Shang king and the expansion of the aristocratic forces. Moving the capital can change the sense of superiority of the nobles and weaken their strength, which is the usual means of the Shang king. According to Shangshu? According to Pan Geng, when Pan Geng moved the capital, the resistance mainly came from nobles. Pan Geng used the flags of "Destiny" and "First King" to issue a majestic warning to the opposing nobles. After moving the capital, he further emphasized that no matter how close the blood relationship with Shang Wang is, the victims should be executed to improve their meritorious service. (4) When some small countries and ethnic minorities have rebelled, moving the capital can avoid the attacks of those rebel forces. The capital is safer, there is less external interference, and the rule can be much more stable.

2. The reason why Zhou Pingwang moved to Luoyi.

(1) Haojiang, the original capital, was in ruins after the chaos of dogs and horses. In 770 BC, the minority dog Rong broke through Haojing, and after extensive looting, it was a mess. Chengdu was the last place to go. (2) In order to avoid dogs and get out of trouble. Haojing was already under the threat of the northwest Rong people, and the strength of the Zhou Dynasty was not strong, so it moved its capital to avoid the invasion of a few Rong people.

3. The reason why Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved to Luoyang.

(1) From a military point of view, in order to avoid the intrusion of northern minorities. Pingcheng, the former capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty, is located in the north, which is vulnerable to the threat of northern minorities, which is not conducive to military control of the whole north, nor to strengthening the jurisdiction and governance of the Northern Wei Dynasty over the Central Plains. (2) From an economic point of view, in order to solve the serious shortage of food supply in the capital. Pingcheng is cold and barren. Although it has been a hundred years since Pingcheng, the capital of Pingcheng, moved to Luoyang in 398, and agriculture has also developed, the grain output is far from enough to supply military supplies and meet the needs of the capital population. In addition, due to the lack of water transportation, it is difficult to transport food from outside. To solve the food problem, we must move to areas with developed agriculture and convenient transportation. (3) From the political point of view, on the one hand, it is to suppress the increasingly frequent armed riots in the Central Plains; On the other hand, in order to realize the great cause of national reunification; On the other hand, it is to get rid of the intertwined power network of Xianbei nobles in Pingcheng area and weaken their influence on politics, especially to get rid of the shadow of Feng Taihou's later period as soon as possible, so as not to let Feng Taihou's influence continue to influence the political situation. (4) Culturally, although the Northern Wei Dynasty realized the partial unification of the North, there was a serious gap between ethnic groups and fierce cultural conflicts, which was not conducive to accepting the advanced culture of the Han nationality, changing the old customs of the Xianbei nationality and deepening the reform, so that the Northern Wei Dynasty dominated the Central Plains with the attitude of Han orthodoxy and achieved the goal of long-term stability. (5) Luoyang is a place where emperors built their capitals and established their careers, and it is also a place with profound Chinese cultural heritage. Moving the capital to Luoyang is not only conducive to consolidating the achievements of previous reforms, but also conducive to further promoting deep-seated reforms. Luoyang used to be the capital of many Han dynasties, and Emperor Xiaowen wanted to gain the orthodox status recognized by the Han landlords by moving the capital to Luoyang. In addition, Luoyang was already very prosperous at that time.

4. The reason why Jin moved the capital to Yanjing.

Wan Yanliang, whose real name is Digunai, is the grandson of Jin Taizu and the second son of Zonggan. In the last years of Emperor Xizong, he secretly contacted Ma Xu and others to launch a palace coup, assassinated Xizong in the palace, and ascended the throne of the emperor, known as King Hailing in history. After the succession, in order to consolidate the political power and further strengthen centralization of authority, a series of drastic political reforms were carried out. In order to unify the south of the Yangtze River, accelerate the feudal process of the whole country, and better learn the advanced economy and culture of the Central Plains, the political, military and economic center of the Jin State moved from Harbin to Yanjing (now Beijing), which is the "Hailing moved south" in the history of the Jin Dynasty. In the first year of Zhenyuan (1 153), he moved the capital to Yanjing and changed it to Zhongdu. The government called Daxing, Bianjing Nanjing, Zhongjing (Daning City, Ningcheng County, Zhao Meng, Inner Mongolia) Beijing, Shangjing Huining House, Tokyo Liaoyang House and Xijing Datong House (now Datong, Shanxi). Beijing, as the national capital, began in the Jin Dynasty.

(1) The rulers tried to consolidate their rule. After the Jin Dynasty destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty, it drew the Huaihe River-Dasanguan as the boundary with the Southern Song Dynasty, and occupied the northern territory of China, with a vast jurisdiction and the capital in the northeast corner. The transportation of materials and the delivery of official documents are often contrary to mistakes, and it is difficult for envoys to travel, which leads to the failure of government decrees to arrive at home and abroad in time. (2) in order to ensure their own throne, Hailing Wang. Yan Hongliang, king of Hailing, killed his younger brother (that is, Emperor Xizong of Jin Dynasty) and gained the throne. He has been to the palaces, pavilions, Buddhist temples and streets of Huining House in Beijing, and there is no trace of the popular monarchy of Emperor Xizong of Jin Dynasty. The homesickness and homesickness of the royal family in Beijing can easily form a political climate full of responses, which will bring disaster to the king of Hailing. Therefore, King Hailing wanted to completely eliminate the union and resistance of the Jurchen royal family by moving the capital, enfeoffment, enfeoffment and dissolution, so as to ensure the throne.

5. Why did Kublai Khan in Yuan Shizu move to Yanjing?

(1) In order to weaken the opposition and get rid of it. On the one hand, Kublai Khan's accession to the throne was not recommended by the Curitai Conference in accordance with Mongolian practice, but relied on his own strength, and many nobles did not support him. On the other hand, since Kublai Khan was ordered to rule the Monan Han nationality area in 125 1, a large number of Han people were used, and the Han system was implemented according to the characteristics of the Han nationality area, which infringed on the interests of the Mongolian aristocratic die-hards. Many nobles opposed him and even launched an armed rebellion. He decided to move the capital to weaken the opposition and get rid of it. (2) the need to unify the whole country. At that time, in the north of China, the territory seized from the State of Jin needed to be ruled nearby, while in the south of China, the Southern Song regime had not been conquered. (3) Yanjing's superior geographical location. "The land of deep and remote Yan is surrounded by dragons and tigers, with Jianghuai in the south and Shuomo in the north. If you want to rule the world, you must leave a swallow. " It can be seen that the terrain and soil of Yanjing are far better than that of Mongolian grassland.

6. The reason why Judy, the founding emperor of Ming Dynasty, moved to Beijing.

(1) Beijing enjoys excellent geographical conditions. Beijing "has the sea on the left, Taihang Mountain on the right, the river on the south, and Yongshan Mountain on the north ... Up and down the pass, it is Yongshan Mountain. Bauhinia. Mountains and seas Xifeng Mountain. Gubei mountain. Huanghua town Xian Erlong. It will benefit from water transportation, and Tianjin will also benefit from sea transportation. It is the capital of emperors in previous dynasties. " (2) Beijing is the base of Judy, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty. Before Judy launched the "Battle of Jingnan" to replace his nephew Wen Jian, Beijing was the fief of his prince, and most of his cronies and forces were concentrated here. Moving the capital to Beijing can get rid of the shackles of the old opposition minister in Nanjing. (3) In order to strengthen the military defense forces in the north. At that time, Mongolian ministries entrenched in Mobei harassed the Ming border many times, posing the greatest threat to the Ming Dynasty. Taking Nanjing as the capital to deal with the serious threat of the resurgence of Mongolian forces is bound to be beyond the power of the state. Beijing lies in the throat of the north. Moving the capital to Beijing and implementing "the emperor guarding the border" can not only strengthen the defense and resistance to Mongolia, but also strengthen the management and control of the northeast and northwest regions.

7. The reason why Nurhachi moved to Shenyang.

(1) From the military point of view, Shenyang was in an important strategic position at that time. "Shenyang extends in all directions, and Daming crosses Liao from the west, and the road is straight. It took three days to reach Mongolia in the north and Qinghe Road in the south. "(2) Economically, Shenyang and its surrounding areas can meet the needs of the capital population." Shenyang Hunhe River leads to Susu River, and logging goes down the river at the source of Susu River. Timber and wood can't be used, there are many mountain hunters, and the benefits in the river can also be collected. "(3) From a military point of view, the situation in Liaodong and western Liaoning was grim at that time, and they were forced to move to Shenyang for strategic initiative. After Nurhachi occupied Liaodong, the Eight Banners soldiers and civilians in the late Jin Dynasty moved here and lived with the local Han nationality. Han people in Liaodong fled, fought and rioted constantly. Yuan Chonghuan and other generals led by the Ming army will also "launch a massive campaign", at the same time, the Mongolian ministries outside the border are also waiting for an opportunity. All these pose a great threat to Nurhachi.

8. The reason why the emperor shunzhi moved to Beijing in Qing Dynasty.

(1) Excellent geographical location. Yan as "the first choice in Kyoto" has become an undisclosed theory. At that time, people called Shi Jing "the capital of loyalty to the monarch". (2) Realizing the great cause of the motherland's reunification. (3) the need to consolidate the rule. In a word, the reason why the Qing Dynasty made Beijing its capital was basically the same as that of Jin Mingyuan.

Third, the regular understanding of the migration of the ancient capital of China.

1. Capital migration trend: The capital of China's ancient dynasty generally showed a trend of development from west to east: Xi 'an-Luoyang-Kaifeng-Beijing. In the meantime, after the minority regime entered the Central Plains, the capital of the Han regime tended to move from north to south. Specifically, from the Xia Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty, the capital was generally established in the Central Plains, and the capital moved from west to east: Xi 'an-Luoyang-Kaifeng. From the Southern Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, the capital completely left the Central Plains and moved to the coastal areas. The capital moved from north to south and then from south to north: Hangzhou-Nanjing-Beijing.

2. The general reason of capital migration: (1) The destruction of ecological balance in the Yellow River basin is the fundamental reason. (2) The eastward or southward movement of the economic center is the direct cause. (3) The eastward or southward movement of the center of military and political struggle is an important reason.

3. Some understandings: (1) It is not difficult to see the economic, cultural and political characteristics of the migration of the ancient capital of China. Because the capital is a symbol of the development of material civilization and spiritual civilization in a certain period. (2) In order to obtain the needed food and materials, ancient capitals usually moved to areas with developed economy and convenient transportation. The standards for moving the capital in past dynasties are basically the same, and no one will move the capital to a remote and barren place. (3) In the case of backward productivity in ancient China, politics, economy and military (national defense) were the primary factors that decided to move the capital. Later, with the improvement of the transportation system, economic factors took a back seat.