What rules and restrictions did the Qing Dynasty impose on businessmen to be officials?

Laughter about buying and selling officials in Qing Dynasty

Author: I'm drunk, and posted it on the Iron Blood Forum [Deep Water Area].

This is an original article I posted in the historical area and transferred to Sham Shui Po to write about the official donation system in Qing Dynasty.

I remember that in the history of China, it seems that only the Qing Dynasty regarded donation as a normal way of promotion under the state system. Although there were other dynasties, they were not as organized and operated as the important financial resources of the country as the Qing Dynasty system. Kangxi conquered Junggar and encouraged the rich to donate money. Therefore, Shanxi Province alone donated 1 0.2 million people, while Gansu Province donated10.7 million people in half a year. During the Yongzheng period, imperial academy was inspected by alternate officials who had received donations but had not yet officially arrived. Results 1 More than 9500 state-owned supervision students failed, and nearly 60% even handed in blank papers. It's not that I just make up a number to scare people. Eight-part essay is rare, but not. You have to hand it in without some real kung fu. During the Qianlong period, it was stipulated that 1 county could donate 20 stones of white rice, and almost all the flags in Beijing exchanged old rice for an official; In Jiaqing's later years, the national treasury was empty, and students donated to 220 thousand people; ..... terrible. At that time, there were only 1 300 counties in China, and more than 200,000 candidates were eyeing it. Li Jue, the three model governors of Yongzheng, was a slave of Yongzheng, E Ertai was a grandfather, and Tian Wenjing was a benefactor, but they were not serious scholars. The wind of donating money is rampant, and there are few incorruptible people in officialdom in the late Qing Dynasty. In the early stage, the "right way" officials of the same brand of scholars were not on the same line as the "different way" officials who donated money, but in the later stage, there was naturally no such taboo. The reason is that too many people spend money to buy officials. At first glance, almost all are tall hats. Courtesy, honesty and shame, the country's four dimensions, four dimensions do not open, the country is doomed. It is also unreasonable to rely on this system of taking scholars and not die.

There is an interesting joke: a local rich man in Shanxi, when he was 6 years old, waited at home for more than 80 years and finally got a letter of appointment as common sense. After receiving it at home, he immediately decorated a large plaque at the door: Sven's House, so someone wrote a couplet: he was in his eighties and was called a "child", but he was born a "book" in the fifth year.

Everyone knows the corruption of the original donation, and I don't want to say more, but I think I'll say more if I don't spit it out. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the salary of county magistrate was only 60 taels of silver a year. It is basically impossible for officials to eat, drink, sleep, walk, lie down and walk with this money. In order to solve this problem, the Ming dynasty created the consumption of folding fire and trampling on grain piles, and charged more for smelting procedures when collecting money. When collecting grain, you can kick on the grain pile, even if it is swept away, it is considered pocket money. Don't laugh, that's how old Zhang supports himself. As long as it's not too much, most people can accept it. After all, the salary of officials is really small. But the problem came to the Qing dynasty, when the fire consumption was returned to the people during the Yongzheng period of the Qing dynasty, and the fire consumption was gone. It was popular to make money and pay the top grain tax (explain, in the Qing dynasty, the official price of two silver coins was 1 and the copper coin was 1200, but the actual silver was cheaper and the copper coin was expensive, and the black market price was 1, so it could only be exchanged for 800 copper coins. People pay rent to make money, 1, 200 yuan is only paid to 1, but officials can turn around and exchange 1 for two and a half pieces of silver. Therefore, a large part of the snow in the Qing dynasty magistrate, 100 thousand snowflakes floated here in three years. In terms of national economic development, the method adopted in the Song Dynasty was to stimulate the development of private commerce, so 80% of the world's total wealth was in China at that time; Meng Yuan started from robbing and killing, entered the Central Plains, and paid attention to "killing the kings of the world, Li, Zhao and Liu". Apart from reducing the population of China from1.200 million to 4 1 10,000, he has achieved nothing and his economic development is in a mess. The Ming Dynasty relied on the same method as today's power, energy and transportation departments to implement state monopoly, but at that time, the main franchises were salt, iron, tea and horses. I was helpless in the Qing Dynasty. At that time, some people proposed to promote commercial development, but the emperor refused, but Kangxi also wrote a letter that "prosperous times breed people and never add people." Money doesn't fall from the sky. Where can it come from? Donate officials. Donating 4600 taels of silver to a magistrate of a county is a win-win situation for the country and individuals. It can be described as the best of both worlds. You can buy an official with an annual salary of 60 Liang 1 for 4600 Liang. What are you waiting for if you are not greedy? The greedy people are in trouble.

To tell the truth, in the history of China, officials were bought and sold in every dynasty. Spend money to buy an official, at least recover the investment cost. When I was watching unofficial history, I read an interesting story: when an official arrived in Kangxi, he first asked the local price and the cheap price of local eggs, 1 piece. The old father was so anxious that he immediately took out thirty thousand pieces of copper coins and sent someone to the market to buy thirty thousand pieces. According to our IQ, grandpa should make a lot of money by selling eggs at the price of 3 pence each, but the boss loves the people as his son and doesn't do that kind of speculation. After 100 days, the boss went to inquire about the market situation again. Residents are very kind when they meet their old parents, reflecting the high price of chicken now. (It's all used to keep eggs healthy. ) The adults are in a hurry again. When I went back, I said to the servants: Now the price of chicken is high, just as the chicks hatched from my eggs are about to grow up. Selling 100 pence stabilized the price of chicken, and the scholars were happy. Year-end evaluation: excellent. The boss made great efforts again and got a promotion. With a capital of 30,000 yuan and a profit of 3 million yuan, it still has a good reputation of loving the people as a child. I admire you. This is many times better than the "research" of officials now, so the quality of our officials needs to be strengthened. Off topic ~ ~ ~ that's it. But with this, the 2.97 million yuan did not fall from the sky. Free trade was not allowed in the Qing dynasty, and capital write-offs could not be carried out. Those intermediate expenses have not been added to the heads of ordinary people. These donors are running amok down there, and the people are down with blood mildew. The folk customs of Heicha Mountain in Shanxi have always been very good. Kangxi passed by in the early years of the Western Expedition, and the people also gave rations 1200 stone. Kangxi personally inscribed the monument of "simple folk customs". But during the Qianlong period, the people here lived in poverty and raised flags to rebel. Qianlong sent Fu Heng to make a conquest, and spent three million and two thousand pieces of silver. Black Tea Mountain was killed and changed color. Finally, the reasons were investigated. After Kangxi passed by, all the people who arrived were donated officials, which was nothing good. The grasshopper boiled grease on its legs, and the bug scraped paint powder on its head. The people appealed, and there was really nothing they could do if they accepted or donated officials, and then donated officials.

Speaking of this, some people may scold me, because the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty are the most rampant in history books, and there is nothing in the Qing Dynasty, at least the draft of the Qing Dynasty has not been written. Just because I said I didn't write it doesn't mean I didn't. The landlords in the Eastern Han Dynasty were so powerful that the local armed forces even surpassed the Central Army. The purpose of the Western Han Dynasty is to sublimate China. When Wendi was in Chang 'an, it was only a few tens of miles away from the northwest border, but it took several months to walk from the northwest border to Chang 'an in the late Western Han Dynasty. The emperors of the Eastern Han Dynasty didn't do much in opening Xinjiang, and the landlord armed forces replaced this function. So the Huns finally surrendered to Cao Cao in an all-round way, and the landlord took control of the officials of the buying and selling center. Of course, there are no taboos. The conclusion that the eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty were the state came from the Qing Dynasty, but in fact, the Ming Dynasty was always ruled by civilian officials, and the power of the emperor in the Ming Dynasty was not even as good as that of a university student. Therefore, it is difficult to draw a fair conclusion by relying on The History of Amin written by Manchu, at least I don't believe this book. The draft of Qing history is even more unreliable. What can a thick book do except sing praises? In the Qing Dynasty, a hundred flowers blossomed, the emperor was extremely wise and courtiers were extremely loyal. After reading it, I really want Kangxi to live for another 500 years. However, there is something wrong with the Draft of Qing History. The biggest problem is that the original data of the Draft of Qing History and the records of the emperor, that is, the residence of the emperor, are problematic.

The emperor must not read the records, let alone change them, because history is irrefutable. The first emperor to read memoirs was Li Shimin. The Li Shimin brothers came to power and forced his father to abdicate, so he read the memoirs. But after all, he didn't dare to change, just looking for someone else to greatly beautify him, so there are two unique Tang Shi in Twenty-Five History, and they are completely different. The first one was Judy, whose name and words were worse than Li Shimin's, so he changed the record. His biological mother didn't want to take Ma Huanghou as her biological mother, but Ming Chengzu behind him didn't change, not because he didn't want to, but because he didn't dare. Now a large group of civil servants are staring and talking casually. It's not too much to scold a dog. The Qing dynasty was very different. The emperor is the master and all officials are slaves. When reading books such as Kangxi Emperor Yong Zhengdi, the emperor often said, "You don't have to keep this file, just take it out of the file." What is this document? Record. Can the old people in the Qing Dynasty record the scandal of buying and selling officials based on what they wrote?

Not everyone in the Qing dynasty kept silent about buying and selling officials, but the ending was tragic. This literary inquisition case is very famous. During the Qianlong period, a scholar named He in Leiyang, Hunan Province wrote an article denouncing the system of selling officials. After receiving the report, the magistrate was furious, arrested He, tortured him to make him say: Who sold the official, who acted as the middleman and who bought the official. However, He Shi Sheng couldn't explain clearly: it was the official who was sold by Qianlong, and the Ministry of Housing was the middleman. Did you buy it? So he was sentenced to "blaspheme the court and disobey the court", and I was executed that year. His own son and his brother's son were beheaded at the age of 16,/kloc-children under 0/6, and his wife and daughter were sent to Heilongjiang as slaves. After the report, the court minister signed and agreed that when Gan Long wrote back, he was magnanimous: "If you forgive me, I will be executed instead of you." Don't be late, behead, and the rest will remain the same. Who dares to say that buying and selling officials? It's called donating money, not selling officials. Just like unemployment or being laid off, it is either a decrease or a negative growth, which means a little black humor. ~ ~ ~ digression again ~ ~ Sorry, sorry, no talk about current politics, no talk about current politics.

I don't want to write more. If I write it down again, it will not be a joke. Will become a line of tears, a blood language. During the Opium War, the British people were amazed when they saw China's imperial examination. They thought it was the most perfect official selection system in the world, and later created the present British civil service system. But if they look deeper, look at the blood and tears behind the imperial examination, and look at the results caused by the donation and loss system in the Qing Dynasty, will they still think so?

In addition, the attached price list donated by the Qing government is richer than that in the supermarket, and the price is clearly marked, so there is no cheating on children. At that time 1 silver was about the purchasing power of 150-200 yuan now. Let's take a look and measure what kind of official we can be.

The price of thirty-nine years of Qianlong: among Beijing officials, there are five senses with a doctor, 9600 taels of silver, six officials with a pledge, and 4620 taels of silver; among local officials, there are four officials with a Taoist priest, silver 16400 taels, four officials with a magistrate, silver 13300 taels, and five senses with a tongzhi, and silver 6800 taels.

The price in the 26th year of Guangxu: Beijing official: Langzhong 2073 beam, principal 1728 beam, local official: Daochang 4723 beam, Zhifu 3830 beam, Tongzhi 1474 beam, Zhifu 999 beam and Xiancheng 2 10 beam.

Price reduction is not deflation. There are too many donations to wait for the real shortage. Who is willing to spend the money? Therefore, the more you donate, the more you donate.

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