What is the principle of Morse code? What kind of space should be used between each letter to avoid confusion?

Morse code

The earliest Morse code was dots and dashes representing numbers. Numbers correspond to words. You need to look up a code table to know the numbers corresponding to each word. You can click, stroke and pause with the electric keys.

Although Morse invented the telegraph, he lacked relevant professional knowledge. He signed an agreement with Alfred Weil to help him make more practical equipment. Alfred Weil conceived a scheme in which each character and punctuation can be sent independently of each other through dots, strokes and pauses in the middle. They agreed to include this scheme of marking different symbols in Morse's patent. This is now known as American Morse code, which was used to transmit the world's first telegram.

This code can be transmitted by a smooth-pitched, intermittent radio signal, usually called continuous wave, abbreviated as CW. It can be an electronic pulse in a telegraph line or a mechanical or visual signal (such as a flash).

Generally speaking, any coding method that can express written words with variable-length signals can be called Morse code. But now this term is only used to refer to two kinds of Morse code representing English letters and symbols: American Morse code is used in cable telegraph communication system; The international Morse code still in use today only uses dots and dashes (no pause).

The telegraph company charges according to the length of the letter to be sent. The commercial code carefully designed a set of five characters to send as a word. For example: byoxo ("Do you want to climb out?" ); LIOUY ("Why don't you answer my question?" ),; AYYLU ("There is no clear code, repeat it more clearly." )。 These five-character abbreviations can be sent separately in Morse code. On the network side, we will also talk about some of the most commonly used Morse business codes. Q and Z abbreviations are still used in amateur radio: they were originally used to exchange information such as communication quality, frequency change and telegraph number between operators.

1838 65438+1On October 8th, Alfred Weil showed a telegraph code using dots and dashes, which is the predecessor of Morse code.

Morse code, as an information coding standard, has a very long lifetime that other coding schemes can't surpass. Before 1999, Morse code has been used as an international standard for maritime communication. 1997, when the French navy stopped using Morse code, the last message was: "Attention, everyone, this is the last cry before we are silent forever"!

American morse code

As an almost extinct code, American Morse Code uses different dots, dashes and unique intervals to represent numbers, characters and special symbols. This Morse code is mainly designed for ground operators, and it is transmitted by telegraph wire, not by radio waves.

This ancient and staggered code is designed to match the way the operator answers. Unlike now, you can hear the tone of the code from speakers or headphones. You can only hear the click of a mechanical generator of these earliest telegrams, and even hear the answer from the send key: this key is set to slave mode when not sending signals, and is responsible for making sounds.

Most of these operators serve railways or future Western Union transmission. Like many young people at that time, Edison in his teens was such an operator.

Modern international morse code

Today, the international Morse code is still in use, although it has almost completely become the patent of amateur radio enthusiasts. Until 2003, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) managed the work of obtaining amateur radio licenses for Morse code professionals all over the world. In some countries, some bands of amateur radio are still reserved for sending Morse code signals.

Because Morse only relies on a stable radio signal, its radio communication equipment is simpler than other methods, and it can be used in the environment with high noise and low signal. At the same time, it only needs a very narrow bandwidth, and it can also help two operators with different mother tongues to communicate with each other, which makes it very difficult to communicate with each other. This is also the most commonly used method of QRP.

In the United States, until 199 1 year, in order to obtain the amateur radio certificate issued by FCC, it was necessary to pass the Morse code transceiver test of five words per minute (WPM). Before 1999, the highest level of amateur radio certificate (extra class) can only be obtained if the proficiency reaches 20WPM; 1999 12 13, FCC reduced this requirement of extra classes to 13WPM.

In 2003, the World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC03, a biennial special conference on frequency allocation sponsored by ITU) made a decision to allow countries to choose whether to require the use of Morse code in amateur radio license management. Although there is still a written requirement in the United States and Canada, in some other countries, it is being prepared to completely cancel this requirement.

Skilled amateurs and military operators can often receive (copy) Morse code at a speed of over 40WPM. Although the traditional telegraph key is still used by many enthusiasts, semi-automatic and fully automatic electronic keys have been widely used today. Computer software is also often used to generate and decode Morse code radio signals.

Time control and representation method

There are two kinds of "symbols" used to represent characters: dots and dashes, or Dit and Dah. The length of the point determines the sending speed as the sending time reference. The following is the time control chart:

- - *-* *** * / -*-* - -** *

(blank) C O D E

Here,-stands for a line and * stands for a point. This is the exact sending time of the above message (= indicates that the signal is available, and. Indicates that the signal is unavailable, and each signal is one point long):

===.===...===.===.===...=.===.=...=.=.=...=.......===.=.===.=...===.===.===

^ ^ ^ ^ ^

Dash | word spacing

Dotted line spacing character spacing

The stroke is generally three points long; The interval between points and strokes is the length of a point; The interval between characters is the length of three points; The interval between words is the length of seven points.

Beginners are often taught to pronounce short, short and fast braille, exaggerating the interval between symbols and words. Comparatively speaking, this method is easier to learn. )

People familiar with Morse code often speak or spell like this (where "long sound /Dah" is pronounced "awe"):

- - *-* *** * / -*-* - -** *

dah dah dah dah dah dah didah Dit Didi Dit，dah dah dah dah dah Didi Dit。

believe

Alphabet coding Alphabet coding A *-N-* B-* * * O-C-*-* P *-* D-* * Q-*-E * R *-* F * *-* S * * * G-* T-H * * U *.

The number 0-

1 * -

2 ** -

3 *** -

4 ****-

5 *****

6 -****

7 - ***

8 - **

9-* Common punctuation marks period *-*-*-

Comma-* *-

Question mark * *-* *

Dash-* *-

Hyphenation-* *-

Fraction line-* *-* Special symbol (same symbol)

This is a combination of some special points and strokes. They are connected by two-letter Morse code, which can save the interval time necessary for sending as two letters at ordinary times.

AR *-*-* Stop (end of message)

wait a minute

K -*- Invite to send a signal (usually follow AR, which means "it's your turn")

SK ***-*- Termination (contact end)

BT -***- delimiter

These are not really the same symbols:

* * *-* (I will resend the last word)

* * * * (same)

* * * * Error

Some extensions of non-English characters? * - *-

*-*-

à * - *-

é **-**

ch -

- *

ü ** -

" *-**-*

! ** - *

Common abbreviations

Abbreviations are different from the same symbols. Abbreviations keep the space between characters, and they are not used together.

AA All after (used after question mark, requiring repetition)

AB before all (similarly)

ARRL American Radio Broadcasting Union

ABT about

ADS address

AGN again.

Ant antenna

be situated between the two

BUG semi-automatic key

Yes

CBA phone book address

CFM confirmation

CLG incoming call

CQ to any radio station

See you later

Because because ...

continuous wave (CW)

CX condition

from

DX distance (sometimes referred to as long-distance contact)

ES and

Fine business of catering department (similar to "OK")

Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ［US］

FER is

FREQ frequency

GA Good afternoon or continue (depending on the context)

Good evening, Ge

Good morning, general manager

GND ground (ground potential)

Good GUD

Hey, laughter

This is HR

HV has

Bad cover operator

MILS milliampere

Zero zero

NR number

OB old boys

Old man

Old Om (any male amateur radio operator is Om)

OO official observer

OP operator

OT old timer

OTC laoyeji club

OOTC senior club

Please go to PSE

Pressurized water reactor power

QCWA Quarter Century Wireless Association

R I confirmation or decimal point (depending on context)

RCVR receiver

RPT duplicate or report (depending on context)

RST signal report format (readability-signal strength-tone)

RTTY wireless telegraph type

RX reception

SAE self-written address envelope

SASE reply envelope

Said said

Special economic zone theory

Signal signal

SIGS signal

Scheduled schedule

SN Soon

SOS international distress call

SRI sorry

STN station

TEMP temperature

TMW tomorrow

TNX thank you

thank you

TX transmission

you

Yours or you are (depending on the context)

URS, yours

VY is very

WDS dialect

WKD is working

WL will

Wudehui

WX weather

XMTR transmitter

XYL's wife

Miss YL (for any woman)

73 Best regards

88 love and kiss

Talk in morse code

To communicate correctly in Morse code, only letters are enough. In order to make communication more efficient, there are many modes in the world.

This is an example of CW communication between Radio One (s 1) and Radio Two (s2):

s 1:

Ccqcqcq de s 1 K

Call anyone (CQ), this is (Germany) s 1, over (k).

s2:

s 1 de s2 K

Call s 1, this is s2, over.

(Now the two stations have established communication connection. )

s 1:

Saskatchewan

Goodbye.

s2:

Saskatchewan

Goodbye.

For example, there is nothing to talk about between the radio stations above. This is just a demonstration of contact.

Jokes///

After World War II, two retired signalmen decided to apply for a job in a company. You must pass a rigorous exam before you can be hired. So they agreed to type the telegraph code on the table with a pencil to inform each other of the important answers. When the exam started, they knocked a few questions like this before they heard the invigilator knock on the table. They listened carefully, and the invigilator knocked: We used to be in the same army, so this game you two are playing should be over.