What are the argumentation methods of classical Chinese?

1. Argumentation method of ancient prose:

1, deductive argument;

2. Inductive demonstration (example demonstration);

3. Comparative argumentation (analogical argumentation, comparative argumentation);

4. Metaphorical argument.

Difference:

1. Deductive argument is a method from general to individual. It deduces conclusions about individual situations from general principles, and the relationship between its premise and conclusions is necessary.

There are many forms of deduction, such as syllogism, hypothetical reasoning and selective reasoning, but the most important one is syllogism. Syllogism consists of three parts: major premise, minor premise and conclusion. Such as the major premise that all metals can conduct electricity, iron is the minor premise of metals, and iron can conduct electricity.

2. Inductive argument is an argument method from individual to general. It draws a general conclusion through many individual examples or arguments, and then summarizes their characteristics.

Induction can give examples before drawing a conclusion, or it can put forward a conclusion and prove it with examples. The former is what we usually call induction, and the latter is what we call example. Example method is an argument method to prove the argument with individual and typical concrete examples.

3. Comparative argument is an argument method from individual to individual. Usually divided into two categories: one is analogy and the other is comparison.

4. Metaphor argument is to use metaphor as an argument and analogy to demonstrate analogy (topic). In the figurative argument, the figurative person is a set of vivid examples, which contain certain relations and truths, while the figurative person is an abstract truth.

Although the figurative person and the figurative person are two different things, there is a general principle of * * * between them, so there is a reasoning relationship between them. Metaphorical argument is a way to demonstrate fables (topics) with fables as arguments.

Extended data:

Factual argumentation uses true, reliable and representative examples to prove the argument, specifically and forcefully prove the central argument, enhance the persuasiveness, interest and authority of the article, and make the article easy to understand.

Reasoning can enhance the persuasiveness or literary talent of the article and make the argument more powerful or attractive.

The contrast between right and wrong is clear and impressive, which makes the argument more powerful or attractive.

Metaphorical reasoning is easy to understand, vivid and easily accepted.

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2. Ways and means of argumentative writing in classical Chinese What are the methods of argumentative writing? Argument and rebuttal.

Argumentation methods include: example argument, truth argument, contrast argument, metaphor argument and quotation argument.

1. Demonstration with examples: cite conclusive, sufficient and representative examples to prove the argument;

2. Reasoning and argumentation: use the incisive opinions in the classic works of Marxism-Leninism, epigrams of famous people at home and abroad, and recognized theorem formulas to prove the argument;

3. Comparative argument: compare the positive and negative arguments or arguments, and prove the arguments in comparison;

4. Metaphorical argument: use familiar things as metaphors to prove the argument. In addition, the refutation methods of "spear belt, shield belt attack" and "reduction to absurdity" are often used in refutation. It is often used comprehensively in most argumentative papers.

5. Citation arguments: Citation arguments are complex and related to the specific cited materials, including quotes, aphorisms, authoritative data, anecdotes of celebrities, jokes, etc., and their functions should be analyzed in detail. For example, quoting famous sayings, aphorisms and authoritative data can enhance the persuasiveness and authority of the argument; Citing celebrity anecdotes and anecdotes can enhance the interest of the argument and attract readers to read.

3. Classical argumentation method 1: inductive argumentation (example argumentation) 2: deductive argumentation 3: comparative argumentation (analogy argumentation, contrast argumentation) 4: figurative argumentation 1: inductive argumentation (example argumentation) inductive argumentation is a kind of argumentation method from individual to general.

It draws a general conclusion through many individual examples or arguments, and then summarizes their characteristics. Induction can give examples before drawing a conclusion, or it can put forward a conclusion and prove it with examples.

The former is what we usually call induction, and the latter is what we call example. Example method is an argument method to prove the argument with individual and typical concrete examples.

2. Deductive argumentation Deductive argumentation is a method of argumentation from general to individual. It deduces conclusions about individual situations from general principles, and the relationship between its premise and conclusions is necessary.

There are many forms of deduction, such as syllogism, hypothetical reasoning and selective reasoning, but the most important one is syllogism. Syllogism consists of three parts: major premise, minor premise and conclusion.

Such as the major premise that all metals can conduct electricity, iron is the minor premise of metals, and iron can conduct electricity. 3. Comparative argument (analogy argument, comparative argument) Comparative argument is an argument method from individual to individual.

Usually divided into two categories: one is analogy and the other is comparison. 1, analogy.

Analogy argument is based on the similarity or similarity of two objects in some attributes, and infers that they are similar or similar in other attributes. Its logical form is: A has the attributes of A, B, C and D, and B has the attributes of A, B and C, so B may have the attribute of D, which belongs to inductive reasoning in formal logic. Analogical reasoning belongs to probabilistic reasoning, which is a reasoning mode from special to special and from individual to individual. Its conclusion is not necessarily true, but reliable to some extent.

In some cases, it is sometimes impossible to obtain more accurate arguments. It is sometimes effective to prove by analogy.

Analogy is enlightening, making it easy for readers to understand abstract truth and making the article concise and vivid. When using this method, it should be noted that analogy objects should have the same or similar attributes to prevent mechanical analogy.

Because the premise of analogy is something special, and the conclusion of analogy reasoning is probable, it will not be enough to discuss complex problems only through analogy reasoning. Analogy has a certain philosophical basis because the world is diverse and unified.

Judging from the way of thinking, analogy argument is not limited to the superficial differences of things. It tries to find common ground in differences by connecting different things, thus involving dialectical factors, which has its significance in the process of understanding the objective world. Although many analogies are not necessarily valid, they can be used as assumptions for further research. However, as a way of argument, because it is a kind of probabilistic reasoning, its conclusion is not completely reliable, so it is often expressed as "possible"; In addition, even the basically correct analogy conclusion contains some fallacies.

Generally speaking, the reliability of analogical reasoning depends on the relationship between the attributes owned by * * * and the derived attributes. If the attribute of * * * is closely related to the derived attribute, the reliability of the conclusion will be greater; If the degree of connection is low, the reliability of the conclusion is low; If it's irrelevant, you can't make an analogy.

Pay attention to the following points when using analogy: (1) Use similar objects for analogy. There are infinitely many things in the world that have some identical or similar properties, and some of them are completely irrelevant. Comparing them is unconvincing.

(2) Avoid using analogy alone to demonstrate a way of argument. It is best to combine it with other argumentation methods to make it play a supplementary and rich role.

(3) Pay attention to the reliability of the conclusion. Unless there are certain circumstances, the conclusion is generally only a possibility.

In terms of expression, we should grasp the discretion and not be absolute. 2. Comparative demonstration.

Contrastive argument is a different way of thinking, which focuses on revealing the essence of the argument that needs to be demonstrated from the contrast of opposite or different attributes of things. The reason why comparative argument is widely used is that there are many things that can be compared, such as Chinese and foreign, ancient and modern, size, strength and so on. , are suitable for comparison. After analyzing and clarifying the difference between the two, it is obvious that the argument can be established naturally.

Contrast can be a comparison between two objects or a comparison of the same object at different stages. The former is called horizontal comparison and the latter is called vertical comparison. Using the method of vertical comparison, we can't stay at the static judgment level of formal logic, otherwise, it will sometimes appear unconvincing.

Several problems should be paid attention to when using comparative argument: First, the two sides of comparison should be comparable. Second, we should establish a reasonable frame of reference.

To compare, we must have a reasonable * * * frame of reference. Without a * * * frame of reference, the two cannot be compared. The so-called reference refers to the standards used to measure and determine the advantages and disadvantages of both parties. Such standards must be objective, otherwise the conclusion of comparison may not be reliable.

4. Metaphorical argumentation Metaphorical argumentation is to demonstrate with metaphor and to demonstrate the truth of analogy with people (topics). In the figurative argument, the figurative person is a set of vivid examples, which contain certain relations and truths, while the figurative person is an abstract truth.

Although the figurative person and the figurative person are two different things, there is a general principle of * * * between them, so there is a reasoning relationship between them. Metaphorical argument is a way to demonstrate fables (topics) with fables as arguments.

When using metaphors, we should pay attention to several issues: First, the things used as metaphors should be familiar, specific and simple, so as to explain another thing in a popular and vivid way. Second, the metaphor should be appropriate and natural, and it should be able to properly explain the characteristics of the things being demonstrated.

Teachers can be compared to candles and silkworms, which shows that they have given everything selflessly, but they can't be compared to keeping others clean, but like increasingly dirty rags and brooms. This metaphor is called "the loss of metaphorical meaning". Thirdly, any metaphor is flawed because of the lack of essential internal relations between the two sides of metaphor.

To discuss a problem completely and profoundly, we should not only rely on a few metaphors, but also combine examples.

4. The argumentation methods of classical Chinese include induction, deduction and comparison (divided into analogy and comparison (1)). Induction: This is an argument method from individual to general. There are complete induction and incomplete induction. Generally speaking, it is incomplete induction, and complete induction is seldom used, such as the article "Promoting Great Entrepreneurship". Induction can be divided into two types according to the order of examples: first list the examples and then summarize them, or draw a conclusion and then illustrate them with examples. The latter is called "paradigm method".

(2) Deduction: This is an argument method from general to individual. As far as form is concerned, there are the following kinds: syllogism, hypothetical reasoning, selective reasoning and so on. , mainly syllogism. Syllogism is an evolutionary deductive reasoning, which derives a conclusion from two premises associated with a concept, and consists of three parts: major premise, minor premise and conclusion. Major premise and minor premise can sometimes be combined into one.

(3) Comparative method: This is an argument method from individual to individual. Usually divided into two categories, one is analogy and the other is comparison. The former compares different things with the same or similar properties and characteristics in some aspects, and then draws the conclusion that, for example, On Feuerbach should go slow. The latter proves the argument by comparing different things whose nature and characteristics are opposite or opposite in some aspects, such as cronyism.

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5. What are the methods of Chinese argumentative writing? Explanatory argument: list conclusive, sufficient and representative examples to prove the argument;

(2) Reasoning: use the incisive opinions in the classic works of Marxism-Leninism, famous sayings and aphorisms from domestic and foreign celebrities, and accepted theorem formulas to prove the argument;

③ Comparative argument: compare positive and negative arguments or arguments, and prove arguments in comparison;

(4) Metaphorical argument: use familiar things as metaphors to prove the argument. In addition, in refutation, the refutation methods of "attacking shield with spear" and "reducing to absurdity" are often adopted. It is often used comprehensively in most argumentative papers.

⑤ Inductive argument is also called "factual argument". Give concrete examples to demonstrate the method of general conclusion.

⑥ Deductive demonstration, also called "theoretical demonstration", is a method to demonstrate individual cases according to general principles or conclusions. That is, to prove particularity with the argument of universality.

⑦ Analogy argument is a method to deduce examples of similar things from known things, that is, an argument method from special to special.

(8) Causal argument, which proves the argument by analyzing things and revealing the causal relationship between arguments and arguments. Causality argument can be proved by causality, effect and causality.

Citation argument: a kind of "reasoning argument", which takes famous sayings as arguments, quotes classics, analyzes problems and explains reasons. There are two ways to quote: one is to explicitly quote and explain who said the quoted words or their sources, and the other is to implicitly quote, that is, not to explain who said the quoted words or their sources.

6. There is more than one correct answer to one thing. There is a mode of thinking that there is only one correct answer. However, seeking the second answer, or other paths and new methods to solve the problem, depends on creative thinking. So, what are the essential elements of creative thinking? Someone replied: "Creative people always work hard to acquire knowledge and make themselves knowledgeable. From ancient history to modern science and technology, from mathematics to flower arrangement, nothing can be done without mastering all kinds of knowledge, because these knowledge may be combined at any time to form new ideas. This may happen in six minutes or six months. Six years later, but the parties firmly believe that it will appear. " I totally agree with this. Knowledge is the material for forming new ideas. But this does not mean that creativity can only be owned by knowledge. The real key to creativity lies in how to use knowledge. Creative thinking must have the attitude and consciousness of exploring new things and using knowledge for this purpose. On this basis, we make unremitting attempts. (4) a typical representative of this aspect, John Gooden belk was the first. He developed a new product by combining two unrelated machines-a grape press and a coin making machine. Because the grape juicer is used to squeeze grape juice, the force exerted on a large area is equal. The function of the mint is to print on small planes such as gold coins. One day, Gooden belk said to himself half jokingly, "Is it possible to use several mint machines?" 197 1 day, another example is Roland bushnell. While watching TV, bushnell thought, "Just watching TV is boring. Take the TV receiver as the experimental object and see what reaction it produces. " Shortly thereafter, he invented the interactive table tennis video game and started the game machine revolution. 18960.186386886116 What does "this situation" mean in paragraph (2)? 3. What is the main argumentation method used in this article? 4. What does the author think should be paid attention to when exerting creativity and applying knowledge? 2010-12-311:25, grade three. Me too, but we learn faster than you. We have finished the answer. What is the real key to creativity? (or "What are the essential elements of creative thinking?" Knowledge can be combined at any time to form new ideas. Prove it with examples and reasons. (1) assiduously acquire knowledge and make yourself knowledgeable. Have the attitude and consciousness to explore new things and use knowledge flexibly for this purpose. On this basis, make unremitting attempts. Attachment: ① LZ Note that the most important thing to do this reading problem is to find the answer in the text. There is also an argumentative essay in this course. The most important thing is to take notes carefully in class. In the formal exam, it is reasonable to say that you can't lose a point in the explanatory and argumentative papers. In addition, you need to remember the name and definition of the demonstration method.