Social Background of Railway Construction in Zhan Tianyou

Zhan Tianyou, whose real name is as soon as possible, is from Wuyuan, Jiangxi. 186 1 year (the 11th year of Qing Xianfeng) was born in an ordinary family of tea merchants. When I was a child, Zhan Tianyou was very interested in machines, and often made various machine models with the children in the neighborhood. Sometimes, he will secretly take apart the bells at home, fiddle with the components inside and ask questions that even adults can't answer. From 65438 to 0872, Zhan Tianyou, who was only 12 years old, went to Hongkong to sign up for the preparatory class for young children going abroad organized by the Qing government. After Zhan Tianyou passed the exam, his father drew a note on a certificate of going abroad, which said, "If you have a disease, share life and death, you will have a safe fate.". After that, he left his parents and came to the United States to study with the ideal of learning western "skills".

In the United States, students in preparatory classes abroad witnessed the great achievements of science and technology in North America and Western Europe and marveled at the rapid development of machinery, trains, ships and telecommunications manufacturing. Some students are pessimistic about the future of China, but Zhan Tianyou firmly said, "In the future, there will be trains and ships in China." Zhan Tianyou studied hard with the belief of studying hard for the prosperity of the motherland, and graduated from New Haven with 1867. In May of the same year, he was admitted to the Department of Civil Engineering of Yale University, majoring in railway engineering. After four years in college, Zhan Tianyou studied hard, ranking first in the graduation examination with excellent results. 188 1 year, of the 120 overseas students who returned from China, only two got their degrees, and Zhan Tianyou was one of them.

After returning to China, Zhan Tianyou enthusiastically prepared to contribute his knowledge to the railway industry of the motherland. However, the officials of the Westernization School of the Qing government were superstitious about foreign countries, and blindly relied on foreigners when building railways, regardless of Zhan Tianyou's professional expertise, and sent him to Fujian Naval Academy to learn to drive seagoing ships. 1882 1 1 was sent to the flagship "Wu Yang" as a driving officer to direct the drill. 1883, the Sino-French war broke out. In the second year, the long-planned French fleet entered the Minjiang River in succession, ready to go. However, He Zhangru, the shipping minister of the surrendering faction in charge of Fujian Navy, turned a deaf ear and even ordered: "Don't fire first, and offenders will be beheaded even if they win!" At this time, Zhan Tianyou privately said to Mr. Zhang, the captain of the Wu Yang, "There are many French warships with ulterior motives. Although we have received an order not to fire first, we must never take preventive measures in advance. " Because of Zhan Tianyou's warning, Wu Yang is very alert and ready to fight. When the French fleet launched a surprise attack, Zhan Tianyou braved heavy artillery fire and calmly and tactfully commanded the "Wu Yang" to move forward from left to right; Avoiding enemy fire, seizing fighter planes, and bombarding the French command ship "Walter" with its tail almost killed the commander of the French naval expedition. For this naval battle, Zilin Xibao, founded by British businessmen in Shanghai, also had to be surprised and praised in different places: "Westerners didn't expect China people to fight so bravely. Of the five students aboard the Wu Yang, Zhan Tianyou is the bravest. He is fearless in the face of the enemy. At the critical moment of life and death, he is as calm as ever. He has the courage to save many people in the water ... "

From the post-war to 1888, Zhan Tianyou went through many twists and turns and was transferred to China Railway Corporation as an engineer, which was the beginning of his participation in the railway industry in China.

Shortly after taking office, Zhan Tianyou was put to the test. At that time, the Tianjin-Hebei railway from Tianjin to Shanhaiguan was built to the Luanhe River, and a railway bridge across the Luanhe River was to be built. The Luanhe River bed has deep sediments and meets rising water and rapids. The railway bridge was designed by a world-class British engineer, but it failed. Later, Japanese engineers were hired as contractors, which was no good. Finally, the German engineer came out and was quickly defeated. Zhan Tianyou asked China people to do it themselves, but the Englishman in charge of the project had no choice but to agree to Zhan Tianyou's attempt. Zhan Tianyou's Life, Zhan Tianyou and Beijing-Zhangjia Railway

Zhan Tianyou is a conscientious and down-to-earth person. After analyzing and summarizing the reasons for the failure of three foreign engineers, he put on work clothes and conducted a field survey with the workers, and made a close-up survey (P 1 16). In the evening, with the help of dim oil lamps, the geological structure of Luanhe River bed was carefully studied, and the position of the pier was finally determined after repeated analysis and comparison. Zhan Tianyou boldly decided to adopt a new method-"air caisson method" for pier construction. Zhan Tianyou really succeeded, and the Luanhe River Bridge was built. This incident shocked the world: one China engineer actually solved a big problem that three foreign engineers could not complete.

After Zhan Tianyou won the first battle, he immediately encountered a more severe test. 1905, the Qing government decided to build the first railway in China-Jing-Zhang Railway. Both Britain and China wanted to intervene, but their attempts failed because of the strong opposition of the Russian people. The British and Russian envoys said in a threatening tone: "If the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway was built by Russian engineers themselves, it has nothing to do with Britain and Russia." They think that, in this way, it is impossible to build a railway in China. At this critical moment, Zhan Tianyou accepted this arduous task without hesitation and was solely responsible for the construction of the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway. News came that some imperialists and British newspapers sarcastically said, "The engineer who can build this railway in China has not been born in the womb! China people want to build railways without foreigners, even if it is not a dream, it will take at least 50 years. " They even attacked Zhan Tianyou, the general manager and chief engineer, for being "arrogant" and "overreaching". Under pressure, Zhan Tianyou insisted on not appointing foreign engineers, and said: "China is vast and rich in resources, and I feel ashamed to rely on outsiders all the way to work!" "China has awakened, and China people will use their own engineers and their own money to build railways."

1In August, 905, the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway was officially started, and intense exploration and route selection began. Zhan Tianyou ran around the rugged mountain day and night with the measuring team and instruments on his back. One evening, the fierce northwest wind roared in Badaling area, whizzing past with dust, which made people unable to open their eyes. The survey team finished the work in a hurry, filled in the survey figures and climbed down from the rock wall. Zhan Tianyou took the notebook, looked at the figures and asked doubtfully, "Is the data accurate?" ? "Almost," replied the surveyor. Zhan Tianyou said seriously: "The first requirement of technology is accuracy, and there can be no ambiguity or rashness. Statements like' probably' and' almost' should not come from engineers. " Then, he picked up the instrument, braved the wind and sand, and labored to climb to the rock wall again, carefully retest and corrected a mistake. When he came down, his lips were purple with cold.

Soon, exploration and construction entered the most difficult stage. At Badaling and Qinglong Bridge, there are overlapping mountains and steep walls hanging rocks, and four tunnels will be opened, the longest of which is more than 1000 meters. After accurate calculation, Zhan Tianyou decided to adopt the method of sectional construction: simultaneously drilling from the north and south ends of the mountain, opening a large well in the middle of the mountain, and then drilling from the north and south ends in the well. This not only ensures the construction quality, but also speeds up the project progress. When digging a hole, I dug a lot of stones by hand and picked out the spewing spring water one by one. Zhan Tianyou, as the chief engineer, has no shelf. He digs stones and carries water with the workers, and his face is covered with mud and sweat. Zhan Tianyou also encouraged everyone to say, "The Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway is the first railway that we built with our own people and our own money. The eyes of the whole world are watching us, and we must succeed! " "No matter success or failure, it is definitely not our own success or failure, but the success or failure of our country!"

In order to overcome the difficulty of driving on steep slopes and ensure the train to climb up Badaling safely, Zhan Tianyou creatively used the principle of "turn-back line" to design a herringbone line on the steep Qinglong Bridge section in mountainous areas, which reduced the tunnel excavation and slope. When the train arrives here, it will cooperate with two high-powered locomotives to push and pull to ensure the safety of the train uphill.

Zhan Tianyou and Jing-Zhang Railway, Zhan Tianyou's Deeds and Brief Introduction

Zhan Tianyou once put forward three requirements for the whole project: "less money, good quality and quick completion". After several struggles by workers, the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway was finally opened to traffic in September 1909. It was originally planned to be completed in six years, but it was completed four years ahead of schedule, and the project cost was only one-fifth of that estimated by foreigners. Some European and American engineers paid tribute to Zhan Tianyou after visiting by bus. But Zhan Tianyou said modestly: "This is the strength of more than 10,000 employees of Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway, not my personal credit. Glory should belong to everyone. "

After the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway was completed, Zhan Tianyou succeeded as the supervisor and chief engineer of the Guangdong-Han Railway. At this time, the United States decided to grant him a doctorate in engineering and asked him to go to the United States to attend the conferring ceremony in person. He gave up this honor in order to devote himself to the railway construction of the motherland.

After the Revolution of 1911, in order to revitalize the railway industry, Zhan Tianyou and his colleagues established the China Engineering Society, and was promoted to president. During this period, he devoted a lot of efforts to the training of young engineers and technicians. In addition to setting an example, he also encouraged young people to "study hard for invention" and asked them not to "favor one over the other, and not to fish for fame". Take others with sincerity, not yourself as a mirror. "

Zhan Tianyou has been engaged in the railway industry for more than 30 years. At that time, almost every railway in China had different degrees of relationship. Old age breaks down from overwork 19 19. Comrade Zhou Enlai once spoke highly of Zhan Tianyou's achievements, calling him "the glory of the people of China".

At the beginning of construction, there was a shortage of engineers and technicians. Zhan Tianyou only led two engineering students to survey Zhangjiakou from Fengtai via Nankou and Badaling in May 1905, and then made a reverse survey, and selected the contrast line from Yanqing to Changping via Deshengkou and the Ming Tombs (the Yongding River Valley route was also considered, but no survey was conducted due to the arduous project, limited funds and time. In June, he returned to Tianjin General Administration, put forward the investigation report and drew up the construction plan. It is planned to be built in three parts. The first section (Fengtai to Nankou) will be started first, so as to benefit from the early traffic. The second section (from Nankou to Chadao City) and the third section (from Chadao City to Zhangjiakou) will be investigated in detail. Especially in the second section from Zhongnankou to Badaling, the terrain is steep, and further comparison lines need to be selected. The report said, "If this road becomes one day earlier, the public will benefit from it one day earlier, business travelers will enjoy its convenience one day earlier, and foreigners will envy it one day earlier; The difficulty of building roads is actually unprecedented. "

In order to solve the shortage of engineering and technical personnel, Zhan Tianyou successively recruited several engineering students from Mou, Yan Deqing and other engineering departments and Shanhaiguan Railway School to work in Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway.

Regarding the road construction policy, Zhan Tianyou believes that the sooner the railway is built, the better it will crush the contempt of outsiders; Second, funds can be recovered as soon as possible; Third, we can train our own engineering department as soon as possible and support the construction of other roads.

1905 10, Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway started construction. In the spirit of innovation, on the one hand, Zhan Tianyou adopts new technical measures and introduces new foreign technology and equipment according to local conditions; On the other hand, in order to ensure the completion of highway construction tasks, many advanced management methods and systems have been formulated, which are imitated by other highways in China.

First, carefully select locomotives and carefully select lines.

1. When selecting the maximum gradient of the line, attention should be paid to the selection of locomotive types. From Juyongguan to Badaling in the south exit, the route is not long, but the height is quite different. And the mountains are surrounded by valleys, and there is no ground rotation. Although we tried our best to extend the route, we only got a slope of 30 feet and 1 foot. Zhan Tianyou resolutely chose one thirtieth of the maximum slope, which is a rare mountain railway line with large slope. At first, it was towed by a 2-6-0 twin-engine locomotive. After discussing with our classmate E.P.Lord, who is engaged in locomotive manufacturing in the United States, we decided to buy 0-6-6-0 Mallet locomotives from British Beiying Company, arrived at the construction site of Guangou section on 1908, and successively bought four locomotives, and then continued to buy them from Baldwin Factory (Ba 1dwin) in the United States. 1909 bought three Taishan Road locomotives and Shea gear-driven vertical cylinder locomotives produced by Lima factory in the United States, and 19 12 continued to buy three more.

When building Zhangjing Road, according to the needs of large-scale locomotive operation, locomotive equipment and locomotive maintenance workshop were set up. In addition, in order to solve the problem of using coal for locomotives, Jimingshan Coal Mine was specially established, and Jimingshan Coal Mine Branch Line and Mentougou Coal Mine Branch Line were built.

2. In order to solve the problem of Badaling Line crossing the mountain, Zhan Tianyou carefully selected and surveyed the surrounding area of Qinglong Bridge, and finally decided to go up the mountain from Shifosi, enter the Donggou of Qinglong Bridge, turn back and cross Badaling to form a zigzag line, and excavate Badaling Tunnel at 109 1 m, which is nearly half the length of the tunnel excavated from Shifosi to the west in the initial survey, and was successfully solved. However, he clearly pointed out that the zigzag route selection scheme was a last resort under the specific conditions of construction funds and construction period at that time, and it would be more advantageous if spiral loop lines could be used.

3. The 1/30 ramp is adopted in the ditch-sealing section, which is extremely important to ensure traffic safety. Therefore, the safety fork is set up, so that when a fault occurs, the train can enter the safety fork line of the reverse ramp to ensure safety. There are 12 safety forks in the Guangou section, including 4 in the station and 8 in the interval.

In addition, in order to ensure traffic safety, special traffic measures were formulated and implemented after opening to traffic.

4. At that time, the rails used by Zhang Jinglu were heavy rails, and 85-pound rails (42 kilograms per Mi Yue) were used for main lines and station lines. Special reinforced Sandberg-type rails are used in the closed part of the ditch. In view of the problem that rails are easy to crawl on large slopes, practical and effective anti-climbing measures have also been taken.

Second, adjust measures to local conditions and strive for fast and stable projects.

1. Badaling tunnel, with a length of 109 1 m, is the key project of the whole line and the first tunnel with a kilometer or more in China. In order to speed up the progress of manual excavation, the shaft method is adopted. According to reports, a big well and a small well were dug. "A big well was opened in the middle of the cave, and both ends went hand in hand." There is a ventilated building in the building, which is still in use today. The remains of the small well outside the west cave can't be found. Another key project, Juyongguan Tunnel, is 367 meters long. Two-end excavation method is adopted. The report said: "The sinking method was originally planned to be used in Juyongguan Cave. Later, the mountain was too high and too far away from the cave, and the construction was very difficult. Compared with the two, the method of digging at both ends is suitable. Therefore, although sinking is a good way to open long holes, we should also carefully examine the terrain and not stick to the rules. " "Juyongguan cave is the most difficult in the middle of five or six hundred feet. The reason is that it is located under the proper Guancheng. Soil and stones are brittle. Every time it rains, it's mud and water. Although there are explosives, there is nothing we can do. Take the generous wood as the branch, cross the small track at the wrong time and gradually attack. "

Badaling Tunnel was completed in only 18 months, which opened the curtain for China to build a long tunnel independently. The explosive used in tunnel excavation is Laclau explosive, which has strong explosive power but stable performance. For the sake of construction safety, this mine explosive was first used in Zhan Tianyou tunnel excavation.

2. For bridges, houses and other projects, try to use local materials to save. There are 20 bridges in Guangou section, including concrete arch bridge 13, in order to save the cost of ordering steel beams from abroad. In order to save cement, the measures of adding flaky to concrete were taken. Housing construction also pays attention to thrift.

Third, determine the standard, the first-order engineering specifications.

Zhan Tianyou attached great importance to engineering standardization, and presided over the compilation of the first set of engineering standard drawings of China Railway, Jing-Zhang Railway Standard Drawing. Including bridges and culverts, tracks, lines, tunnels, garages, water towers, cranes, houses, buses, vehicle clearance and other 49 standards. The project management was strengthened in the construction of Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway, which ensured the project quality and provided a good reference for other railway construction in China. In view of the confusion of China's early railway engineering standards, when he presided over the construction of Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway, he also wrote to the Qing government and put forward specific suggestions for unifying the national railway engineering standards. He insisted that the national standard gauge should be 4 feet, 8 inches and a half (i.e. 1.435 meters), and China should learn from the experience of western countries and not take the detour of adopting narrow gauge. He also stipulated the standards of line slope, bridge load, subgrade width, minimum radius of line, restricted slope, platform height, vehicle clearance, locomotive load and coupler installation. Subsequently, the Qing government formulated the National Technical Standards for Railway Construction, and Zhan Tianyou was appointed as the road affairs committee member and consultant of the Ministry of Commerce, Posts and Telecommunications of the Qing government.

In the above proposal to the Qing government (submitted to the Ministry of Commerce), Zhan Tianyou also suggested to adopt the most advanced automatic coupler in the world at that time, namely Janney Cou-pler. This kind of coupler is still full of vitality in China's railways, which brings great benefits to railway transportation. Zhan Tianyou's insight will benefit future generations.

Fourth, innovate management, and be the pioneer of highway construction in China.

1. Streamline the organization, strengthen management and improve efficiency.

Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway Administration was originally located in Jiajiaqiao, Xinma Road, Hebei Province, Tianjin. In order to reduce the work level and personnel expenses and facilitate the construction, Zhan Tianyou moved the General Administration to Beijing, merged the railway bureau originally located in Beijing into the General Administration, and set up the Beijing-Zhangjia Railway Bureau in Fuchengmen; Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway Engineering Bureau is located outside Fuchengmen, and is responsible for transportation and construction respectively. At the construction site, according to the construction site, designate the engineering department. In order to grasp the progress and solve the existing problems, he held regular teleconferences on the construction site, which was the first teleconference of China's own railway. Although the bureau was very busy, he went deep into the site inspection work.

2. Establish personnel assessment management system and formulate reward-centered management measures.

Zhan Tianyou thinks it is particularly important to train talents in our engineering department. To this end, the Charter of Promotion and Transfer of Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway Engineering Office was formulated, which clearly stipulated the moral character, working ability and performance requirements that the Engineering Office should have, and it was regularly assessed and strictly implemented. In the process of road construction, a large number of young engineers in China have been trained. This exam promotion regulations, other domestic railways are following suit. Zhan Tianyou thinks that the working ability of engineering department in China is not lower than that of foreigners, and insists that the salary standard should not be lower than that of foreign engineering departments. At the beginning of the construction of Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway, he formulated the salary standards for engineering departments and engineering students at all levels, and combined with the implementation of the assessment system, which promoted the growth of engineering departments and was conducive to the completion of construction tasks. During the construction of the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway, in order to reduce absenteeism and improve work efficiency, he formulated the Regulations on Vacation, which stipulates: "Business personnel are allowed to take two months off at the expiration of four years, and if they have never taken a vacation at ordinary times, they will be combined for two months." The formulation of this charter was advanced and enlightened at that time. While implementing the system, he also paid attention to strengthening education, advocating self-denial and devotion to duty, and advocating the unity of engineering departments.

3. Strengthen the management of material supply and strictly control the use of funds.

In order to solve the transportation difficulties in mountainous areas, the original post road transportation materials were considered at the beginning of selecting the Guangou route. After the project started, the construction of Fengtai Material Factory was first strengthened, and then Nankou Material Factory was established as a material supply base.

When ordering materials and equipment from foreign companies, Zhan Tianyou directly negotiates with foreign companies, formulates strict quality standards, abolishes the material rebate system, and prevents waste and corruption in the use of materials and funds. In the construction, strengthen fund management, pay attention to economy, and strictly control the use of funds by contractors.

At the beginning of the construction, it was scheduled to be completed in the seventh year. After two years of construction, the Qing government changed the period to four years, so the project for the next two years was originally planned to be four years. All the road builders, under the leadership of Zhan Tianyou and with the concerted efforts of Qixin Qi Xin, finally successfully completed the project and saved the construction cost. 1September, 909 19 completed the road inspection and held a tea party in Zhangjiakou; On October 2nd, 65438/kloc-0, a grand opening ceremony was held in Nankou. The construction cost of the whole railway is 729 1860 of the original budget. The Qing government actually allocated 7,223,984 taels and actually spent 6,935,086 taels, saving 356,774 taels compared with the original budget.

The Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway was successfully completed and opened to traffic with good quality. After the postal department of the Qing government accepted the inspection, it was deeply felt that "the success of this road not only increased the great reputation of our engineering department, but also helped people engaged in engineering to be firm, confident and enterprising!" At the opening ceremony, Zhu Qi, the representative of Guangdong Province, was most excited when he delivered a speech. He said: "The Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway has been successfully built, and foreigners have read about it. The engineering department that built this road in China has not yet been born, and it is a joke on five continents. Today, Zhan Jun has created this road, which is true for foreigners. All road construction and management are done by China people. Hey, honey! Zhan Jun, for example, can be said to be able to exhale with China people! ..... China can build its own railway projects, and all the mining machinery manufacturing and other things in the future can be done by China people themselves. Today, I hope to have railways as well as mines, forests, machinery and factories. If you have to drive first, what is the name of today's Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway? "

During the construction of Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway, Zhan Tianyou was sent to Zhengzhou Yellow River Bridge site for investigation on 1907. 1908 send the design scheme of Jinan Luokou Yellow River Bridge for approval; 1909 sent to Jiangsu Hu Jia railway project for acceptance. After the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway was opened to traffic, he continued to build the Zhangjiakou-Suiyuan Railway. /kloc-in the winter of 0/909, invited by Henan-Shanghai Luotong Railway (more than 230 kilometers from Luoyang to Tongguan), he worked as an engineering consultant and made a field survey of this railway line with accompanying engineers. The determined route scheme can save the construction cost.