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Nanjing Art Treasures: Nanjing Baiju Culture

Among the many outstanding Chinese arts and cultures that are about to pass away, Bai Ju is one of them. Baiju is a folk dialect rap in Nanjing area. It is the only ancient song in Nanjing and has a long history. Bai Ju speaks all in Nanjing dialect and sings slang. It is a rap art with strong local characteristics and is also one of the representatives of Nanjing culture.

Historical origin

Nanjing Baiju began in the Ming Dynasty when brocade workers sang folk songs, minor tunes and folk songs in Nanjing dialect to entertain themselves. As time went by, it gradually developed into a Nanjing's unique folk arts. The word "Bai Ju", as the name suggests, is because the singers do not get paid and "sing a game for free", so it is called "Bai Ju". And because it originated from Nanjing, it is also called "Nanjing Bai Ju".

Nanjing was the capital in the early Ming Dynasty, and the capital in the middle and late Ming Dynasties. Therefore, Nanjing Yunjin was at its peak during the Ming Dynasty. In the brocade machine room in Nanjing during the Ming Dynasty, the machine room was very high because the loom was also very high, about three meters. There was a person sitting on the top, called the "flower puller"; there was a person sitting below, called the "weaver hand". It is a demanding technical job, and the work is boring. In order to change the monotonous brocade weaving life, the workers in the brocade room began to entertain themselves, singing some ditties and dialect tunes. The themes were mostly light and humorous, and occasionally there were some interesting things. Duanzi, passed down by generations of brocade weavers, has evolved into the future generations and even the current Nanjing Baiju.

During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, Cao Yin of the Cao family of the Eight Banners was in charge of weaving in Jiangning. The dragon robes of the Qing Dynasty were made from Yun brocade. Their production was exquisite and complex, and they were known as "inches of brocade and every inch of gold". At this time The Nanjing Yun Jin industry was in another heyday, during which Nanjing Baiju also created more jokes.

The rise and fall of Nanjing Baiju followed the development and changes of Nanjing's brocade industry.

Performance form

Baiju's performances include speaking, singing, and occasionally body movements. They use authentic Nanjing dialect, which is called "News Tune" or "Shuban". Due to the influx of new immigrants and changes in dialects, some words are different from the current Nanjing dialect. For example, "duck" is pronounced as "yozi" and "aunt" is pronounced as "duo mao". The difference between the final sound of "er" and the "Beijing-style" sound of "er" is that it is read continuously and rises, like "plate, bowl", and it is read very quickly like "erwoer"... It is too difficult to use words to transform language arts.

Significance of inheritance

Nanjing Baiju is mainly spread in the Jiangnan area, with a strong mass base and a long history, so it has unique cultural value. Nanjing Baiju is the artistic sublimation of Nanjing dialect. The essence of Nanjing dialect runs through Baiju's rap art. To some extent, it is a cultural carrier for inheriting the ancient Nanjing dialect and ancient Chinese. It is for modern people to learn the pronunciation and pronunciation of ancient Chinese. Grammar has a unique role.

In addition, Nanjing Baiju’s rap is very rich in content and has diverse themes. What is particularly valuable is that it reflects the major news and social focus events of the time and the life themes of local people. It can be said that Baiju has a certain role in ancient times. It plays the role of contemporary news media, and its influence is even more far-reaching and extensive than modern media. It is an important information carrier for people to understand the customs, culture and historical society of Nanjing. Third, since Bai Ju draws on the styles of Yangzhou Qing opera and Ming and Qing folk operas during its development and evolution, it also has important reference value for studying the culture of other operas.