How were curtains invented?

As the saying goes, smell its fragrance and get off the horse to know its taste. This is not a restaurant, just because I am in a hurry to find a convenient place. Today's topic is toilet, and the content of the topic is even weirder. Don't think that the word "fiddling with the toilet" is imported. Actually, the toilet is genuine and made in China. From the year when mosquitoes were killed, the convenient place for our ancestors was the flat ground, which later turned into a pit and then the toilet appeared. Mosquitoes followed humans that year. When people show their sweet buttocks, mosquitoes begin to eat dinner. To talk about the history of toilets, we have to start from the Han Dynasty. According to "Miscellanies of Xijing", the jade used in the court of the Han Dynasty was nothing, and it was held by the emperor's attendants to facilitate the emperor's access at any time. This kind of funny land is a special appliance called toilet and urinal by later generations, and it is also the predecessor of toilet. Accordingly, it is said that this teasing place was also invented by great-grandfather Liu Bang with the crown of Confucian scholars as a drowning device. There is another saying about the invention of teasing nothing, which is also said to be related to the emperor. According to legend, in the Western Han Dynasty, Li Guang, the general who teased the Flying Tiger, shot and killed the crouching tiger, which made people cast a copper drowning device in the shape of a tiger and urinated in it to show their contempt for the tiger. This is the origin of the name of teasing the tiger. However, when the emperors of the Tang Dynasty sat in Long Ting, because one of their ancestors was called "Teasing Li", they changed this disrespectful name to "Teasing the beast" or "Teasing the girl", which was later commonly known as "Teasing the toilet" and "Teasing the urinal". There is also a joke. Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin pacified Sichuan and transported all the objects in Houshu Palace back to Bianjing. He found that there was a basin inlaid with agate and jade, and he was so happy that he could almost hold wine. Later, Mrs. Hua, the favorite princess Chang, was called dedicating herself. Mrs. Hua Rui saw that this thing was presented by the Emperor of Song Dynasty several times, and quickly said that it was my husband's urinal! Zhao Kuangyin made a strange phone call in surprise: How can he not ruin the country by making fun of the use of this urinal? The ground will crush the baby immediately. The earliest written record of the toilet was the wooden toilet in Return to the Field II by Ouyang Xiu in the Northern Song Dynasty, which was interpreted as the wooden toilet in Ci Yuan. The toilet used by the ancient people in China was a round wooden barrel with a lid, which was coated with tung oil or fine waterproof vermicelli. In the Qing Dynasty, the toilets in the imperial palace were made of silver or tin, with wooden benches on all sides and fragrant carbon ash in barrels to cover up the excrement that amused the emperor. Although it is not as luxurious as Meng Chang, the comfort and hygiene level have improved a lot. Dean Yuan also showed his preference for traditional toilets in China, and installed a toilet in Jurentang where he lived at that time. But he insisted on using a custom-made wooden toilet because he thought it was a bad smell. From the above, we can know that although the toilet in China has experienced more than 1000 years of use and evolution, its appearance has not changed, basically maintaining the appearance of pots and barrels, perhaps considering the convenience of use. This single toilet has been used for a record long time, so that it is still used in Jianghuai area and Suzhou, Shanghai and Hangzhou, and the number should be millions. The local government even regards toilet renovation as a political achievement and popular project. Let's look at the headline of Jiangnan Times (September 2, 200419th edition): Those who go to the toilet indiscriminately will be fined 20,000 Suzhou toilets. The article mentioned the harm of flushing toilets: because some old communities in Suzhou ancient city have no sanitary facilities, many citizens still use toilets, and some residents naturally flush toilets in the river. However, from the perspective of environmental protection, the devices for flushing toilets, spittoons and other polluted water bodies within the scope of river protection have polluted the water bodies to some extent, which is really inconsistent with the identity of an ancient cultural and tourist city. The article also describes the local residents' toilet flushing: there are two ways to tease the toilet. A funny way is to pour it yourself. Aunt Shen has always insisted on falling by herself. Yesterday afternoon, Aunt Shen squatted on the dock by the river and painted her own red toilet. The toilet is exquisite, with carvings on the barrel and lid. It's a very simple work of art, and Aunt Shen brushes the floor as seriously as playing with art. It seems that besides food, clothing, housing and transportation, it's also important to open the door conveniently. Since someone uses the toilet, someone has to clean up the filth, so a group of dung-headed troops were born. There is no way to verify the age of the Duntou troops, but it is recorded in ancient literature: A passage of Ma Zilong in Hangfang Lane Records mentions that Jianguo South Road is in the east, Shangban Second Lane is in the west, and Duanhetou is in the east. Lane 13, Meng Liang Road: poking fun at Hang Cheng hukou, there are many toilets in the streets and alleys. Horses have become a market for horses. During the Republic of China, Duanhetou was a gathering place for dung boats and elk. At that time, there were three companies in Hang Cheng that made gold juice (dung) and monopolized dung juice, and there was also one in Duanhetou. Dongri Note: Suffering! The record of the dung dumping gang also gave it a share of the underworld, and it also occupied the hills and circled the territory. During the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, the manure industry also changed. /kloc-when Shanghai first opened its port in the 0/9th century, the market in Shanghai was not prosperous, with a small population and a lot of land, and the way out for manure was not a problem. Farmers in Pudong and Wusong suburbs transport their excrement back to fertile farmland by boat. In 1930s, the authorities in public concession and French concession felt the seriousness of the excrement problem, so they set up excrement trucks and hired employees to clean the excrement. Subsequently, heather, Hongkou and other areas have also been implemented. Some businessmen saw that it was profitable, so they customized the dung truck and rented it to the driver of the dung truck to pour the dung. As a result, a group of dung owners appeared, and they competed for land and the competition was fierce. Some dung workers sell dung to farmers privately. In order to facilitate management, the concession authorities and the Health Bureau of the Kuomintang municipal government contracted to remove feces. Some dung owners took the opportunity to contract the facilities for collecting dung and selling dung to the concession authorities and the Health Bureau of the Kuomintang municipal government respectively, making a windfall and becoming the king of dung. Among them, the oldest and most influential king Ma Hongji was the earliest contractor in the French Concession. He has 600 dung trucks at most. Later, there was a place called Wang in Hongkou, Zhabei, Fahua Town, with more than 500 dung trucks. The financial resources of Dung King mainly depend on renting Dung Truck and Dung Wharf. In that year, there were 0/0/0.9 million dung trucks in Shanghai, about half of which were horses and kings. The dung wharf was rented to a dung loader. At that time, there were 22 manure docks in Shanghai, of which 10 was along Suzhou River, and the rest were located in Caojiadu, Heather, Dapu Bridge, Shihuigang and Shiliupu. The building of the dung wharf is very simple. There is a hole in the stone revetment by the river, and there is an iron pipe under it, which bends to the water. The dung ship leaned against the shore to pick up the goods. Every morning, dung trucks go to various dung docks to tease unloading places. The excrement and water on the excrement wharf cross-flows, stinking, and the surrounding residents suffer greatly. The real name of dung people is the land to tease clean people, and the nickname is the land to tease their owners. Most of their former farmers came to Shanghai to do this business because of rural economic bankruptcy or famine. At that time, there were about 4000 dung workers in Shanghai. According to their native place, they are divided into several gangs: the number of gangs in northern Jiangsu is the largest, accounting for seven tenths, and they are also divided into Gao (postal) Bao (camp) gang, Yang (state) Tai (xing) gang, Tong (state) Hai (gate) gang and Yan (city) Fu (ning) gang. Suzhou gang accounts for about two tenths; Jiangnan kings are mainly farmers in Changzhou and Jiangyin, accounting for about one tenth. The area where dung workers pour toilets is clearly divided. Every street and alley has a fixed dung pipe so that no one can get their hands on it. If you trick your colleagues into emptying more toilets, they will kill each other. The local ruffians and hooligans saw that the industry beyond 360 lines was very profitable, so they made great efforts to tease local strongmen and control each lot separately, and the dung people must tease him to be filial; If he doesn't know enough, he will knock over the dung cart and put the dung man's head in the dung. The dung men have no choice but to tease their old man to register, donate and protect the land. Dung people make a living by emptying residents' toilets. Pouring toilets is a tiring and dirty job. A dung truck weighs 400 Jin, and everyone has fought for a lot of places. How many toilets are poured, the income is more or less. Before the Anti-Japanese War, each toilet received 3 to 5 points. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the Kuomintang government launched a civil war, which led to high prices. Seeing that workers from all walks of life are holding a general strike to get higher wages, dung workers once intended to make them stop and fall to the ground in order to increase the cost of emptying toilets, but they were stopped by professional trade unions in the cleaning industry. So the dung worker automatically raised the toilet emptying fee. 1946 February, each toilet charges 500 yuan, March 1000 yuan, April 2000 yuan, Duanyang Festival 4000 yuan. Ordinary citizens complained everywhere, and the Health Bureau intervened, stipulating that each toilet was charged 1000 yuan, and no additional requirements were allowed. Later, due to soaring prices, professional trade unions in the cleaning industry stipulated that each toilet would cost 2,000 yuan. However, the life of dung people is still quite bitter. A reporter once interviewed a 60-year-old man He fooled his grandfather for half his life. Not only did his son inherit this industry, but his 16-year-old grandson was also dragging a dung cart to practice. There are three generations in a dung truck, and they will continue from generation to generation. Every day at dawn, the driver of the dung truck pulls the dung truck door to door to empty the toilet. When workers from all walks of life went to work, the driver of the dung truck had gone home and fell asleep again. Dung people live at the bottom of society. Most of them have no education. With money, they go to teahouses, drink and gamble, and have no proper leisure. They live in a corner where there is no sunshine all the year round. After the founding of New China, dung people formally became self-reliant working class, merged into the sanitation department, renamed as clean places, became green messengers to beautify the city, and also created a national model worker like Shi Chuanxiang. Looking back at western society, since the19th century, many families in Europe began to install toilets after sewage was generally connected. But not all families can afford it. In Paris and Spain, some buildings have only one toilet on the first floor. For hundreds of years, people urinated in the toilet, and then poured directly into the street through the window (Dong Tian: It seems that China has no civilization). Later, some rich people built bathrooms connected to their bedrooms and discharged feces into ditches or septic tanks, while public toilets were built in public residential areas. Harrington, an Englishman, was a pioneer in inventing emission sanitary ware. He developed a piston toilet in 1597 and installed it in the Queen Elizabeth Palace in Richmond. From then on, the toilet began to bid farewell to the monotonous form of mixing barrels and evolved into a combination of urinals and water injectors, which became the basic form of the toilet until now. 1775, British watchmaker Cummings improved Sir Harrington's water reservoir, so that the valve in the water reservoir can be automatically closed after each use, and the water can also be automatically filled. Cummings applied for a patent for his toilet with a reservoir. 1778, London craftsman Brammer reformed the water reservoir above the urinal, installed a handle on it to control the water outlet valve of the water reservoir, and installed a cover on the urinal. /kloc-In the late 8th century, the British inventor Joseph Bram improved the design of the toilet. He used some components, such as a three-ball valve to control the water flow in the water tank, a U-shaped elbow to prevent the sewage pipe from escaping odor, and so on. At present, most toilets we use apply this principle. /kloc-In the late 20th century, European cities and towns installed water pipes and sewage systems, which made most people really use toilets. By 1855, the British public health department requires all houses to install sanitary ware. It was not until 1890 that bathroom began to spread all over Europe. According to research, the time when toilets were introduced into China should be in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, and they were confined to the inner courtyard of the palace and reached the official residence, because only the corresponding sewage system could be used. Toilets do make a lot of heroes. Liu Bang, Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, took advantage of teasing the toilet to pee, thus avoiding the disaster of high permeability. Herry Liu, Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, tried to amuse himself by going to the toilet in order to destroy Liang Ji and seek North Korea. These are toilets. And flushing the toilet. Conrad N. Hilton, the king of the world hotel industry, was arranged to flush toilets when he was working in his early years. Instead of being discouraged, he established an unshakable belief in life and showed his strong self-drive: even if he washes the toilet all his life, he should wash the toilet best. This is the secret of his success, and it is this idea that keeps him on the road to success for decades, makes him have a successful life, and makes him a lucky winner and a successful lucky dog. The other toilet washer is not inferior. This is a Japanese lady. It is said that she attended toilet flushing training when she was a child. This is a dirty and tiring job. According to the requirements at that time, the toilet must be flushed until the water inside can be drunk, which is exactly what she did. Incredibly, this girl is also the granddaughter of Japan's former minister of communications, and now she is the most high-profile 37-year-old postal minister in Japan's cabinet. Comparatively speaking, Dong Tian is more interested in English names of toilets. After consulting relevant information, it is concluded that the correct spelling of the toilet should be: teasing the toilet. Shit can be translated into shit and toilet, which can be covered when it is convenient, and also meets the sanitary requirements of cat covering feces. There are several other sayings. One is to tease the throne, which is British slang. It literally translates into the meaning of the emperor's throne. The British really imagine sitting on the toilet just like sitting on the throne of the emperor. Is it so beautiful? Look, the second one is to tease the jar. This is an American slang. Teasing cans can mean cans, safes, prisons, police stations, bathrooms, toilets and buttocks. Sitting on the toilet is like watching this. There's something wrong with this. The third is the American slang teasing pot. Pot can refer to chamber pot, hemp leaves and flowerpots, which is very appropriate. Of course, you can't smoke marijuana in public places. The toilet is a good choice. In Germany, the toilet is called "teasing Leistungsklo", which literally translates as teasing the toilet floor. Because the bottom of the toilet in Germany is flat, you can go back and enjoy the masterpiece and flush it, which is more fulfilling. The invention of the toilet can really be called a classic in the civilization of human life, and it has been constantly innovating in recent decades. With the application of high technology, modern toilets can even detect users' blood pressure, fat, heart rate and analyze urine. These detected data can also be directly transmitted to the medical center through the network connected to the toilet. Taiwan Province Province even introduced a toilet seat for teasing, which was based on the serious traffic jam in Taiwan Province Province and frequent urination by drivers and passengers. This toilet floor is a portable toilet seat made of plastic. When in use, it can be padded with a deodorizing and water-tight bag bottom. In view of the fact that people can't find toilets when they go out in big cities, a Japanese company has introduced a paper urine bag that can be inserted from outside the trouser legs or waistband. The bag is filled with chemicals, which will be concentrated into a semi-dry state immediately after reacting with urine, and will not flow out even if it is reversed. This kind of bag is so popular that many middle-aged and elderly people regard it as a convenient safety device at home at night. In addition, if guests often come home, it is best to prepare a non-contact toilet for them to prevent bacterial infection. Japan has this kind of toilet. People don't need to touch the mold with their hands. When people are in place, the toilet cover will automatically open, and a layer of clean toilet paper will be automatically spread on the toilet cushion, which not only meets the needs of guests, but also brings convenience to the host. In terms of water saving, toilets are constantly improving and perfecting, because the most serious problem brought by the popularity of flushing toilets is the waste of water resources. According to statistics, in China, every year 144 medium-sized waterworks are used up by toilets. The new two-stage water-saving toilet and computer-monitored water-saving toilet have solved the waste of water resources well. Two-stage water-saving toilets are divided into 3-liter and 6-liter flushing, and the water output can be selected according to the different needs of defecation. This water-saving toilet can save water by 26%. Although its displacement is very small, the siphon flushing method can be used to flush thoroughly without affecting the cleaning function of the toilet. The computer-controlled water-saving toilet is equipped with micro-electronic intelligent control equipment, and the inlet and outlet are noiseless. Only 3 liters of water are used for each flush, which is 80% less than the current commonly used toilet, which needs 1.3 liters of water for each flush. The toilet with the highest scientific and technological content and the most expensive value in the world is the space toilet equipped on the American space shuttle Endeavour, with a value as high as 23.4 million US dollars. This toilet can store and treat more feces, and has an independent urine separator, which can separate urine from feces. There is an air guide device on the toilet, which solves the difficulty of human excretion under weightlessness. However, with the popularity of toilets, some public health problems have followed. If you have used public toilets, you may have a deep understanding. Some people once laughed at farmers who never used toilets when they went to town, so it was convenient to squat on the toilet. In fact, the working people in the city are all in the public toilets of office buildings, and there are not a few squatting on the toilets. Ms. Pan, who is engaged in cleaning in Shanghai New World Advertising Trading Center, said: When I clean the toilet every day, I can see the footprints on the toilet seat; More often, almost every toilet seat has urine marks. Obviously, there are still many users who are inconvenient. Although they wash the public toilets in the building with disinfectant and disinfectant several times a day, many users are still afraid of cross-infection. There are not only psychological factors, but also real environmental problems that have to be worried. In short, we have seen a new technology, its practical application in life, and the convenience and benefits it brings to everyone. The merits of the toilet cannot be buried. It has become a part of our daily life, our family and our habits.