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Culture of Changting County
Changting is a national historical and cultural city. Counties were established in the Han Dynasty, and Tingzhou was established in the 24th year of Kaiyuan of the Tang Dynasty (AD 736). It was one of the five famous prefectures in Fujian during the Tang Dynasty. By the Song Dynasty, Tingzhou Prefecture and seven other prefectures in the province constituted Fujian and Fujian. For more than a thousand years from the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, Tingzhou has been the seat of state, county, road and government in all dynasties. The long history has left many cultural relics. In 1994, it was announced by the State Council as the third batch of national historical and cultural cities.
Changting is a famous ancient city in the Tang and Song Dynasties. Many well-preserved cultural relics and historic sites have become a major feature of the ancient city of Tingzhou. The towering Tang Dynasty city tower Tingzhou Sanyuan Pavilion, the Tingzhou ancient city wall built in the fourth year of Dali in the Tang Dynasty, and the large-scale expansion to 4119 meters during the Song and Ming Dynasties. , the city wall is like a string of bright orbs, winding down from east to west from the top of Wolong Mountain, hugging the shore of Tingjiang River. It is known as the "Guanyin Hanging Beads" and decorates Tingzhou City in a unique and extremely beautiful way. The preserved ancient city wall connects the ancient city gate and its ancient city towers - Chaotian Gate, Wutong Gate, Huiji Gate and Baozhu Gate, with a total length of 1,500 meters. In recent years, Changting has restored 2,100 meters of the Tingzhou ancient city wall. Making it a landmark building in Changting, a national historical and cultural city. There are also many unique historical sites such as Tingzhou City God's Temple, Tingzhou Yunxiang Pavilion, Tingzhou Nanchan Temple, Tingzhou Liu's Family Temple, Tingzhou Li's Family Temple, etc., which bear witness to the profound cultural connotation of this famous historical and cultural city.
Zhang Jiuling, the prime minister of the Tang Dynasty, Song Ci, the magistrate of Changting County in the Song Dynasty, the originator of forensic medicine, Wen Tianxiang, a national hero in the Song Dynasty, Lu You, a master of poetry in the Song Dynasty, Song Yingxing, the author of "Tiangong Kaiwu" in the Ming Dynasty, and the famous scholar "Sikuquanshu" in the Qing Dynasty A large number of literati with lofty ideals, such as the chief usurer Ji Xiaolan and the famous Qing Dynasty painter Shangguan Zhou from Changting, have left their footprints in Changting, adding cultural color to this thousand-year-old city. As the seat of Guting Prefecture, it has been recited by literati of all dynasties, including Zhang Jiuling in the Tang Dynasty, Lu You, Song Ci, Chen Xuan and Wang Jie in the Song Dynasty, Ma Xun, Hao Fengsheng and Song Yingxing in the Ming Dynasty, Shangguan Zhou, Huang Shen, Yang Lan and others in the Qing Dynasty. Ji Xiaolan, Li Shihong, Kang Yong, Jiang Han, etc. all wrote immortal poems and works on the mountains and rivers of Changting with their giant pens, which have been passed down to the world. Changting is the most representative city in history where the Hakka people lived together. The Ting River that goes around the city is known as the mother river of the Hakka people. The Hakka people founded Tingzhou with their tenacity, pioneering and innovative spirit, bringing prosperity and development to Tingzhou. Later, it developed to Meizhou, Guangdong, and expanded to Southeast Asia and other parts of the world. Tingzhou became the base camp and the capital of Hakka in China. The ancient city of Tingzhou is deeply imprinted with the Hakka influence, and is filled with the spirit of the Hakka people who endure hardships, struggle, and are pioneering and innovative. The long history has left Changting with a well-known Hakka culture at home and abroad: to this day, Changting still retains the unique Hakka folk culture, Hakka clothing culture, Hakka architectural culture, Hakka food culture, Hakka religious culture and Hakka characteristics with Hakka characteristics. Rich Hakka customs. Hakka folk songs, Hakka delicacies, traditional Hakka lanterns, and colorful folk arts such as boat lanterns, horse lanterns, dragon lanterns, shifan, drums, pavilions, flower drums, etc. constitute the treasure house of Changting Hakka traditional art and culture. In January 2008, Changting was rated as "China's Cultural Tourism County". Every year, a large number of Hakka relatives from home and abroad return to Ting to seek their roots and pay homage to their ancestors. Every autumn, the World Hakka Memorial Ceremony is held to commemorate the mother river of the Hakka people.
According to statistics, more than 3 million people in Taiwan with at least 60 common surnames originated from Tingzhou, and more than 2 million Hakkas in Hong Kong came from Tingzhou. In the late Ming Dynasty, he assisted Zheng Chenggong in regaining Taiwan. The important general Liu Guoxuan was from Tingzhou, the great painter Shangguan Zhou of the Qing Dynasty was from Tingzhou, Sun Yat-sen's ancestors once settled in Tingzhou, and the ancestral home of the famous patriot Jiang Yong was also in Tingzhou. Guo Moruo wrote in "My Childhood" He said, "Five hundred years ago, my ancestors were from Tingzhou, Fujian." As of July 2009, the number of Hakka people has reached 100 million, spread all over the world, and most of their ancestors left traces of survival and struggle in Tingzhou.
The traditional culture of Ting has formed the distinctive characteristics of Changting Hakka traditional culture due to the spread of the Central Plains culture, the penetration of foreign cultures in the past dynasties, and the blend with local culture. Changting folk tales have a wide range of themes, rich content, complete structure, vivid plots, humor and interesting characters, fluent language and clear characters.
The main myths and legends include "The River Dragon Brings Rain", "The Legend of the Ox", "Water Ghost Friends", etc.; the main character stories include "The Story of Jie Jin", "The Story of Dingguang Volt Tiger", and "The Legend of Hu Xiali" , "The Story of Nine Fighters", etc.; local stories mainly include "Water Fills the Sky on the First Floor", "Money and People's Will", "Taiping Army in Tingzhou", etc.; fables and jokes mainly include "Man-made Money Dies", "Three Idiots" "Brother" and so on; the main revolutionary stories include "The Story of Commissar Mao", "The Old Man", "The Businessman is Not an Enemy Agent", "The Story of the Gun", etc.
Changting folk songs are diverse, rich in content, catchy, and have distinctive Changting Hakka language color and style. The main ones include long narrative songs "Zhao Yulin and Liang Sizhen", "Meng Jiangnu", etc.; medium and short songs include "Send Off the Lang Home with a Hand-held Lantern", "Long Work in December", "Song of Bitter Love", "Song of Resentful Mother", "Bitterness of Long Work" , "If You Want to Love, Just Fall in Love", etc., as well as a large number of revolutionary ballads.
Changting folk proverbs can be roughly divided into two categories: foreign proverbs and local proverbs. Most foreign proverbs are commonly used in various places. Local proverbs are passed down from generation to generation by the working people of Changting in their long-term production and life, and have typical local cultural characteristics of Changting. Changting folk art is rich and colorful. Mainly include dragon lanterns, boat lanterns, stilts, pavilion raising, flower drums, lanterns, slot lanterns, Shiban, long gongs and drums, grandma's blowing, Southern Ci and Northern Diao, Hakka folk songs, Han opera, Chu opera, tea-picking opera, and puppets Opera, folk paper-cutting, root carving, bamboo weaving, iron painting, etc. These folk arts inherit the legacy of the Han people in the Central Plains and incorporate local colors to form a unique style, which is deeply loved by the Hakka people.
Hakka folk songs are the most widely popular folk music in Changting and are the crystallization of Tingzhou Hakka culture and art. It not only integrates the characteristics of folk songs from eastern Guangdong, southern Jiangxi and other places, but also is rich in the unique style of western Fujian. The lyrics are clear, simple and unpretentious, and most of them use Bixing techniques. Hakka folk songs are sung antiphonally in Hakka dialect. They are sung in harmony and asked and answered in the mountains and countryside. They may be lyrical, melodious, lingering, and endlessly memorable, or they may be narrative, loud, exciting, and exhaustive. Love is the eternal theme of Hakka folk songs, but love songs are not all of Hakka folk songs. Labor, history, legends, children's songs, nursery rhymes, etc. are all the objects of expression in folk songs. Gong Na Chui is a famous Changting folk instrumental piece. It is named after two of the musical instruments, "Gongchui" and "Nachui". The musical instrument is similar in shape to the suona, but is about three times longer than the suona. The sound of "Gongchui" is deep, rich and wide; the sound of "Nachui" is soft, mellow and clear. The relationship between "Gongchui" and "Nachui" is a polyphonic relationship of pure fifths. The performance uses "Gongchui" and "Nachui" as the main instruments, accompanied by erhu, dulcimer, sanxian, zhonghu, lobby drum, lobby gong, small gong, cymbals and other instruments.
The melody of "Gongmao Chui" is exciting and touching. Sometimes the melody is stretched and graceful, like an old couple reminiscing about the good old days; sometimes it plays alternately, asking and answering each other, like the old couple talking about their hearts; sometimes it's slow and low, like this couple. The old couple was stroking their white hair and lamenting the ruthlessness of the years; suddenly, the music instruments sounded, shocking to the soul. It was clearly the heart-rending cry of grief and anger after the sudden death of a relative who had been with each other for decades; it turned into sobs. The sound...
The author and creation time of "Gongma Chui" cannot be verified, and it has been passed down and preserved by folk artists from generation to generation. The melody connotation and playing level of "Gongma Chui" have reached a very high artistic level. In 1985, folk artists from Changting went to the province to perform and were rated as outstanding programs. The Hakkas in Changting mainly have four religious beliefs: Buddhism, Taoism, Catholicism, and Christianity, and most Hakkas believe in Buddhism.
Buddhism has been introduced to Changting for more than a thousand years. The first Buddhist temple, Kaiyuan Temple, was founded in 736 (the 24th year of Kaiyuan of the Tang Dynasty). From 907 AD to 960 AD (the Five Dynasties Period), it was the heyday of Buddhism in Changting. During the Northern Song Dynasty, two eminent monks, Fu Hu and Dingguang, came to Ting. Preach. After Dingguang and Fuhu passed away, the monks revered them as divine Buddhas, and together with Avalokitesvara they were called the "Third Patriarchs". Their followers spread all over Tingzhou counties, and later spread to Taiwan. Today there is the Dingguangtu Buddhist Temple in Changhua, and the Yinshan Temple in Tamsui. Founded by immigrants from Tingzhou. In the past hundred years, Changting has held a grand meeting every year on the 13th day of the first lunar month and the 14th day of the ninth lunar month to welcome Dingguang and Fuhu.
In 1937, Monk Benzhan, a native of Ting, founded Babaoshan Junfeng Temple, ordained more than 40 monks and nuns, and accepted more than 500 lay disciples. Most of the monks and nuns in counties in western Fujian were descendants of Benzhan. As of July 2009, there were more than 100 temples in the county.
The introduction of Taoism began in the Tang Dynasty. It was quite popular in the Tang and Song dynasties. It declined in the early Qing Dynasty. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were no official Taoist monks in the county. As of July 2009, only a few private Taoist priests were active.
Catholicism was introduced to Changting twice. The first time was during the Chongzhen period in the late Ming Dynasty, and the activities ceased after 10 years. It was introduced for the second time during the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty and has continued until July 2009. There is only one church in existence.
Christianity was introduced during the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty and has a history of more than 90 years as of 2009. The church was at its most prosperous from 1941 to 1945. As of July 2009, there is one church in existence.
In addition, there are many folk beliefs in Changting, which can be roughly divided into four categories: one is natural gods, the other is hero gods, the third is religious gods, and the fourth is family gods. The Tingzhou Tianhou Palace outside the east gate of Tingcheng was unknown when it was first built. It was rebuilt in 1825 AD (the fifth year of Daoguang reign in the Qing Dynasty). The palace is majestic and large-scale and has great influence overseas. Changting is rich in natural resources. The Hetian chicken, one of the five famous chickens in the world, is tender and delicious, and is good at fighting. In the Tang Dynasty, it was sent to Chang'an as one of the fighting cocks. The dried tofu, the first of the "Tingzhou Eight Chickens", is finely processed and has been used for generations. According to legend; the round kumquat is sweet and delicious and is classified as a high-quality fruit; the jade-button paper is famous and sold at home and abroad; the "Jingfeng Huatan Pill" with a history of more than 500 years and is known as the "sacred product that helps the world" is exported to Southeast Asia; the matchmaker wine , burr paper, red mushrooms, shiitake mushrooms, dried bamboo shoots, chestnuts, salted plums, persimmons, mosquito coils and other specialties are well-deserved.
Hakka cuisine has a saying that "it is not clear without chicken, it is not fresh without meat, it is not fragrant without duck, and it is not rich without duck". Therefore, the characteristics of the dishes that have been formed long ago are preserved and continued. In addition, there are also It is related to the closed traffic environment of Dongjiang. Western Fujian is a mountainous area with inconvenient transportation and less influence from the outside world. As a result, Hakka cuisine has formed itself over a long period of time, evolved by itself, and become its own brand.
Changting’s Hakka cuisine has a wide variety, exquisite production skills, and unique local characteristics: salty, spicy, and authentic; novel themes and rigorous conception; refined shapes and harmonious tones; fine carvings and patterns clear. For a long time, Changting people have combined traditional methods with modern science, inherited and developed each other, and cooked "local dishes" and "Hakka dishes" with unique flavors, forming a series of their own.
Triangular Tofu Dumplings
Triangular Tofu Dumplings have been a delicacy in Changting banquets since the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The preparation of this dish is quite exquisite. It is made with tofu as the skin and lean meat, mushrooms, winter bamboo shoots, scallions, etc. as the filling. The triangular tofu dumplings made by Tingzhou chefs have white skin and fragrant meat, are tender and sweet, and are unique and unique among tofu dishes.
Leicha
Leicha is a unique flavor food of the Hakka people. It is also widely spread in Tingzhou and has been passed down from generation to generation. It is still preserved in many villages today. Leicha is made by adding an appropriate amount of rice to sesame, soybeans, peanuts, tea leaves, orange peels, etc., and then brewing it. Since Changting Hakkas like to add rice to Leicha, it is also called Leimi tea. Leicha has a unique flavor, fragrant, slightly bitter, gray-green in color, thin and turbid, but very delicious to drink. Because some Chinese herbal medicines in Leicha can detoxify and ventilate the body, it is customary for Hakka people, both adults and children, to drink Leicha.
White-cut river frog
There are various methods of cooking chicken in Changting folk, among which white-cut river chicken is the most famous. It is highly praised for its fragrant, crispy, refreshing, tender, smooth and easy to fall off the bone. It has been a famous delicacy in Tingzhou since ancient times and has always been listed as the top Hakka dish in western Fujian. The chicken head, chicken feet and chicken wing tips are also good ingredients for drinking wine. There is a saying that "one chicken head drinks seven cups of wine, and a pair of chicken feet drinks one pot". In the provincial Fujian cuisine competition in 1986, "Bai Zhan He Frog" won the title of local special flavor dish.
Kilin Reborn
Kilin Reborn, also known as "Kilin Diamond Elephant Belly", is a rare treasure among the official seats of the Qing Dynasty in Changting. It is said that a long time ago, there was a wealthy family named Zheng in Siqian Street, Changting. In order to have more children, the women of the family often stuffed puppies, black chickens, white pigeons, sparrows, wild ginseng and other steamed pork belly layer by layer and took it.
Since then, it has been spread among wealthy households as a dietary therapy. In the late Qing Dynasty, when Xiao Zhimei, the headquarter of Tingjun County, held a birthday banquet, he once listed "Qilin Reborn" as the first dish. In 1985, Qilin was awarded the title of "Quality Dishes" in the Fujian Cuisine Competition in Fujian Province, which was reported by Fujian Daily on May 2, 1986.
(Features) The one with the dog's head exposed is like a unicorn emerging from the womb, and the one with the whole head is covered with the head is like a baby elephant lying down and giving birth. The meat is fragrant and tender, and has a unique flavor; it strengthens yang and nourishes the kidneys, removes rheumatism, and strengthens the spleen and stomach.
Wrinkled Pork
Wrinkled Pork, commonly known as "roasted chunks", is a traditional dish in Changting with a long history. It has been included in official menus as early as the Qing Dynasty. The wrinkled flesh and skin are like wrinkled yarn, the hem is red and bright, and the color and fragrance are both good.
Lychee meat
Lychee meat is a plate dish. It is said that it comes from "sweet and sour fried pine balls" and "yangmei meat". As early as the Qing Dynasty, "sweet and sour fried pine balls" were served at banquets, and by the early Republic of China, they were a must-have for almost every banquet. Later, as chefs continued to improve their knife skills and other cooking techniques, the dish was shaped like Lingnan lychee, which is beautiful in shape, crispy, sweet and sour, and has a unique flavor. Eating it can't help but remind people of the famous line from an ancient poem: "When a concubine rides in the world of mortals and laughs, no one knows it's the lychees that are coming."
Phoenix Drunk
According to "Chinese Recipes": "Hetian Chicken originated from Hetian Town, Changting County, Fujian Province." According to folklore, during the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty, river chickens were selected and sent to Chang'an. They often won and were listed as the heroes of cockfighting.
Changting rice wine is brewed with exquisite folk craftsmanship and is made from pure natural raw materials. It contains more than 20 kinds of amino acids and is rich in nutrients. The wine girl and the chicken are the two wonders of Changting Food Culture Park. The dishes prepared by integrating chicken and wine are deeply favored by guests. [Features] The chicken looks like a drunken chicken lying in a vat. The skin of the chicken is golden and shiny, and the aroma of wine is tangy, making people salivate.
Seared liver flower
Seared liver flower dish is a traditional dish in Changting. Because of its crispy taste, it is a great drink and has been popular for a long time. (Features) Golden color, crispy on the outside and soft on the inside, easy to eat but not greasy.
Stewed Grass Carp
Most of the urban and rural ponds and reservoirs in Changting are stocked with grass carp (grass carp), bighead carp (big-headed silver carp), silver carp, carp, etc., and fresh fish are on the market every day. People love grass carp the most because of its fresh soup and tender meat, which is suitable for all ages.
"Changting County Chronicle·Product Chronicle" records: Grass carp, that is, grass carp, is as big as a trout, has a long shape, a round body, and thick and loose flesh. The species comes from Jiujiang, and is fed with grass in ponds kept by the people of the city. Therefore, it is commonly known as grass carp.
Since the late Qing Dynasty, braised grass carp has been the main dish at banquets such as weddings and mansion completions.
Warm-water fish
Hetian warm-water fish is famous for its fatness, freshness and tenderness. According to legend, warm-water fish originated in the Ming Dynasty. Li people discovered a fish downstream of the hot springs. It was round, flat, scaleless, plump and beautiful. After catching it and jumping on the ground for a while, the whole body will show traces of blood. It will be cooked in a pot and it will be extremely fresh and tender. So people dug a pond downstream of the hot spring and tried to breed fish fry. Careful observation revealed that most of the seedlings adapted to the environment, developed normally, and grew into fat fish within half a year. Later, grass carp, carp, silver carp, etc. were cultured. It has a history of more than 500 years. Changting Dried Tofu
Changting Dried Tofu is the first of the "Eight Great Domestic Products" in western Fujian. It was started in the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty. It is processed using traditional techniques and scientific methods, and is supplemented with cinnamon, male diced, large and small aftertaste, etc. More than ten kinds of Chinese herbal medicines are marinated. It is a green food with rich nutrition and high protein content. It has 3 varieties: five-spice dried tofu, soy sauce dried tofu, and yellow dried tofu.
獍粑
According to legend, there was a dragon temple on Baozhu Peak in Manlan Mountains in Changting during the Song Dynasty. When there was a drought and people were praying for rain, many people in urban and rural areas offered glutinous rice cakes as offerings. Later, the abbot of the temple also made glutinous rice cakes for sale. Because the glutinous rice cakes are soft, sweet, cheap and long-lasting, many tourists come and go to try them, making the glutinous rice cakes in Manlanling known to everyone.
(Features) Round shape, white texture, pliable and sweet.
Rice crackers
Rice crackers, like glutinous rice cakes, are traditional Hakka food in Tingzhou. Rice crackers are made from rice, which is a convenient material, simple in process, high in quality and low in price. Therefore, eating rice crackers is quite popular in urban and rural areas of Tingzhou.
Making rice crackers is very simple. Soak the glutinous rice in water and grind it into a slurry. Put it into a cloth bag to press out the water, then take it out and steam it. Then pour the steamed rice flour into a mortar and pound it into a sticky consistency. , roll into long round strips and serve.
Because of its pure white color, it is also called "white rice fruit". It is also popular in rural areas to burn shrubs to ashes, then pour boiling water over the firewood ashes to drain out the gray water, and soak the japonica rice used to make rice crackers in the gray water to make rice crackers, which are called "yellow rice crackers" because of their golden color. Because yellow rice crackers are mixed with gray water, they give off a unique alkali aroma and unique flavor. To eat it, you can dip it in white sugar and eat immediately, or you can cut the rice crackers into cubes or thin strips, add leeks, shredded pork, bamboo shoots, and stir-fry with fine salt. The aroma is attractive and delicious.
Immortal jelly
Immortal jelly, also called "immortal plate" in the Hakka area of ??Meizhou, Guangdong, is a very popular seasonal snack in the Hakka areas of Fujian, Jiangxi and Guangdong.
The main pigment for making fairy jelly is fairy grass, which is a herbaceous small-leaf green plant abundant in the mountains of Tingzhou. The jelly made from dried prickly pear is dark brown, while the jelly made from fresh prickly pear is green.
Taro dumplings
Taro dumplings are a famous snack in Changting and are also popular in many Hakka communities. Most of the Hakka people live in mountainous areas. " said. Sweet potatoes and taro are the main cereals in mountainous areas. Hakka people in Changting constantly change their taste when eating cereals and make many unique snacks, one of which is "taro dumplings".
Dengzhan Cake
Dengzhan Cake, also known as fried cake, is made by grinding rice and soybeans into a thick slurry and then frying it. It is oblate in shape, hollow and bulging, and looks like two old-fashioned lamps fused together. Together, it is called "Dengzhan Cake".
Cage bed rice cake
Also known as "dustpan rice cake", it is a traditional food in Changting urban and rural areas. After steaming, the noodles are cut into strips and dried in the sun. Those who cook them with condiments are called "rice noodles". After steaming, they are wrapped in fried lean pork shreds, leek segments, bean sprouts, etc. and rolled into a tube shape. Those with peanut oil and soy sauce are called "cage bed rolls".
Burrito
Burrito (Spring Pancake): It has a long history in Changting and is a famous dish for Hakka people to maintain the customs of the Central Plains. Every household makes rice balls during the Lantern Festival.
Shaomai
Shaomai has been a famous snack in Changting since the Ming Dynasty. Shaomai is shaped like a pomegranate, with thin skin and filling, and is fragrant and mouth-watering, hence its name: "Sante Pomegranate Fruit" and "Sanli Xiang". Later generations called it "Shaomai" because the husks of Shaomai were made of flour and they had to be "steamed" (eat while hot) when eating. "Shaomai" comes in both meat and vegetable varieties.
Chestnut Cake
The "Yongle Dadian" of the Ming Dynasty once recorded the word "chestnut" in the tribute tribute from Tingzhou Prefecture. There are many kinds of chestnut trees on the beaches on both sides of the Tingjiang River. Chestnut and chestnut are specialties of Changting. It was popular in coastal commercial ports during the Qing Dynasty. In the early years of the Republic of China, its products were sold overseas and were very popular. Chestnut cake is an autumn food. It is made from fresh ripe fruits (dried chestnuts from other places cannot be used), so it tastes particularly good.
Doudangli
Doudangli is a traditional hot soup snack in Changting, including pork soup, fish soup, chicken soup, etc. "Doutangli" in Changting dialect means "bringing meat soup".
Bianshi
Bianshi (wontons) has become a common food in China 2000 years ago according to historical records, and Changting is commonly known as "Bianshi". Changting's "flat food" is made of extremely thin dough with fillings as big as a little finger, surrounded by thin skins, and various fillings. It can be made from pigs, cows, chickens, fish, various meats, or shrimps. The stuffing is made from minced meat, but mostly refined pork is used.
Fried Snow Potato
Fried Snow Potato Buns (Steamed Sweet Potato Buns): Also known as "Steamed Sweet Potato Buns", they have been on the banquet since the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. In 1941, when international friend Rewi Alley came to Changting, more than a hundred people from the industrial cooperative held a grand welcome reception at the "Zhongnan Travel Agency" in Perak Rock Park. During the dinner, Alley praised the dish of sweet potato buns. He was also praised by American Tingren Chen Guying.
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