Peking Opera and Kunqu Opera? More specifically,

In the Southern Song Dynasty, the small court moved south to Hangzhou. Jiangnan has always been rich in products and outstanding people, and the humanities in Jiangsu and Zhejiang once flourished. The Song Dynasty itself paid more attention to culture and education, with as many as four or five hundred scholars in each subject. Zhao Gou, the founder of the small court in the Southern Song Dynasty, was a calligrapher himself. It is completely normal for a more mature drama to emerge as the times require. Therefore, in Wenzhou area, on the basis of the rap art and "joining the army drama" of predecessors, a kind of drama called "Southern Opera" came into being, and because Wenzhou was called Yongjia in ancient times, it was also called "Yongjia Zaju" according to this kind of drama. The sound cavity board is more complex, the character lines are more complete, and it is closer to today's drama. There are seven kinds of lines: life, Dan, essence, health, ugliness, foreign language and paste. According to my research, this kind of thing is the founder of Kunqu Opera, Peking Opera and many other operas. The main representative repertoires are: Zhang Xie's champion, Pipa, White Rabbit, Killing Dogs and Yue Bai. There seems to be Jing, Liu, worship and killing. So, "Jing" refers to the story, and what "Liu" refers to, I can't remember clearly.

In the Yuan Dynasty, this kind of opera was still the mainstream, and it was widely circulated. After entering the Ming Dynasty, Southern Opera has spread all over the country, just like brothers have more property. Influenced by local folk customs and dialects, four schools of Haiyan Opera, Yiyang Opera, Kunshan Opera and Yu Yaoqiang Opera have gradually formed. Yiyang cavity and Kunshan cavity are the most prosperous. The other two are put aside for the time being, and only Kunshan and Yiyang are mentioned.

Kunshan dialect, namely Kunqu Opera and Kunqu Opera, originated in Suzhou and Taicang. Its main characteristics are good singing skills and beautiful singing, such as the Peony Pavilion by Tang Xianzu. But when I was a child, I always thought it was Yuan Zaju. Like Yuan, I later learned that zaju is generally only 60% off, but there are many peony pavilions. However, the business of Kunqu Opera is the most complicated and a bit shaky, with as many as twelve kinds. I can't help it I can't remember that much, so I skipped it. After entering the Qing Dynasty, Kunqu Opera, like its ancestor Nanxi Opera, originated from local dialects and customs, such as Yong Kun and Xiang Kun.

Yiyang Opera of course originated from Yiyang and influenced Jiangxi, Hubei, Anhui and other provinces. Later, some things were derived: Qingyang, Huizhou, Leping and other new drama systems did not have the nature of * * * like Yiyang Opera, but the performance style was fierce and rough, paying more attention to Taoism and action, and being more dramatic. This is something that Kunqu opera can't install.

Keep pace with the times. In the prosperous period of Kanggan, because there was no war and social wealth could support many actors, ancient operas flourished. In "Rain in Spring Breeze, Pear Blossoms Bloom at Night", there appeared a chaotic cavity system such as Bangzi, Tanquan, Chu, Qin, plucked and stringed in this period, which was almost unrecognizable. It can be roughly divided into: bangzi cavity system, leather spring cavity system, string cavity system and random bomb cavity system.

During the Qianlong period, four classes of Hui people (Sanqing, Sixi, Hekou and Chuntai) entered Beijing, becoming the first batch of formal northern drifting artists, blending with Beijing Opera and Shaanxi Opera, forming the embryonic form of Beijing Opera. Later, during the Daoguang period, the Han tune also began to spread to Beijing for cultural performances. As a result, the tunes back to Han Dynasty hit it off, and Peking Opera appeared. The original Peking Opera has ten trades: pure ugliness and miscellaneous martial arts. No matter what line he is engaged in, his singing shows the characteristics of Huizhou accent, which is deeply influenced by Kunqu opera, while Daobai is closer to Han accent, which benefits from Yang accent. Therefore, Beijing Daobai, a native of Beijing, is not a complete Beijing film, but uses Huguang rhyme. Even in the early days, most famous celebrities came from Hubei and Anhui provinces, such as Cheng Changgeng (Anhui), Yu Sansheng (Hubei) and Tan Xinpei (Hubei). Xi Xiaobo, a native of Beijing with four beards, became famous. During the Cultural Revolution, Beijing Opera used symphonies in model operas for the first time, but its business was simplified into five categories: students who were born but not ugly. As for the students born, students born, students born, students born in literature and martial arts, students born in red, students born in martial arts, students born in martial arts, long-term, short-lived, and so on ... Compared with Kunqu Opera and other ancient operas, Peking Opera is a relatively young opera in China. The real formation of Peking Opera was around 1930s in 19. It is about 150 years old. However, people often say that the history of Peking Opera is 200 years. I'm afraid there are two reasons for this: one reason is the traditional habits of our country. We often talk about the divisor of some uncertain numbers. For example, the "Poem 300" and "Twenty-four Bridges" of Slender West Lake in Yangzhou are approximate values, not exact figures. More than 60 years ago, a Japanese scholar wrote a book about the history of Peking Opera. At that time, the title was translated into "200-year history of Peking Opera", but until today, we often hear many people say "200-year history of Peking Opera", which is a habitual and rough statement.

In addition, today we say that Peking Opera has a history of 200 years, and there is another important reason, that is, 1790 200 years ago, an event that played a key role in the formation of Peking Opera-Huiban entered Beijing.

1790 is the eightieth birthday of Aisin Gioro Hung Li, the seventh emperor of the Qing Dynasty, the last feudal dynasty in China. In the words of emperor Qianlong at that time, it was the emperor's "800 thousand birthday" that Beijing naturally prepared a grand celebration ceremony. There is a salt merchant in Yangzhou named Jiang Heting, originally from Anhui. This autumn, he invested and organized a troupe in Beijing to celebrate the emperor's birthday, named Sanqing Class. This troupe, led by the famous actor Gao Langting at that time, was the first Huizhou troupe to enter Beijing in history. Subsequently, many Huizhou classes, such as Sixi Class, Chuntai Class and Chunban Class, came to Beijing. These four classes are also called "Huizhou Class Four" in history. Huiban's entry into Beijing is the first step in the evolution of Huiban from southern local opera to Beijing opera. Therefore, it is customary for us to count Huiban's entry into Beijing as the beginning of the formation of Peking Opera.

But strictly speaking, 1790 Huizhou class did not bring Peking Opera to Beijing. It should be said that there was no Peking Opera at that time. The appearance of Peking Opera is not a sudden thing. The evolution from Huiban to Peking Opera took about several decades.

The formation of Peking Opera is also very complicated. To put it simply, in terms of art, it was Anhui Opera and many opera arts popular in Beijing at that time, such as Peking Opera and Shaanxi Opera.

Local operas such as Shaanxi Opera, Kunqu Opera and Han Opera have been repeatedly "hybridized". Beijing opera absorbed many artistic essences of these operas before it gradually matured. Beijing Opera, Shaanxi Opera and Kunqu Opera are all ancient operas with a long history. Therefore, from the artistic origin, Peking Opera is an ancient drama. Now some people think that Kunqu opera is the four major businesses; Born and ugly; No, it should be five major businesses; It is ugly at the end of life. The so-called four columns and one beam. The pillars of the four courts are: the end of life is ugly, and the straight beam is clean. If the performance of "Knife Club" must be based on the performance of "jumping and adding officials", that is to say, it is an unbreakable rule to jump and add officials before the performance of big face drama. It is said to ward off evil spirits. In the past, the actor with a big face was called Mr. Da, which indicated that slang had the highest status. The line with the end representing the old man is different from the foot color of the young man and cannot be mixed together. According to the predecessors, there is the last corner in the color of a man's foot, and then there are old people, foreigners and young people. Legend began in the last days, which had a high status in the past, and was gradually replaced by the old people in the late Qing Dynasty. Among the five elements, men's feet have four lines and women's feet have only one line. In the past, pear orchards favored boys over girls. Life refers to primary school students, mainly high-ranking (crown) students, such as Tang and Emperor Chongzhen. Xiaoshengchu is also divided into towel students, poor students (shoe leather students) and pheasant students. They can play all kinds of Xiao Sheng, Zhou Zhaoquan of "Daya Class" and Shen Yuequan of "Quanfu Class" into all kinds of Xiao Sheng, and they can also play all kinds of Xiao Sheng. Dan Hangjiao is subdivided into Zheng Dan, Sidan (Zuo Dan), Wudan (Guimendan), Liu Dan (Hua Dan), Xiao Dan, Labadan, Wudan and Lao Dan. Give priority to with positive Dan, such as Zhao Wuniang. Kunban has been out for five or six times in Qing dynasty, and it is no longer popular. Zhou is a famous student of "Daya Class". He is an all-rounder with all kinds of talents. There will be no such talents in the future. Like Shi Guilin and Ding, they can only perform some of them, but they are unable to perform all of them. Clowns have a special place in the troupe. If the clown doesn't open his face backstage, other characters can't make up. If there are no clown actors in the background, the old students will draw a little face on the wall, which means that the little face is open. Vice also belongs to ugliness, mostly pretending to be a playboy and a small official. Ugliness has a certain position. In Peking Opera, they are called Wen Chou or Jin Wen Chou, and most of them are villains. The ugliness in Kunqu Opera mostly plays the role of the lower working people. Although these characters are ugly, they are kind-hearted. Net is a big face. Since the name "full service board" is particularly clear, there are almost no excellent screen angles. There are no teachers teaching Beijing opera in the workshop, so there is a lack of first-class talents. In the past, Kunban sang Xunzi instead of Daohui, and Daohui didn't sing Xunzi, so two plays could not be performed at the same time. However, in rural areas, farmers ignored this rule and insisted on two performances together, saying that they were noisy and lively. Although most of the characters decorated by old pedants are honest and loyal, they often sacrifice their personal interests for the country and the nation. However, these characters have a hard life, that is, they die hard, and in the end they are either imprisoned or beheaded. Most tragedies are affected, and they are always at odds with others, as if they represent the truth most correctly. Audiences don't like beheading, so Xiao Sheng's flirting with Hua Dan is very popular and full of life interest. I told a joke before. Bangzi opera was popular in Qing Dynasty. Bangzi opera is mostly bitter and makes people cry. This dynasty is crying. In the late Qing Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, the famous Bangzi dancer Tian Jiyun was driven to Shanghai by Beijingers. He didn't play a bitter drama, but he played more jokes. Shanghai people like to watch vulgar dramas, but he has developed. There are tragedies and comedies in Kunqu Opera, which is difficult to be determined by current standards. It is not uncommon that there is joy in sorrow, sorrow in joy, and sorrow and joy are mixed. It is easy to distinguish between old students and young students in Beijing opera. Besides using your voice, you can also see if you have a beard. Those with beards are old students, while those without beards are young students. Kunqu is different. And old people without beards. For example, Su Qin didn't grow a beard before the Six Kingdoms and Han Xin didn't grow a beard before visiting the generals. Jane (fisherman's joy) is also naked. There are also young people with beards, such as Don. Whether a character has a beard or not depends on the needs of the script. As I said before, a play can't have two same trades, such as two old students, two young students, two Hua Dan (six Dan), two clean corners and so on. In Fisherman's Joy, Liu garlic and Jane are still young and should not grow beards, because Liu garlic has been classified as a niche business, and Jane and Jane can only be done by the old man (the last one), so the beardless old man appeared. Guan Gong and Zhang Fei in "Three Rushes to Yuanmen" should be both big faces, but due to the limitation of Kunqu Opera, there can only be one big face on the stage. Zhang Fei is strong-willed and grumpy, suitable for a clean role, while Guan Gong is elegant and handsome, so he uses foreigners as ornaments. So Kunqu opera has red-faced foreigners. Guan Gong in Knife Meeting is played by a big face, while Zhou Cang is played by an assistant (Erhualian), but this role is played by a big face. Zhou Cang used to be played by Jiang Shanzhen, the Erhualian of Quanfu class, and Julian Waghann also played Zhou Cang from Lu Shouqing. Although not as good as Lu Shouqing in temperament, it is also vivid and decent. Wang's business is evil and ugly. Erhualian is different from white flour, which belongs to big hualian. For example, in A Handful of Blood, Yan Song was called by Dahualian (white flour), and Shao Chuanyong was good at playing white flour drama and Yan Song, which was not bad. A generation has three white faces, and the other two are Zhou and Xue Chuangang, slightly worse than Shao Chuanyong. The same is white flour, Shao Chuanyong emphasized white flour, and Zhou emphasized sparse white flour. Erhualian and Xiaohua are also white faces, Erhualian is a half face, Xiaohua is a triangle face, but Dahualian is a whole face. From the facial makeup, we can see the difference between the three occupations. Small face always takes advantage in the troupe, and everyone calls it smelly. Hua Chuanhao of Fairy Troupe always bullies others because of his small face business. In Kunqu Opera, slipper skin was born, slipper skin was born. Nowadays, young people have no experience in slipper leather. They seem to walk in slippers, unlike slippers, whose feet are put in the upper, and they refuse to take them out. Slippers, shoes, uppers and soles should be off-line, and shoes can't follow the feet, so the feet should go in and out from time to time, which shows that they are shabby and don't even have a decent pair of shoes. Slipper skin is not easy to learn. Except Xiao Sheng, Laosheng and Dan Jiao, other characters in Kunqu Opera can be recited in dialects, and the most commonly used ones are Xiaohua face, Erhualian face, white face and ending. In the past, there were many rules in Kunban, such as Qinglong and Baihu, referring to the upper and lower areas of the stage. Zuo Qinglong plays the flute and the right white tiger plays the drum. These two seats are just easy to sit, and other roles can't sit. It is said that Tang beat Xiaohua, so Xiaohua's status is particularly high. This statement is not necessarily correct. The master of Kun Kun's class is Lao Wolf God, and Lao Wolf God has no beard, so actors in Kun Kun's class can't grow beards. Whoever has a beard is unlucky, and the playwright will not bless anyone. In fact, it is inconvenient to grow a beard and make up, especially for Xiao Sheng and Hua Dan actors. (Wang Chuanqi added; Kunqu opera has no genre, because the aria is a divertimento of the Qupai style, which is different from the banqiang style and the singing method is the same. There is no genre in singing. There are genres in performance, and everyone can form a personal style, but in the end, it comes down to the middle of the line, and performance is regulated by the profession, so that sex is more than personality, as if there is no genre. Of course, everyone still has a personal brand on singing and performance. For example, when I sing Zheng Dan, your Cai Yun is different, and slang is more solid and plain. I'm empty and real, and I have priorities. If I want to say genre, this is genre. Kunqu Opera has no four famous artists or four small artists. Ji Zhenhua has a superb voice, which many senior actors don't have. But it is not entirely the traditional singing method of Kunqu opera. It draws lessons from the singing methods of Beijing Opera and Yue Opera, and absorbs the vocal characteristics of modern songs. It sounds good and easy for young people to accept, but the old audience has some ideas that the traditional singing method of Kunqu opera has changed too much. The performing arts of slang are first-rate. The records of Gu Chuanjie and Zhu Chuanming before the founding of the People's Republic of China don't sound very good now. This is the reason of the record company. In the record, it is stipulated how much to record. In order to record as many important aria as possible, Gu and Zhu adopted the fast singing method, which made some tunes out of shape. Yu Sulu is a representative of Qingqu, and many people learn to sing and learn the popular "Sulu Qupu". However, all the songs sung by Xian Chuanzi have their own music books, which are not entirely based on popular music. There is still a difference between a dramatist and a cleaner. ) Let's make a comparison on literariness first. The scripts of Kunqu Opera are mostly "legends" and a few are "zaju", which is the form of orthodox China opera scripts. Most of the authors are writers, playwrights or intellectuals. Beijing opera is a vulgar script. Most of the traditional playwrights come from the middle and lower classes of society, and some names cannot be tested. The lyrics of Kunqu Opera are Qupai style, which consists of irregular sentences. There are five or seven sentences in the lyrics of Beijing Opera, and there are also variations to cross-sentences, with traces from rap literature. Kunqu opera is one song after another. Although the name of Qupai is the same, the tune will change with the four tones of the word. Beijing opera is the so-called banqiang, which consists of several very monotonous tunes (mainly Xipi and Huanger, composed of rap literature, and the upper and lower sentences have tones. Music is not the essence, but the essence is chanting. There are several variations, and the tunes often sound the same. Because it belongs to yin, it is lengthened and shortened by the board, which is the source of the board cavity-"Yin" in rap literature. Therefore, Kunqu Opera is a classical opera in China, while Peking Opera is not a opera, but a "rap drama" from rap art, which sings "words" instead of songs (this is the essence). The scales of Kunqu Opera are mostly pentatonic, and a few are heptatonic. Beijing opera consists of seven tones. The language of Kunqu Opera is the national language of Zhongzhou phonology, and some actors like to sing in Suzhou dialect. Beijing opera is mainly in Mandarin, and some of it has Huguang sound.

Then compare it from the aspect of performing arts. The main instrument of Kunqu Opera is Qu Di (plus the beat belongs to the rhythmic instrument); The main musical instrument of Beijing Opera is Jinghu. Kunqu Opera is basically singing and dancing, and every phrase and even every word has a fixed figure and expression passed down from generation to generation to perform. Traditional Beijing opera is sung standing still, and it will not be sung if there is any movement. Especially in the martial arts. Beijing opera is a pure martial art in martial arts. When singing, the whole stage is silent, and only the singer is singing. Kunqu opera is singing and dancing. The more enthusiastic you dance, the more intense you sing. Actually, I extracted them all. I'll give you a website, and you can look at it yourself/view/a15a30cf0508763231kloc-0/2eb.html.