Are modern nuns and monks the same as in ancient times? What is their relationship? Why are there nuns and monks?

It doesn't matter if they are all nuns, and it's not polite to call them nuns in the secular world. Buddhist appellation: the common name of a bhikshuni. A woman who has been bound by foot precepts since she became a monk. Bhikuni is a transliteration of Sanskrit Bhikuni, which is also translated into Bhikuni, etc. Free translation means begging women, removing women or cultivating women; Also known as Samani or short for Samani. Bhikuni (Van Bhikkhu! Uni^, bhikkhuni^ in Pakistan, dge-slon%-ma in Tibet)

Refers to a woman who believes in Buddhism and has anklets. One of five and seven. Also known as Zuini, ■ Zuini, Beizuni, Bihuni, etc. Free translation except women, beggars, shamans, except women, smoked women and so on. Abbreviation is nun or nun.

According to the "Bhikuni Sutra of Daai Daoism", Bhikuni became a monk from the Buddha's aunt Mahabharata (Daai Daoism). He swore to abide by the Eight Respect Laws and was allowed to become a monk. In China, according to the first volume of Biography of Monks, during the Jianxing period of the Western Jin Dynasty (365,438+03 ~ 365,438+07), Nepali monks shaved their hair and were subjected to the Ten Commandments of Chishan in samana. In February of the first year of Shengping (357), Tan Moho was invited to set up an altar for monks to quit, and Jing Jian and others were fully disciplined on the altar, which was the beginning of becoming monks in China. In Japan, the daughters of Sima Da and others, Shan Xin and others, became monks from North Korea and later became monks in Baekje. This is their origin.

With regard to the precepts of monks, after the demise of Buddhism and before the division of sects, the precepts were extremely strict. After part, the monks relaxed. However, according to legend, because of the heavy obstacles of women, there are many abstinence. According to the quartering method, monks should observe 250 precepts and monks should observe 348 precepts.

In the history of Buddhism in China, although the contribution of monks is not as much as that of monks, there are also many practitioners with strict discipline and excellent knowledge. According to the Biography of Bhikuni, from the Jin Dynasty to Liang Wudi, many outstanding Bhikuni appeared in the Buddhist circles in China. For example, Tao Rong's forbearance is rigorous (Volume 1), Zong Ling's "Learn to be an official, explore Buddhist scriptures, and be well versed in benevolence and righteousness" (Volume 1), Guo Hui's "Always Suffer, Don't Wear Cotton, Be Good at Pena, Be Innocent" (Volume 2), and Yao Hui even set himself on fire to support the three treasures (Volume 3).

Although ancient secular women can read and write, they seldom really speak on the stage. There are many people who can give lectures and write books on the stage in the book Biography of Bhikuni. When Jin was in the Jin Dynasty, Miao Xiang said that "every sentence is critical, and he is often afraid that the listener can't concentrate or cry" (Volume 1). When the Emperor Wu of Qi talked about the car in office, he was only qualified to maintain it, especially to talk about it. Analysis of stagnation and exploration of seclusion. Please go north, big or small' (Volume III). Wisdom wins the collection of learning methods,' self-made dozens of volumes are sparse, far-reaching, and the meaning is hidden' (volume 3). From these examples, we can get a glimpse of Bhikuni's position in China's early Buddhist history.

As for the second half of the 20th century, Bhikuni was also the backbone of Buddhism in Taiwan. Not only are there far more people than monks, but there are also many people who can be immune to Buddhism and benefit life. For example, Yan Zheng established Tzu Chi Meritorious Society, and established large hospitals and universities, which spread Buddhism on an unprecedented scale in Taiwan Province Province. Heng Qing, Ph.D., University of Wisconsin, USA, Professor of Philosophy Department of National Taiwan University, is in charge of the Faguang Buddhist Culture Institute, which has a considerable influence on Taiwan's Buddhist higher education. There are also many excellent monks in Taiwan Province Province. There are indications that monks in modern Taiwan Province have a very important position.

[Resources] Five-point Law (Volume 29); "Good knowledge of Dharma and Buddha sand" Volume 14; The law of four points, volume 48; "Great Wisdom" Volume XIII; "Za Agama" Volume 24; "Ben Qi Jing" volume "Gotama Millay as a bhikkhuni"; The great love of the monks and nuns; Collection of Hundred Boundaries, Volume 8; The fifth volume of the Great Convenient Buddhist Sutra; Yin Shun's Origin, Development of Early Mahayana Buddhism and Integration of Original Buddhist Scriptures: Women in the Buddhist Age (59th issue of Diguan Magazine) written by female friar Kwai Ma and translated by Lai Xianbang; Hirakawa Akira's study of primitive Buddhism. Pinyin: heshang

English: Buddhist monks

"Monk" originally came from Sanskrit, meaning "teacher". Monk is a kind of honorific title. Only those who are qualified as teachers can be called monks. Not everyone can be called a monk. This title is not limited to men, but also includes qualified monks. But later, this word was used as a title for ordinary monks, and it was generally considered as a male-only noun, which was inconsistent with the original intention.

It is called "Jielang" in Yuan Zaju [edit this paragraph], which is the general name of the three realms. Shang means supreme. The name of "monk" is only the name of Sakyamuni, but later generations do call it a monk, perhaps because after Sakyamuni's nirvana, all the monks in the world are the best in the world.

The word "monk" comes from the pronunciation of western languages. In India, secular doctors generally call it "evil"; In Khotan, it is called "harmonious society" or □ (khosha); Translated into "Monk" in China (see Biography of the Return of the Native and Secret Collection). Therefore, in India, there are also monks and monks (volumes 9.253 and 255 of Ahan). )

It can be seen that the word "monk" is not a proper term in Buddhism, but it does have its basis in Buddhism. According to Buddhist law, hairdressers and missionaries are called Upadhyaya, and the word "he □" is based on this. The word "monk" is even more wrong in Chinese. It was first seen in Chinese, probably because Schleswig believed in Buddhism and was named Buddhism. However, the word "harmony" is often used instead of monks in the law, which distinguishes it from secular corruption, because according to the original intention of Wu Bo Tuoye, it should be translated as pro-teacher. Only after more than ten years of monk discipline and familiarity with the two laws of monks and nuns can you be qualified to be ordained, so it is called Wu Bo Tuoye. This is not only different from the evil spirits commonly known as doctors in India, but also different from the monks misinformed by China-the old monk is an old monk, and the little novice monk is a young monk. Even Amao and dogs may not grow up, but they can also be named monks.

In the Buddhist legal system, a novice monk is called Misha (meaning diligent, forbidding evil and promoting good). He was born at the age of 20 and was forbidden by a monk. He is called a monk (meaning beggar-begging for Buddhism and food. China people misrepresent it as "Derby Kong Qiu, so it is called a monk", which is also a joke). Within five years after being ordained by a monk, he shall not be a tutor; After five years, if you are familiar with the precepts, you can only use what you have learned as a teacher. This is called a model teacher. In Sanskrit, it is called □ Riye, and people recite it with teaching. Ten years later, you can be a pro-teacher; Twenty years later, it was called the seat of honor; After 50 years old, they are called the elders of the elderly. [Edit this paragraph] Why did the monk shave his head? Anyone who becomes a monk must shave his hair, which is called tonsure in Buddhism.

In the 5th century BC, Prince Siddhartha Gautama, a Sakyamuni tribe on the border between Nepal and India, left home to practice. Seven years later, he became a Buddha and began to give lectures and recruit disciples in the Ganges valley. Buddhism believes that the world is illusory and life is suffering. Only by cutting off all troubles and practicing Buddhism can we get eternal happiness. When Buddha Sakyamuni first told Ye Jia and five other people, he personally shaved their hair and accepted them as disciples. A monk shaving his head has three meanings. First, according to Buddhism, hair represents countless troubles and wrong habits in the world. Cutting off hair is equivalent to removing troubles and wrong habits; Second, cutting off the hair is equivalent to removing the pride and neglect of the world; Get rid of all troubles and practice wholeheartedly. In ancient China, people regarded hair as very important, thinking that it was obtained from parents, so it must be protected and not damaged, otherwise it would be disrespectful to parents. Buddhism demands that these unnecessary family concerns be cut off; The third is to distinguish other sects in India. At that time, India was full of sects. But when people see a bald head, they know it's a Buddhist. Later, shaving became a Buddhist ceremony.

When Buddhism was first introduced to China, other rituals were not developed. You can become a monk by shaving your hair and putting on coarse clothes like cassock.

It's called ring scar, which means I'm quit. It's not once a year It's three, six, nine or twelve.

Please refer to:

Talking about the scar on the monk's head

Some monks have some scars left by burning incense on their heads, which is an obvious external sign of monks in Han Buddhism, so many people mistakenly believe that all monks should burn incense scars. In some movies or TV series that dramatize the stories of Tang and Song Dynasties, the monks who appear on the screen are solemnly "burning" their scars, which makes people with a little knowledge of Buddhist history feel very ridiculous.

In fact, Buddhism does not burn scars, and there is no provision in Buddhist precepts to burn scars on the heads of educated people. Therefore, except for the monks of the Han Dynasty, monks all over the world and ethnic minorities in China can't see scars. Even China Han monks who became monks before the Song Dynasty had no scars on their heads.

In the early years of the Yuan Dynasty, there was a monk (1235— 1322) who was respected by Kublai Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty. When he preached the precepts in Tianxi Temple, it was stipulated that the ordained person must burn his head and fingers with incense to show his determination to believe in Buddhism. This is the beginning of China Han monks burning scars when they became monks.

1983 12 The enlarged meeting of the directors of the Chinese Buddhist Association made a resolution on the issue of preaching Buddhist precepts in the Han nationality Buddhism temples. The resolution said: the practice of burning ring scars on the heads of ordained people "is not the original ritual system of Buddhism, and it will be abolished in the future because it is harmful to health." From then on, there will be no scars on the head of the newly-born monk.

The so-called sermon is that Buddhist temples gather people who voluntarily become monks, set up altars and hold rituals to make them formal monks and nuns.

From the point of view of abstainers, becoming a nun requires many conditions, such as personal will, family consent, debt-free, and good facial features. This may not be possible in practice, but Buddhism requires it. Those who are interested in becoming monks must first get in touch with the temple and ask a monk to be their "teacher" in the temple. After the understanding and consent of the monks in the whole temple, the temple can then accept this person as a disciple, shave off his beard and give the novice monk a ring (* * * has ten rings), which is called "novice monk". Misha, also known as the little monk in Chinese, is actually not a formal monk! In Sanskrit, Misha's original meaning is diligence and kindness, that is, diligence is encouraged by Master and kindness to evil deeds. Shami is usually between the ages of seven and twenty. During this period, his "supporting teacher" was responsible for his education and upbringing. He is in his twenties. After the monk's meeting, he agreed to call ten elders of Dade and hold a ceremony for him. This time, the precepts are called monks' commandments, which are much more complicated than Misha's commandments. * * * has 250 commandments, so the conditions for becoming a monk are sufficient, so it is also called sufficient. Since then, he has obtained the qualification of becoming a monk. After five years of becoming a monk, you can leave a teacher and practice alone. In addition to the Misha precept and the Bhikkhu precept, there is finally a kind of Bodhisattva precept, including 10 heavy precept and 48 light precept, but this is not compulsory, but voluntary. Misha's precepts must be given and received separately. Monk's precepts allow three or fewer people to give and receive at the same time.

The custom of burning scars is said to have originated in the Yuan Dynasty. At that time, a monk named Zhide was revered by Yuan Shizu. When he preached the precepts, it was stipulated that everyone who was ordained should burn incense on his head, including three shamans and twelve monks, as a lifelong oath. Such a small invention was later spread quietly and passed down from generation to generation. Of course, this is a bad habit that is harmful to the body, and it is also a local product of Buddhist culture in Han Dynasty. From here, we can also see some characteristics of the Buddhist cultural circle in the Han Dynasty. Simply put, "popular belief" is much more powerful than the "elite culture" composed of a few thinkers (Buddhists) in the later stage of Buddhism development. Zhi De, a monk of Yuan Zhen who invented the incense burning scar (commonly known as "incense burning cave"), was not a Buddhist at all, but his little invention had far-reaching influence, which was incomparable to any famous monk's theory after Huineng.

The monk's scar is only a symbol of status. It's a representation of rank. After several months of freshman training, the young monk who just shaved his beard will take a simple quiz. After passing the quiz, the old monks in the temple will help them ignite the first scar of their Buddhist career with thread incense, which is called "clearing the heart". Then in the next year or two, if you do well, for example, stop drooling when watching the lock code channel or stop looking around when silently writing the Diamond Sutra, you are entitled to get the second scar: "love".

Generally speaking, if it goes well, most of the old monks in the temple can have five or six scars; The abbot of important temples such as Shaolin Temple, Great Muslim Temple or Longfatang may be a [senior monk] or a [super monk] with eight or nine Buddhist marks. However, this tenth scar is not something that ordinary monks can have. Except for the Dharma patriarch and the Six Ancestors Zen Master, there are no more than five [god-level monks] in the Ten Scars. Not only the head, but also the body, for example, the arm.

Supplement: Except the Han nationality, monks of other nationalities have no custom of burning scars. This may be related to the theory of "burning the body to support" in the Sanskrit of Bodhisattva. The custom of burning the top with moxa in the Tang Dynasty formed a universal system. It is said that it was the Yuan Dynasty. At that time, foreign rulers wanted to distinguish between true and false, and prevent those who resisted the decree from fleeing to monks.

Yuan Jiang, Boya, my family. He gained a lot from begging Li Chao and bickering with the old monk. Since the attack on Xiangyang, I have been full of praise for this painting. Bo Yan, the prime minister, crossed the river and fought with Song Jun in Liu Zi, Lubian, Xintan and Dunkou. In the last two years, Tanzhou was besieged and the city was broken. The generals wanted to slaughter the city, but the monks insisted that the whole city depended on it. After being an official in Changde Road, he returned to Lingnan and Guangxi Road as a judge. [Edit this paragraph] Most men in Laos were monks when they were young. At the age of five, they were sent to a temple called Novice to learn Buddhism, English and French from monks. At the age of 20, he did not leave the temple and was directly promoted to a monk, that is, a formal monk. However, most people will be secular and use their academic qualifications to find jobs. For a Lao, if he has never been a monk, it is simply the greatest regret in life. [Edit this paragraph] article (Author: Waivae) "Monk"

Vae

I wonder if you have forgotten this word. In the early years, people often walked from house to house in major residential areas with shaved heads, robes and bowls. At first, these people look great, talk extraordinary, and often pretend to be old women, even though he is only 30 years old. Once fate fails, it will fly away and evil will appear. One summer, I went to a famous temple Just as I was deeply shocked by the majestic statue of Guanyin with a thousand hands, a monk wearing sunglasses brushed past me with a mobile phone. Another time I went to an unknown temple, the big wall in the courtyard was impressively: popularize one child, boycott the second child and eliminate the third child.

However, the fake is not true. A true monk is proficient in Buddhism and sees through the world of mortals. Many of their thoughts and behaviors affect us in the world. For example, at the mobilization meeting of senior three not long ago, the teacher said this: all students who can sit still and have no distractions can get good grades. I didn't believe this thing before, because, for example, a vegetative person can sit still and have no distractions, but unfortunately his grades didn't go up and his brain went down first. Now it seems that if you want to achieve a positive result, you need to really avoid the world like a monk and remain anonymous. Master Hong Ren, the fifth ancestor of Zen Buddhism in China, said: The building materials come from the valley. The main idea is that the wood used for building originally comes from deep valleys and will not grow in places where people gather. Only by staying away from people and not being cut by knives and axes can we grow into great talents one by one.

Many years ago, a Chinese Odyssey inexplicably put the monk in the position of her mother-in-law. Since then, Tang Priest has become synonymous with verbosity, and has never recovered. In my opinion, comedy should have a bottom line, that is, don't treat ignorance as fun. Who did the monk provoke? Therefore, there is absolutely no need to vilify it and create an image that is just the opposite of him. As a matter of fact, Nan Zongchan despised chanting Buddha and did nothing. If you can't talk, you won't talk, because "mouth is a curse. If you talk too much, you will lose. Silence is golden, and you can meditate. " According to legend, the Buddha once showed a golden Buddha flower at the Lingshan conference, and everyone was at a loss. Only the venerable Ye Jiaxiao laughed. Between flowers, smiles and heart-shaped patterns, the venerable Ye Jia became the ancestor of lanterns. It can be seen that doing more, thinking more and talking less is the shortcut to success.

Monks divide the epiphany of the human universe into three realms. The first scene is "but where can you find traces on the bare hillside with fallen leaves?" This is a situation that describes the truth-seeking ontology. Second, "there is no one in the empty mountain, but flowers bloom in the water", which is the stage of describing oneself as if enlightened, but not enlightened. The highest realm is "the eternal sky, where there was a wind and a moon." This means that eternity is achieved in an instant, and eternity is achieved in an instant, surpassing the clear realm after thinking and persistence. If our senior one and senior two are in the first and second realms respectively, then senior three should reach the third realm. Of course, there are also frustrations and confusions, because there are many contradictions and injustices in this world. Unfortunately, since the polarization between the rich and the poor appeared in primitive people, human society is no longer fair. A cynic is like a hedgehog curled up backwards, torturing himself with his own thorns. So learn from monks who see through the world of mortals! Even if you don't become a monk, it's good to be broad-minded

There is a line in the movie Gourmet to the effect that there are no gourmets in the world. As long as you cook with your heart, everyone is delicious. Although it doesn't make sense logically, it can still be applied. There are no monks in the world. Everyone is a monk as long as he tries to understand life.