Detailed cause and effect of Cuban missile crisis

Cuba suffered from the Bay of Pigs incident.

After the Bay of Pigs incident, the relationship between Cuba and the United States continued to deteriorate. The United States regards Cuba as a springboard and base for the Soviet Union's expansion in the western hemisphere, and has intensified its efforts against Castro.

Pursue a hostile policy towards Cuba. After the relationship between the United States and Cuba broke down, especially after Castro announced in May 1962 that Cuba would take the socialist road, the Soviet Union stepped up efforts to improve its relations with Cuba. The Soviet Union gave Cuba political, diplomatic and economic support. 1962 In early July, Cuban Defense Minister Raul Castro visited the Soviet Union and was warmly welcomed. The United States believes that during this visit, the Soviet Union and Cuba discussed military cooperation, and the Soviet Union promised to provide military assistance to Cuba. On August 3 1, the United States saw from the aerial photos taken by the reconnaissance plane that Cuba began to install Soviet air defense missiles, and also saw Soviet ships transporting surface-to-surface missiles to Cuba. On September 4th, the White House issued a statement, affirming newspaper reports about Soviet military assistance to Cuba, including the installation of missiles in the island country and the provision of technical services by about 3,500 Soviets. The Soviet Union categorically denied American comments and reports. Soviet leader Khrushchev sent a letter to Kennedy, promising not to do anything harmful to international relations and relations between the two countries before the mid-term elections in the US Congress. In September 1 1, the Tass news agency also issued a statement denying that the Soviet Union sent offensive weapons to Cuba because "the Soviet Union has the ability to give support to any peace-loving country from its own territory". At this time, Kennedy did not think that the weapons provided by the Soviet Union to Cuba had posed a serious threat to the United States, and there was no need for the US government to take preemptive measures. However, he stressed that as long as this threat appears or Cuba becomes the base for the Soviet Union to attack the western hemisphere, the United States will take resolute measures to fight back.

The backyard is open and beautiful.

After entering 10 months, the United States reported that the Soviet Union had established a medium-range missile base in Cuba. The Kennedy administration stepped up aerial reconnaissance and surveillance of Cuba. 10 10 On October 4th, the Americans obtained the evidence that the Soviet Union built six medium-range missile bases in Cuba through the U-2 reconnaissance plane. On June 6, 65438, the materials were delivered to Kennedy, who called an emergency meeting of the National Security Council to study countermeasures. The meeting started at 0: 45 am on June 6 and lasted until the afternoon of the 20th. Present at the meeting were Kennedy, Vice President Johnson, Secretary of State Lasker, Secretary of Defense McNamara, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Taylor, and Director of the Central Intelligence Agency McConnell. In addition, there are Kennedy's younger brother Robert Kennedy, Treasury Secretary Douglas Tommy Tam and President's Assistant for International Affairs Bang Kennedy.

US Ambassador to the Soviet Union Sandy and senior staff from the Ministry of National Defense, the State Council and the White House also attended the meeting. The Executive Committee of the National Security Council headed by President Kennedy has full authority to handle affairs related to Cuba. The key issue is to force the Soviet Union to withdraw its medium-range missiles from Cuba. Kennedy finally made a choice: blockade. The U.S. government has taken active actions to strengthen the U.S. military posture in the region and win diplomatic support at the same time.

Air and sea blockade broken arm

65438+1At 6: 00 pm on October 22nd, rusk informed the Soviet ambassador to the United States of the blockade decision. At 6: 0015, the western ambassador in Washington received a notice from the US government about the blockade. At 7: 00 and 7: 30, Kennedy made a televised speech. Kennedy pointed out that the missile base built by Cuba can strike most cities in the western hemisphere, which constitutes a "clear threat to the peace and security of all American countries." This "secret, rapid and unusual assembly" of the Soviet Union in Cuba is a "provocative and improper action to change the status quo out of premeditation", which is totally unacceptable to the United States. Kennedy strongly appealed to Khrushchev to "stop and cancel this secret, reckless and provocative threat to world peace and the stable relations between our two countries" and demanded that the Soviet Union abandon its plan of world hegemony, end the dangerous arms race, withdraw missiles from Cuba and exercise restraint. 10124 October, the fleet carrying out the mission entered the blockade area under the escort of 68 aviation squadrons and 8 aircraft carriers. The United States also assembled the largest landing force after the war. The strategic air force entered a state of combat readiness and assumed a posture of responding to emergencies and taking action against Cuba. The United States has also carried out a series of diplomatic activities to win the support of its allies and the international community. 101On October 23rd, the Organization of American States held a meeting and approved the blockade policy of the United States. The American ambassador to the United Nations asked the Security Council to hold an emergency meeting to discuss the "dangerous threat to world peace and security caused by the deployment of missiles by the Soviet Union in Cuba".

Change from arrogance to respect has become a joke.

In the face of Kennedy's blockade and intimidation, the attitude of the Soviet Union has changed greatly. At the beginning, the Soviet Union was tough and returned the American blockade note as an unacceptable document to the American Embassy in the Soviet Union. 10 year 10 On October 23rd, the Soviet government issued a statement warning the American government that "if you play with fire rashly, you will be seriously responsible for the fate of peace". The Soviet government called on governments and people of all countries to "strongly protest against American aggression against Cuba and other countries, resolutely condemn these acts, and prevent the US government from launching a thermonuclear war". The Soviet government instructed its representative to the United Nations to propose a Security Council meeting to discuss the issue that the United States "violated the Charter of the United Nations and threatened peace". At the same time, the Soviet Union accelerated the construction of a missile base in Cuba. Under the pressure of the powerful American offensive, the Soviet Union began to retreat. But also put forward some bargaining conditions. On 24th, the United States was told that 12 Soviet ships bound for Cuba stopped moving forward. On the 26th, several Soviet ships inspected by the US Navy and their borrowed ships passed the blockade. On the same day, the Soviet Union sent a message that if the United States promised not to invade Cuba, it could withdraw its missiles. The State Council is very interested in this. In his letter to Kennedy on 27th, Khrushchev reiterated that the Soviet Union's supply of weapons to Cuba "only strengthened its defense capability, because Cuba does not possess any weapons". Khrushchev said that the deployment of missiles by the United States in countries around the Soviet Union really made him feel uncomfortable.

Ann. Khrushchev suggested, "We agree to withdraw what you consider offensive means from Cuba. Agree to achieve this goal and announce this pledge at the United Nations. The representative of the United States needs to declare that considering the security and anxiety of the Soviet Union, the United States will withdraw its own means from Turkey "; The Soviet Union promised to declare its respect for the inviolability of Turkish territory and sovereignty within the scope of the Security Council. He stressed that the United States should also make a similar statement. Kennedy replied to Khrushchev's personal letter to him on the 27th, proposing that if the Soviet Union withdraws its weapons system deployed in Cuba under the observation and supervision of the United Nations and promises not to import any more from Cuba, the United States will agree to "immediately cancel the existing isolation measures" and "provide a guarantee not to attack Cuba". Robert Kennedy met with the Soviet ambassador, demanding that the Soviet Union withdraw its missiles from Cuba within 48 hours, saying that "the United States cannot make a decision to withdraw its missiles in Turkey under the pressure of threats", which has adversely affected itself diplomatically and within Western allies. He told the ambassador that "President Kennedy has long been eager to withdraw these missiles from Turkey". 10/0 On October 28th, Khrushchev publicly replied to Kennedy in his radio address, and the Soviet government ordered "dismantling your so-called offensive weapons, packing them and transporting them back to the Soviet Union". In this open letter, Khrushchev reiterated that "the Soviet government provided economic assistance and weapons to the Cuban government. Because Cuba and the Cuban people have been threatened by the invasion of Cuba. " Khrushchev condemned the invasion of Soviet Union and Cuban airspace by American planes, but expressed his willingness to agree to exchange views with Kennedy to ease international tensions. The Kennedy administration believes that the main goal of the Cuban missile issue is to force the Soviet Union to withdraw its missiles and eliminate the military threat to the United States. Both the Soviet Union and the United States have taken measures to fulfill their commitments, and the Cuban missile crisis has become history.