Common social prejudice in life

The first cause effect generally refers to people's intuitive observation and attribution judgment of the communication object when they first contact. In this communication situation, the impression formed on others is called the first impression or the initial impression. The first cause effect plays a decisive role in the formation of people's impressions. When we meet for the first time, we will form our first impression according to each other's expression, posture, appearance, clothes, speech, etiquette and so on.

Once the first impression is formed, it is not so easy to change it. Even if there is a gap between the later impression and the initial impression, many times we will naturally obey the initial impression. In real life, the first impression formed by the first cause effect often affects our evaluation and views on others in the future. Sometimes we will hear friends complain: "The bad thing is that they didn't leave a good first impression on him, and this impression can't be changed."

Because of the first cause effect, the first impression plays an important role in interpersonal communication, so we should pay attention to the first impression left by others when dealing with people. If you want to leave a good first impression, you should first pay attention to gfd, dress neatly, and dress harmoniously and appropriately. Secondly, we should pay attention to our manners, exercise and improve our conversation skills, and master appropriate social etiquette.

First impression is the basis of long-term communication and the starting point to win people's trust. We should not only learn some skills, but also know that interacting with people is a long-term thing, and anyone can become a good friend. In order to keep this for a long time, the most important thing is that we should have a sincere heart.

recency effect

The "first cause effect" produced by the first impression is particularly important in the early stage of communication, that is, when the two sides are still unfamiliar. In the later period of communication, when the two sides became very familiar with each other, recency effect played a great role.

The so-called recency effect means that when a variety of stimuli appear at the same time, the formation of impression mainly depends on the stimuli that appear later, that is, in the process of communication, our latest and latest understanding of others occupies a major position, covering up the previous evaluation of others, so it is also called "novelty effect". Friends I haven't seen for years, what impressed me most in my mind is actually the scene when I left; A friend always makes you angry, but there are only two or three reasons to be angry, which is also the performance of recency effect.

In the process of communication, we often use recency effect to decorate our image. For example, if the feelings of the two sides are not harmonious, once they want to break up, they will take the initiative to express goodwill or even apologize to each other, win each other's goodwill unexpectedly, and even resolve past grievances.

halo effect

American psychologist Dane? Bernstein once did an experiment, giving people photos of some people, which can be divided into three types: attractive, unattractive and general attractive, and asking the experimenter to evaluate several characteristics unrelated to appearance, such as marriage, professional status, social and professional happiness and so on. As a result, attractive people get the highest evaluation among almost all qualities, and are considered to have all positive qualities just because they are beautiful. This is the halo effect.

The so-called halo effect is that when we evaluate others, we often like to start from a good or bad local impression and spread all the good and bad overall impressions, just like a halo (or halo), which gradually spreads outward from a central point into a larger and larger circle, so it is sometimes called halo effect or halo effect.

In most cases, the halo effect often makes people make the mistake of "summarizing the whole with one side of the story" and "love me, love my dog", resulting in a feeling that everything is fine for one person.

"the bystander is clear, and the authorities are confused." We should be good at listening and accepting other people's opinions and be alert to the negative effects of halo effect. At the same time, you can also use the influence of halo effect to increase your attraction. When interacting with people, we can adopt preconceived strategies to let them know our advantages and get positive comments.

The halo is beautiful. Let's look at life calmly and objectively and grasp communication under its beautiful light ring.

Stereotype effect

Businessmen are often considered treacherous, and there is a saying that "there is no rape and no business"; Professors are often regarded as white-haired and gentle old people; Jiangnan people are often considered smart and resourceful. Northerners are considered generous, bold and upright ... When we know and evaluate others, we don't know the individual as an isolated object, but always regard him as a member of a certain kind of people, which makes him have both personality and * * *, and it is easy to think that he has all the qualities of a certain kind of people. Therefore, when we generally divide people into fixed and generalized types, stereotypes are formed.

The positive effect of stereotype is that it simplifies our cognitive process. Because when we know some information about others, we often infer all his other typical characteristics according to the characteristics of the person he belongs to. Although this can't form a correct impression of others, it can help us simplify the cognitive process to some extent. But stereotypes have more negative effects. Such as racial prejudice, national prejudice, gender prejudice and so on. It often makes people look at people from point to face, which is easy to produce deviation in judgment and illusion in understanding.

Stability effect

A farmer lost an axe and suspected that it was stolen by his neighbor's son, so he observed the way he walked and the expression on his face, and found that his words and deeds were nothing like thieves stealing axes. Later, the farmer found the lost axe in the deep mountain. When he looked at his neighbor's son again, he felt that his words and deeds were nothing like stealing an axe. This story describes the process of farmers' psychological activities under the influence of psychological stereotype. The so-called psychological stereotype refers to a psychological reaction tendency of people to look at current problems with "old eyes"-existing knowledge and experience in cognitive activities, also known as psychological stereotype or psychological stereotype.

In interpersonal communication, the stereotype effect shows that people recognize others with fixed characters. For example, when we associate with the elderly, we will think that they are rigid, hidebound and behind the times; And they will think that we are young and inexperienced, "hairless and not firm." When getting along with classmates, we will think that honest people will never lie; And once we think that someone is a sly old fox, even if he shows a good impression on you, you will think that this is "the weasel is not kind, giving a new year call to the chicken."

Psychological stereotypes often lead to prejudice and prejudice, which prevents us from correctly understanding others. Therefore, we should "say goodbye for three days and look at each other differently"! Don't blindly look at people and things with old eyes.

Projection effect

In ancient times, a person who liked celery always thought that others liked celery as much as he did. So recommending celery to others in public has become a well-known joke. But everyone in life will inevitably make the mistake of "judging others by yourself." Psychologically, it is called projection effect, that is, in the process of interpersonal cognition, people often assume that others have the same attributes, hobbies or tendencies as themselves, and often think that others naturally know what they are thinking.

Psychologist Ross did this experiment to study the projection effect, and asked 80 college students if they would like to walk around campus with a big sign on their backs. As a result, 48 college students agreed to carry cards around campus, and thought that most students would be willing to carry them, while those who refused to carry them generally thought that only a few students would be willing to carry them. It can be seen that these students project their attitudes on other students.

"To treat a gentleman's belly with a villain's heart" is a typical projection effect. When other people's behavior is different from ours, we are used to measuring other people's behavior by our own standards and think that other people's behavior is unconventional; People who like jealousy often sum up the motives of other people's behavior as jealousy. If others show a little disrespect to him, he thinks others are jealous of himself.

In order to overcome the negative influence of projection effect, we should correctly understand ourselves and others, be strict with ourselves, treat others objectively and try to avoid judging others by our own standards. The other party is not what we think, we won't know until we try.

Retinal effect

Simply put, this effect is that when we have a thing or a feature, we will notice whether others have this feature more than ordinary people.

"Gold is not full of red, no one is perfect", "The ruler is short, and the inch is long". When people get along with each other, they should pay more attention to the advantages and strengths of others, and the boss should also "foster strengths and avoid weaknesses".

But in real life, "beauty is in the eye of the beholder", which is either good or bad, has become "the tortoise looks at the mung bean"!

Walking down the street and seeing two people wearing the same clothes as you, how many people do you think are wearing the same clothes?

It is said that you will inadvertently find that things that you don't usually pay attention to will increase a lot as soon as you pay attention.

Mr. Carnegie, a master of success, once pointed out that about 80% of everyone's personality is advantages or strengths, and about 20% is shortcomings. When a person only knows what his shortcomings are, but he doesn't know how to explore the advantages, the "retina effect" will prompt him to find that many people around him have similar shortcomings, thus making his interpersonal relationship unable to improve and his life unhappy! On the contrary, when we can find our own advantages, we will appreciate and accept the people around us with an inclusive heart. He who can gather people can gather wealth!

As Thackeray, an English writer, said: Life is like a mirror. If you cry at it, it will cry at you. You smile at it, it smiles at you!

Only when we smile at the world will the world smile at us. Only by tolerating our own shortcomings, affirming our own advantages and facing everything around us with appreciation can our life be happier!

If a person wants to be popular, he must cultivate the ability to appreciate and affirm himself. Because under the operation of the "retina effect", a person who sees his own advantages can also see the advantages of others. Being able to look at others with a positive attitude is often a necessary condition for good interpersonal relationships. So, from now on, learn to appreciate your own advantages and strengths!

The effect of stepping into the door

Also known as push your luck effect, it means that once you accept a trivial request from others, you may accept a bigger request in order to avoid cognitive disharmony or give others a consistent impression. This phenomenon is like going to the door step by step, which makes you climb more easily and smoothly.

There is such a phenomenon in daily life that when you ask for help from others, it is easy to be rejected if you make a big request at the beginning. If you make a smaller request first and then increase the weight of the request after others agree, it will be easier to achieve your goal. There are many examples of using the "foot-in-the-door effect" in daily life: when a salesman sells goods, he does not directly ask you to buy his goods, but first asks you to try on cosmetics and clothes, and then asks you to buy them after these requirements are realized. It is not "one step at a time" for a man to pursue a girl he likes. He proposed to spend his life with each other, but gradually achieved his goal through small demands such as watching movies and eating.

Psychologists believe that in general, people are reluctant to accept higher and more difficult requirements because it takes time and effort and is difficult to succeed. On the contrary, people are willing to accept smaller and easier demands. People gradually accept bigger requirements after realizing smaller requirements, which is the influence of "threshold effect" on people. Hong Zicheng also talked about this issue in the Ming Dynasty. He said in "Caigen Tan": "You should not be too strict in attacking evil, but think about it; Teach people not to be too good, but to be obedient. "

Application of Door-in Effect in Promotion

After accepting a small request, a person is often willing to accept a bigger request, just like climbing the threshold step by step, so that it can be easier and smoother to climb high. Using "stepping on the threshold" to describe this psychological phenomenon is simply too vivid. Salesmen often use this technique to persuade customers to buy his goods. Usually, successful salespeople don't sell their products directly to customers, but make a small request that people can or are willing to accept, so as to finally achieve their sales goals step by step. In fact, for a salesman, the most difficult thing is not to sell the goods themselves, but how to start this first step. When you let a salesman into your room, it can be said that his sales promotion is half successful, even if you don't want to buy his account at first, you just want to see how his performance is. Sometimes we will find that this method is really a good way to achieve our goals, especially when dealing with unfamiliar people. Once in a while, the success rate is still quite high.

Application of entrance effect in employee management.

When you ask someone or a subordinate to do a difficult thing, but you are worried that he won't do it, you can ask him to do a similar smaller thing first. Similarly, for a new person, the superior should not ask too much of them at once. I suggest you make a small request that is only slightly better than in the past. When they meet this requirement, they will gradually put forward higher requirements for them through encouragement, so that employees can easily accept it and the expected goals can be easily achieved. How subtle the psychological changes here are! But remember, sometimes it depends on your "threshold", and you must refuse when it is time to refuse.