amuse oneself by watching other people make fools of themselves

Dr. Shen from the University of Western Ontario in London, together with two scientists from the University of Michigan in the United States, published a research report on the temperature rise in the northern hemisphere in the February 16 issue of Nature. According to the report, the temperature of the earth is rising much faster than previously expected, and the temperature in the northern hemisphere is increasing the fastest.

According to the research on the ground temperature in more than 600 different places around the world, scientists found that the temperature on the earth has obviously increased by about 1 Celsius since 1500 years, and the 20th century accounted for half of the growth rate.

In the northern hemisphere, in the past five centuries, the temperature has increased by 1. 1 degree Celsius, while it has increased by 0.6 degrees in the 20th century.

Scientists analyze the earth's temperature data by putting sensitive thermometers into underground caves. "Underground caves are underground archives," Dr. Shen said, "because the temperature changes on the ground will be transmitted to underground rocks, and the transmission to 500 feet underground is 1000 years." If you drill a hole anywhere on land, you can observe the temperature file and climate of that place. "

Scientists discuss and predict temperature trends by studying the growth of tree rings, sediments and corals on the sea floor. Canadian environmental and meteorologists believe that the earth's temperature will continue to rise in this century due to various human factors.

Dr. Shen is a researcher in earth science at the university. 1968 moved to Canada from Taiwan Province province, studied for a master's degree in British Columbia, 1975 obtained a doctorate from Western University, and engaged in many high-value research work. He is a knowledgeable and low-key China scientist.

[Canadian magazine Nature]

In recent years, the temperature of the earth is rising, and most scientists in the world believe that this phenomenon will continue in the next few decades.

The earth will naturally be warm and pleasant under the sunlight, and the warming we refer to is another phenomenon. This is a relatively new phenomenon, because the rise of the earth's temperature is not due to its natural causes, but to human activities. In the past 100 years, the temperature of the earth did not naturally rise by 0.5 degrees Celsius, which made scientists very worried. Scientists believe that the rapid development of human industry is the main reason for the temperature rise of the earth.

The increase of the earth's temperature here refers to the increase of the average temperature of the earth. In this programme, we will discuss the influence of the rising temperature of the earth, and hope that people can pay enough attention to this phenomenon and its threat.

In the past few decades, the rise of the earth's temperature has gradually evolved into a crisis, which has had many impacts on human life, including climate change caused by global warming. Global warming leads to the change of rainfall pattern, the expansion of ocean area, the decrease of inland lake area, and the change of animals, plants and even human life. After investigation and study, most scientists believe that global warming is the result of greenhouse gas emissions. Most greenhouse gases come from waste gas emitted by using non-renewable energy sources such as oil or natural gas. Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride. In addition, another reason for global warming is that solar energy shining on the earth is stored on the surface.

If these gases do not exist in the earth's atmosphere, the solar energy that shines on the earth will be radiated back into space. In this case, the temperature of the earth will be 32 degrees Celsius lower than the current temperature. Therefore, greenhouse gases can keep the temperature to a certain extent, making the earth suitable for human life and the growth of animals and plants. However, if the emission of greenhouse gases continues to increase, the temperature of the earth may rise to a level that humans, animals and plants cannot bear.

A large number of data prove that in the past 100 years, the water temperature of the world's oceans has also increased by 1 degree. Based on this, it is speculated that in the future 100, with the increasing greenhouse gas emissions, the water temperature of the ocean will rise by about 3 degrees.

The continuous expansion of the ocean area and the pollution of human activities to the ocean make some sea areas become "dead zones". In addition, the world climate change has also brought threats and pressures to the ecological environment and species, leading to the extinction or near extinction of many species.

According to the researchers' report, the frequent occurrence of El Nino in the past 20 years is also the result of the long-term high temperature of the earth. El Nino phenomenon refers to the large-scale abnormal increase of seawater temperature every few years in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific. This phenomenon leads to the decrease of marine life, the increase of strong typhoon frequency and the frequent occurrence of huge waves along the ocean coast.

Most experts believe that the rise of the earth's temperature in recent years and the continuation of this phenomenon in the next few decades will lead to the melting of Antarctic glaciers. In the long run, many islands, cities and even some countries will sink to the bottom of the sea. Environmentalists believe that global warming is also a disaster for animals and plants. The continuous melting of Antarctic glaciers deprives penguins and other terrestrial mammals of their living environment, and also leads to a sharp decline in algae that produce plankton. With the continuous melting of glaciers, the food chain in this area will also change, not only the decrease of plankton, but also the decrease of seabirds, seals and penguins.

According to a report released by environmentalists not long ago, the growth and life of marine life are seriously threatened by factors such as indiscriminate fishing, pollution of marine ecological environment and rising earth temperature. The report points out that many marine life are endangered.

Climate change also has a serious impact on migratory birds. Due to drought and rising temperature, the wetland area inhabited by migratory birds is decreasing, and many migratory birds have become extinct.

Another effect of global warming is the damage to crop growth, which eventually leads to the reduction of human food. Hot weather turns more water into steam, which makes the fresh water resources available for human consumption increasingly exhausted. The reduction of water resources also makes it difficult for livestock to drink water and irrigate crops.

Turkish scientists have recently warned that the consequences of climate change in the past century will gradually emerge in the next 150 years.

These Turkish scientists pointed out that the rising temperature of the earth will melt the snow and ice in the mountains of eastern Turkey, which will eventually lead to unsatisfactory changes in the natural environment in this area. These experts predict that Turkey will be gradually incorporated into the desert of the earth. If urgent measures are not taken, Turkey will become a desert country like Saudi Arabia in the next 200 years.

Of course, scientists in Turkey only talked about one aspect of people's concern about global warming. People should pay more attention to environmental protection than ever before and work together to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

25 essays and 2 essays

Text discussion

First, the overall grasp

1. Kuafu day after day.

Kuafu in the daytime is one of the earliest myths in China. In this myth, Kuafu, the giant, dared to race against the sun and finally died of thirst. His walking stick became a peach garden. This wonderful myth shows Kuafu's unparalleled heroism and reflects the strong desire and tenacious will of ancient people to explore and conquer nature.

Kuafu is a very magical figure. He is a giant who is good at running. He drove away from the sun. He is dying of thirst. Although I drank the Yellow River and Weishui successively, I still couldn't quench my thirst. He rushed to osawa and finally died of thirst before drinking the water from osawa. His walking stick has turned into a peach grove, which can also benefit mankind. Kuafu dares to compete with the sun. He can gallop the world, drink all the rivers and turn into a peach forest by crutches. It is really extraordinary in spirit and superb in skill. Kuafu, a mythical figure, has surreal imagination and exaggerated romantic charm.

This myth has a great influence on later generations. People often use "Kuafu goes down day by day" or "Kuafu goes down day by day" and "day after day" to compare people with great ambitions or great strength and boldness. For example, in Tao Qian's Reading the Classic of Mountains and Seas, there is a sentence "Kuafu's birthday is ambitious, but it is a race with the sun", and in Liu Zongyuan's Difficult Travel, there is a sentence "Didn't you see Kuafu peeping at the Yuyuan Garden every day and jumping over the Kunlun Mountain in the North Sea"? Sometimes Kuafu Daily is used to describe overreaching, but this is a negative understanding of this myth, which is not in line with the positive significance of Kuafu Daily as a myth in essence.

2. Two children debate day

In this essay, two children have different views on the distance between the sun and people on the earth in the morning and at noon. They each hold one end and can't argue. Even Confucius can't make a judgment, which shows that what people know is always limited and knowledge is infinite. Even Confucius, who reads widely, will know something about it. This essay also reflects the spirit of independent thinking and bold questioning of ancient people in order to understand nature and explore objective things.

This paper first argued about Confucius and Lu Yu, then put forward their different views, and then put forward the basis of their views. Finally, Confucius was ridiculed because he could not make a judgment. The full text is only 100 words, with concise language and distinct levels. Mainly through dialogue to express the characters and unfold the plot.

Second, the problem research

1. How do you understand the ending of Kuafu Daily: "Abandoning the staff and becoming Deng Lin"?

Kuafu died of thirst and "abandoned his staff and became Deng Lin". So, what is Deng Lin? "Denglin" has its place, at the junction of Henan, Hubei and Anhui provinces near Dabie Mountain. According to Bi Yuan, a scholar in Qing Dynasty, the sound of "Deng" is similar to that of "Tao", and "Deng Lin" means "Tao Lin". There is no contradiction between the theory that "boarding" is a place name and the theory that "boarding" is a "peach forest" We can think that "boarding" is not only a place name, but also a "peach forest", and the place name "boarding" is named according to the meaning of "peach forest" in "boarding". In addition, "staff" and "peach forest" are both wood, and they are similar in image; Kuafu's thirst is in full swing, which is consistent with the "peach forest" that provides sweet and juicy fruits and patches of shade. Kuafu's walking stick turned into a peach grove, which, with poetic imagination, enriched the connotation of the myth Kuafu, enriched the image of Kuafu, and showed a spirit of brave pursuit, forgetting one's life and being willing to benefit mankind, making the whole myth more romantic.

2. What do you think of the two children's ridicule of Confucius?

The story of "two children arguing for a day" is made up, but it is not true. According to experts' research, this story written by Liezi does mean laughing at Confucius. This is because Liezi is a Taoist work and Confucius is a Confucian, so Taoism laughs at Confucius in this story. But when we study this article, we should start from the article itself and understand its ideological value. As far as this article is concerned, Confucius can't answer a difficult question, which doesn't mean that he doesn't know much. But the ridicule of the two children is also reasonable, because it really shows that Confucius is not omniscient, and people can get inspiration from it: even a very knowledgeable person like Confucius knows something, which shows that it is really impossible for people to know everything. Therefore, it is inappropriate to take the ridicule of Confucius by two children as the theme of the story.

Practice note

Recite Kuafu every day and tell me your understanding of Kuafu, a mythical figure.

The purpose of this topic is to make students familiar with the text, accumulate language materials, understand the content of the text from the perspective of myth, and know the mythical figure Kuafu by reciting Kuafu day after day.

Second, be familiar with "Two Children Debate Day". Think about what the "argument" between two children has inspired you, and what "Confucius can't decide" means.

This is an open question, mainly to guide students to think about the truth contained in the article on the basis of being familiar with reading. Students can talk about their experiences from different aspects. For example, for the "debate" between two children, students can think that the two children love to explore and have commendable spirit, or that the two children have different angles and standards of understanding things and the results are inconsistent; As for "Confucius can't decide", students can think that knowledge is infinite, even university experts don't know it, or that Confucius can treat children's problems correctly and seek truth from facts, instead of "knowing the strong makes the strong" and can "know what he knows, but not what he doesn't know". The answer is eclectic, as long as it makes sense.

Translate the following sentences, fill in the omitted words and pay attention to the meaning of the underlined words.

The purpose of the topic is to check students' understanding of words and sentences, and to draw students' attention to the omission of words in classical Chinese.

1. Leave Japan and enter Japan; Thirst, desire to drink, drink in the river, Wei; He, Wei and Bei drink Ozawa.

Drive away: race, race.

I have been close to people since the beginning of the day, but I have alienated people in Japan.

Answer: Yes. Go: distance.

It's cool at the beginning of the day, and it's like exploring soup at noon. Isn't it near hot and far cold?

Soup: Hot water.

4. Who is Zhihu?

Yes: yes, yes.

Teaching suggestion

In the teaching of these two short articles, we should pay attention to reading, and guide students to discuss in combination with exercise 1 and exercise 2 to deepen their understanding of the content. During the discussion, students may have different perspectives and different understandings. As long as it makes sense, it should be affirmed and encouraged to enliven students' thoughts and broaden their thinking. Teaching Kuafu day after day should guide students to pay attention to its mythical features. There is no need to talk too much about the scientific knowledge involved in "Two Children Debate Day", just explain it a little, so as not to pretend to be the host.

related data

I. Introduction to the Works

1. Translation of Shan Hai Jing, title. 18 articles. The author is unknown, and the age of each work is inconclusive. Most modern scholars think that a person can't do it once. Among them, 65,438+04 works were written in the Warring States Period, and 4 Haineijing were written in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty. The content is mainly geographical knowledge in folklore, including mountains and rivers, geography, nationalities, products, medicine, sacrifices, witch doctors and so on. Many ancient myths and legends have been preserved. It is of reference value to the study of ancient history, geography, culture, Chinese and foreign transportation, folk customs and myths. Among them, mineral records are the earliest related documents in the world. "Jin Guo Pu" as a note, praised "Tu Zan", which is lost today; Later, Bi Yuan's New School of Shan Hai Jing in Qing Dynasty, Hao Yixing's Notes on Shan Hai Jing and Yuan Ke's Collation of Shan Hai Jing in modern times.

2. "Liezi", according to legend, during the Warring States period, Zheng people were listed as imperial bandits (also known as shackles, shackles, the first 450? Top 375? Author). There are eight examples recorded in the History of Han Art and Literature, which were lost long ago. Judging from the ideological content and language application, the eight articles of Liezi in this edition may have been compiled by Jin people according to ancient materials. The content is mostly folk stories, fables and myths and legends.

Second, about Kuafu.

1. Kuafu is a giant who is good at running in ancient China mythology. Shan Hai Jing Overseas North Jing also recorded a "rich father country". According to previous research, "Kauff" means "rich father", and the people all over the country are giants. Therefore, in China Myth ABC, Mao Dun thinks that Kuafu is not only the name of a person, but also the name of a tribe.

2. In the wild, there is a mountain called Chengdu, which carries the sky (that is, "wearing the sky", and the top of the mountain is connected with the sky, which is extremely high), and some people wear it on their ears. There are two yellow snakes. Two yellow snakes are called Kuafu. Belief comes from being born after birth ("born after birth" and "believing" are both mythical names), and belief comes from being born in Kuafu. Kuafu overreached himself and wanted to catch up with the sun (the shadow of the sun, that is, sunlight) and the ancient jade (ancient jade), that is, the legendary place where the sun entered. Will [will] be, just drink the river but not satisfied, will go to osawa, rather than die here ("Jin Guo Pu Shu Shan Hai Jing Note: Dying of thirst"). (Shan Hai Jing Huang Da Bei Jing)

Third, Marx on Greek mythology

"As we all know, Greek mythology is not only a treasure house of Greek art, but also its soil. The view on the relationship between nature and society has become the basis of Greek fantasy and Greek "myth". Can it coexist with automatic textile machines, railways, locomotives and telegrams? Where is Vulcan in front of Roberts Company? Where is Cupid in front of the lightning rod? Where is Hermes in front of the chattel credit company? Any myth uses imagination to conquer, dominate and visualize natural forces; Therefore, when these natural forces are actually dominated, the myth disappears. What is Fama next to the printing plant square? The premise of Greek art is Greek mythology, that is, the nature and social form itself processed in an unconscious artistic way through people's fantasy. ……"

(Excerpted from Marx's Introduction to Criticism of Political Economy)

Iv. Appreciation of The Days of Two Children Debating (Week)

Liezi belongs to Taoism, while Confucius belongs to Confucianism and is famous for his erudition. So Liezi wrote this story to laugh at Confucius' ignorance and unable to judge the questions raised by the two children. In fact, the questions raised by the two children are also questions raised by Liezi. Liezi cannot solve this problem. Because both of these problems are caused by feelings. One vividly said that the sun is big in the morning and small at noon. This assumption is incorrect. Because there are clouds on the surface of the earth in the morning, the sun looks big through the clouds. At noon, when the clouds cleared, the sun looked small, but the size of the sun did not change. It is incorrect to explain the distance between the ground and the sun according to different feelings.

A child said that the sun is cool in the morning and hot at noon. It is incorrect to explain the distance between the sun and the ground from the human body's feeling of temperature. Because the heat that the sun shines on the ground dissipates at night, it feels cool to get up in the morning; At noon, the heat of the sun shines on the ground, so I feel hot. The hot and cold of this temperature cannot explain how far the sun is from the ground.

This story was made up by Liezi and didn't really happen. Liezi is a book studied by experts and compiled by people in Wei and Jin Dynasties. There may be legends in the pre-Qin dynasty and thoughts in the Wei and Jin dynasties. The problems raised in this article are probably not solved by people in Wei and Jin Dynasties, let alone by Confucius in the Spring and Autumn Period. Liezi raised this question to laugh at Confucius' ignorance. In fact, like Confucius, he can't solve this problem. This was a problem that people could not solve at that time. Inspired by this, people thought of some problems that could not be solved at that time. For example, Zhang Hua's "Natural History" in the Jin Dynasty said: "A strange country, whose people are clever and clever, can kill hundreds of birds, and travel far away as a flying car." It is said that in Shang Tang's time, someone could build a flying car. Until Zhang Hua's Jin Dynasty, no one could build a flying car. But at least at that time, I had the idea of flying cars. The idea finally came true, and people finally built an airplane. The distance between the sun and the earth could not be solved correctly in Liezi's time, but later scientists finally calculated that the average distance between the earth and the sun was149.6 million kilometers. The progress of science is sometimes influenced by various imaginations. Therefore, it is also good to put forward various imaginations in life. In this sense, this story is also desirable. The benefits of this story can inspire people to think about problems in many ways. The two boys consider this problem from two different angles, which brings this difficult problem. Putting forward a difficult problem is helpful to the popularization of science.

When Liezi wrote this story, we should laugh at Confucius' ignorance. This is because Liezi is a Taoist work and Confucius is a Confucian school, so Taoism should laugh at Confucius. This is very clear. So the conclusion of this article: "Who is Zhihu?" This sarcastic remark is incorrect.

Look at the writing of this article again: put forward the conclusion first, then explain it, which is simple and clear. It is a good way to write clearly, combining people's experience, so although this difficult problem is put forward, it is simple and clear, and the goal is achieved. In the explanation, the author used two metaphors in one place, one is "like a wheel" and the other is "like a plate". These two metaphors illustrate the size of the shape of a day. Combining "the beginning of Japan" and "Japan-China", the reason for the conclusion is very clear. This reason comes from human vision, so it is powerful. Because of people's knowledge at that time, I didn't think that vision was unreliable in some occasions. Another explanation is that one feeling is "pale and bright" and the other metaphor is "like exploring soup" Say a feeling like this, a metaphor, and combine Sunrise and Japan and China to explain the reasons for the conclusion. This comes from people's feelings and is also convincing. At that time, people didn't think that people's feelings were influenced by various conditions. Therefore, for a long time, this "Japan dispute" has had an impact on people's understanding. Now it seems that this question is still useful for the discussion of later scientists.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) related knowledge

1. When does the sun approach people?

Is the sun near people at noon? Or is it closer to people sooner or later? Seeing the sun earlier or later than noon is mostly an illusion; The sunshine at noon is hotter than that in the morning and evening because the direct sunlight at noon has a shorter journey in the atmosphere and absorbs less heat. First of all, it is necessary to find out why people observe the sun at different distances at noon and in the morning and evening. There are many reasons: (1) The earth is spherical and keeps rotating. If the earth has no other movement except rotation, and the rotation axis is perpendicular to the straight line between the sun and the earth, then for people on the equator, the sun is always closer at noon than in the morning and evening, which means that the distance is equivalent to 6 400 kilometers in radius of the earth. (2) Because the latitude of the earth is different, the observer may not be on the equator. The greater the latitude, the farther away from the equator, and the smaller the distance difference between noon and morning and evening of the sun. (3) The earth not only rotates, but also revolves around the sun. Rotation axis and rotation axis are 23? 5 angles. The direction of the self-rotating shaft changes slowly. So the height of the sun in the sky at noon changes all the year round. (4) The orbit of the earth's revolution is elliptical, so the distance from the center of the earth to the sun changes day by day. (5) The time of sunrise and sunset changes day by day in a year, and the time of sunrise and sunset on the same day changes with latitude. (6) Due to the slow change of the direction of the earth's rotation axis and the influence of planetary gravity on the earth's orbit around the sun, the nearest date between the earth's center and the sun is not fixed. At present, the closest day of the heliocentric and geocentric is 1 2nd of the month, and thereafter it is 17.5 days every thousand years. In view of the above reasons, an appropriate formula can be derived to calculate the distance difference between the sun and the observer at noon and in the morning and evening. The necessary information can be found in the astronomical almanac. The calculation results are as follows: For Beijing at 40 degrees north latitude, the sun is farther than sunrise at present 1 from 22nd to 5th June, at the beginning of February 1 1,000km, at the beginning of March 4,000km and at the beginning of April 6,400km, and then the difference is reduced to zero. After June 5th, the sun is closer at noon than at sunrise, which is nearly 5,800km in early July and 1 6,000km in mid-September, and then the difference is reduced to122nd of the following year. There is a big difference between afternoon and evening. The afternoon of August 1 day to1February 15 is farther than the evening, and the afternoon of the other seven and a half months is closer than the evening, reaching nearly 17000 km in mid-April. ..... The above calculation is made in 1954. However, due to the sixth reason, the impact is not significant in a short time, and the above calculation results are still applicable to the future 100. It can be seen that all phenomena must be explained by science in order to be correct.

(Dai Wensai) "Is the sun closer to us at noon than in the morning and evening?" )

2. What is the reason why the morning is near and cold, and the noon is far and hot?

The sun looks bigger in the morning than at noon. Is the sun closer to us in the morning and farther away from us at noon? That's not true.

Under certain conditions, people will have illusions about objects. An object looks bigger in some small objects, while an object looks smaller in some big objects.

Similarly, in the early morning sunshine, only one corner of the horizon is the sky, and the rest are backed by trees and houses. At noon, the sun has its back to the huge sky overhead, so it seems that the sun at noon is smaller than that in the morning.

In addition, the white figure we see is bigger than the black figure of the same size. This is called photodegradation in physics. When the sun rises, the surrounding sky is dark, so the sun appears bright, and at noon, the surrounding sky is bright. In contrast, the brightness difference between the sun and the background is not so big, which is why we look like the sun is bigger in the morning than at noon. In a word, the sun is the same distance from us in the morning and at noon, so its size is the same, and because of the illusion of eyes, the sun in the morning seems to be bigger than that at noon.

Also, it is hotter at noon than in the morning, is it because the sun is closer to us at noon than in the morning? Not exactly. Why is this?

It is hotter at noon than in the morning because the sun shines directly on the ground at noon and obliquely on the ground in the morning. It can be seen that when the sun is in direct sunlight, the ground and the air receive more solar radiation heat at the same time and in the same area than when the sun is oblique in the morning, so they are heated the most. So it is hotter at noon than in the morning.

In fact, the hot and cold weather mainly depends on the temperature. The main factor affecting the temperature is determined by the radiation intensity of the sun, but solar photothermal is not the main reason for directly raising the temperature. Because the direct absorption of sunlight by air is only a small part of the total solar radiation, most of it is absorbed by the ground. After the ground absorbs the solar radiation heat, it is conducted upward to the air through radiation, convection and other heat transfer methods, which is the main reason for the temperature rise.

In short, it is not because the sun is far from our ground that it is hot at noon and cold in the morning every day.

(Scientific knowledge in Two Children Debate Day by Huang Wencheng)

Translation of intransitive verbs

1. Kuafu day after day.

Kuafu raced against the sun until the sun set; He felt thirsty and wanted to drink water, so he went to the Yellow River and Weishui to drink water. The Yellow River and the Weihe River are short of water, so we go to the great lakes in the north to drink water. I died of thirst before I got to the Great Lake. His abandoned cane turned into a peach garden.

2. Two children debate day

When Confucius was traveling in the East, he saw two children arguing. Confucius asked them why they quarreled.

A child said, "I think the sun is close to people when it first comes out, and far away from people at noon."

Another child thinks that the sun is far away from people when it first comes out and close to people at noon.

A child said, "When the sun first comes out, it looks like a big dome, and at noon, it looks like a plate or bowl. Isn't it far small and near big? "

Another child said, "When the sun comes out, it is cold and cold. At noon, it is as hot as hot water. It's not hot when it's near, and it's not cold when it's far away? "

Confucius could not judge who was right and wrong.

The two children smiled and said, "Who says you know much?"