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What are the modern warlords?

The formation of modern warlords in China began with the Northern Warlords. The emergence of Beiyang warlords has its reasons and processes. We might as well start with Zeng Guofan's "Xiang Army" and Li Hongzhang's "Huai Army" earlier.

1840, the Qing government was defeated in the Opium War, China was bombarded by imperialist powers, China began to become a semi-feudal and semi-colonial country, and the contradiction between the ruling class and the people intensified day by day. 185 1 In June, a large-scale peasant uprising led by Hong Xiuquan broke out in Jintian Village, Guiping County, Guangxi, and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was established. The Taiping Army left Guangxi, fell into the situation of Hunan and Hubei, and went straight to Nanjing along the river, killing the Eight Banners Army and the Green Rangers in the hands of the landlords in the Qing Dynasty. Therefore, the Qing government had to rely more on the local strength of the Han nationality and called on the gentry all over the country to organize local armed forces-Yong Lian, to resist the Taiping Army. In this way, some feudal warlord groups gradually formed, the most important of which was Zeng Guofan's Xiang Army and Li Hongzhang's Huai Army.

Zeng Guofan (1811-1872) was born in Xiangxiang, Hunan. Born in a local family, he was then an assistant minister of the Ministry of Rites. Because his mother was at home, the Qing government ordered him to help the governor of Hunan supervise the regiment training. Therefore, Zeng Guofan vigorously supervised Ying Yong in Xiangxiang, Hunan Province, and formed the Xiang Army on this basis. The whole army has 5000 navy, 6500 army and 17000 craftsmen and servants. Xiang generals are mostly Zeng Guofan's relatives, friends, students and fellow villagers. Xiang soldiers adopted the principle of recruiting their own battalion officers, each battalion only obeyed one battalion officer, and the whole army only obeyed one Zeng Guofan, forming a strong feudal subordinate relationship. Xiang generals mainly include Zuo, Liu Changyou, Liu Kunyi and Li. From 65438 to 0854, the Xiang army started to fight in the province, and its establishment gradually expanded, becoming the main force to suppress the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Revolution and the Nian Army.

Li Hongzhang (1823 ——1901) was born in Hefei, Anhui. Born in a local family, Daoguang Jinshi. When Taiping Army 1853 invaded Anhui, they participated in group training in Hefei and were defeated by Taiping Army. Later, he served as Zeng Guofan's staff. 186 1 year, with the support of Zeng Guofan, about 7,000 Huai troops were trained based on Yingyong. The following year, he led the Huai army to fight the Taiping Army in Shanghai and Jiangsu. By 1865, the whole army had reached 60,000, becoming the main force to suppress the Nian army. Zhang Shusheng, Liu Mingchuan, Zhou Shengbo, Pan, Ding, Ye Zhichao and Nie Shicheng were the main generals of the Huai Army, which formed the warlords of the Huai Army and was an important armed political group among the reactionary forces in the late Qing Dynasty.

In the process of suppressing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the Nian Army, the Qing government colluded with foreign invaders to form a foreign gun team, which was later expanded into "Chang" and "Chang Jie Army". The power of imperialist guns stimulated the rulers of the Qing Dynasty. After the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was suppressed, the westernization bureaucrats, Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang and Zuo started the westernization movement with the slogan of "self-improvement" and "seeking wealth". They started the modern military industry, armed the Xiang and Huai armies with some modern new weapons, and established the Beiyang Navy.

However, Xiang Army and Huai Army are still old-fashioned troops after all, only adding some modern new weapons, and their backwardness and decay have been fully demonstrated in modern wars. 1884 In the Sino-French War, the Huai army was defeated in Guangxi, and the generals Zhang Shusheng and Pan were dismissed. During the Sino-Japanese War (1894+65438), the Beiyang Navy under the command of General Ding of Huai Army and the army under the command of Ye Zhichao and Wei were all defeated.

In the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the Japanese army showed great superiority in adopting western new weapons, organizations and tactics, which was in sharp contrast with the decay and backwardness of the Qing army, greatly stimulated the generals and rulers of the Qing dynasty and demanded the reform of the army and the cultivation of new-style troops. At that time, the supreme rulers, such as the Western Empress Dowager, also started from their own interests. In order to consolidate and strengthen their feudal rule, they also needed to rely on some new-style troops. So the Qing court issued a series of imperial edicts and decided to "coordinate the Chinese and foreign military systems" and implement the new army. Directed the establishment of "Military Supervision Department", headed by Prince Gong, with Prince Qing as the meeting office, and jointly handled by Li Hongzao, Weng Tonghe, Rong Lu and Chang Lin. At the same time, Hu Suo, a Huai bureaucrat, was ordered to be responsible for the preparation and training of Tianjin New Army.

Hu Hu (? -1906), from sizhou, Anhui province. Tongzhi Jinshi, a former provincial judge in Guangxi, etc. 1894 When the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894 broke out, Huso was ordered to stay in Tiandang to deal with the grain levy from the east. In June165438+1October of the same year, he was ordered to preside over the new training of Tianjin Racecourse. Moved to the station in September of the following year. Hu Kun hired Von Hanneken, a German, as a teacher, imitated France and the West to train soldiers, changed the decadent and backward situation of Hunan-Huai Army in terms of organization, training, technology, weapons and equipment, and organized it into ten battalions, which was called "Dingwu Army" in history. There are 3,000 infantry, artillery 1000, 250 cavalry and 500 engineering teams, totaling 4,750. Hu Hu has made some achievements in training, but after all, he is a bureaucrat and unfamiliar with the military. So, at the end of 1895, Hu Hu was transferred to Jin Lu Railway Supervision, and Yuan Shikai took over the training of the small station. It is well known that Yuan Shikai is the leader of the Northern Warlords. However, what is his background experience? How can it be sent to a small station for training? Need to add one thing.

Yuan Shikai,1September, 895 16, was born in a bureaucratic local tyrant family in Xiangcheng County, Henan Province, so he was called Yuan Xiangcheng. He was called Yuan Weishuai when he became a warlord leader. Yuan Shikai's grandparents and fathers all received traditional feudal education, and they were the top scholar in the imperial examination and the home of officials. In particular, Yuan Jiasan, the great uncle, started as a Taoist and suppressed the Nian Army. Later, he came to the governor of grain transportation, Zhang Jing, the minister of rites, the minister of military aircraft, and supervised the empire. He was very close to Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang. His eldest son and his second son, Yuan, were all senior officials of the Qing Dynasty.

Yuan Shikai's grandfather, Yuan Shusan, has two sons. The eldest son Yuan Baozhong and the second son Yuan. Yuan Shikai is the fourth son of Yuan Baozhong. Because his uncle Yuan Baoqing had no children, Yuan Shikai adopted him when he was seven years old. Yuan Baoqing was an official in Jinan, Yangzhou and Nanjing, and Yuan Shikai followed around. He is not interested in reading, but he is willing to listen to those reactionary political experiences. After his adoptive father died one after another, he followed his uncle and Yuan to learn many officialdom skills. Yuan Shikai participated in the provincial examinations twice, but both were ruined in Sun Shan. Shame and anger, he burned his poems. He said: "A gentleman should serve the battlefield and be busy at home. How can he be trapped in a pen and ink inkstone for a long time and waste his time! " So, in May of 188 1, Yuan Shikai went to Dengzhou, Shandong Province, and took refuge in Yuan's sworn brother Huai Jun to take command. Started his career.

1882 In August, a "Renwu coup" took place in North Korea, a "client country" of the Qing Dynasty. The Qing government sent Wu Changqing to lead the army to suppress it, and Yuan Shikai also accompanied it, which made great achievements and began to emerge. 1884 When the Sino-French War broke out, Wu Changqing was transferred back to China, and Li Hongzhang was appointed as "the Prime Minister's operation, which will handle the defense of North Korea". In February of 65438+, a "coup in Shen Jia" took place in North Korea. Yuan Shikai felt that the situation was serious and did not wait for the Qing court to respond. He led the troops to quell the coup and made meritorious service again. The following year, 26-year-old Yuan Shikai, under the sponsorship of Li Hongzhang, negotiated and traded in North Korea as a prime minister.

Yuan Shikai has been in North Korea for more than ten years, so his career is prosperous. However, Yuan Shikai was not satisfied. He knows that the army plays an important role in the state power, and mastering military strength is a shortcut to gain political power. He has long wanted to personally command an army as the capital of his political achievements. He has been waiting for his chance. 1894 In the Sino-Japanese War, the Qing army was defeated, and Yuan Shikai himself fled from North Korea to Beijing. When the Qing government decided to train the new army, Yuan Shikai also actively advocated it, wrote to the court many times and put forward the training plan, and gradually gained the reputation of "knowing soldiers". At the same time, Yuan Shikai also actively used Yuan Jiasan's relationship with Yuan Baoheng to make friends with powerful people in Beijing, such as Liu Kunyi, Governor of Liangjiang River, Zhang Zhidong, Weng Tonghe and Rong Lu. At last, Yuan Shikai succeeded Hu Suo, who had trained the "Dingwu Army" at Tianjin Railway Station, and his political achievements were not significant.

1895 65438+February 2 1, Yuan Shikai arrived at the station and took over the Dingwu Army. This station, also known as Nong Xin Town, is located 70 miles southeast of Tianjin. After Yuan Shikai came to the station as the supervisor of the new army, on the basis of establishing the armed forces, he recruited 2,250 infantry and 300 cavalry, totaling 2,300, and changed the armed forces into the new army.

Yuan Shikai is familiar with modern military knowledge. Referring to Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang's early methods of training Xiang and Huai armies and the German military system, he drew up the Thirteen Essentials of Training, the Pay Chapter of the New Barracks and the Contract for Hiring Interpreters. Although the newly-built army still uses the names of Huai Army's battalion, battalion, team, whistle and shed, it breaks the framework of the old army and basically adopts the modern German army system: the army is divided into infantry, horses, artillery, engineers and soldiers; An army is divided into two wings, each wing governs the second and third battalions; Each battalion has more than 1 100 officers and men. All the weapons of the new army were purchased from abroad, mainly German guns and Austrian rifles. Due to the use of new weapons, the old methods of training troops are no longer applicable. Yuan Shikai, through China's ambassador to Germany, hired more than a dozen German officers, including Ba Sen, as teaching interns of the new army. They formulated various rules and regulations and supervised their implementation. In order to improve the quality of soldiers, the newly-built army has four battalions: infantry, cavalry, artillery and German army, collectively called "military equipment battalion". Students are recruited from soldiers for two years, and the graduates are junior officers. Those with excellent grades are selected to study in Germany and Japan, such as Sun, Sun, Sun, and Sun. Yuan Shikai's small station training started the modernization of the establishment and training of the Qing army, which was a major turning point in the history of modern military system in China. But at the same time, we can also see that the newly-built army was attached to the western powers from the beginning. This army, equipped and trained by the great powers, can only become a more powerful tool for the great powers to invade China and control China. In military equipment training, Yuan Shikai tried his best to adopt the advanced technology of capitalism. However, in selecting generals, he still followed the old habit of "there must be soldiers" of Hunan and Huai warlords, and specialized in cultivating his own forces, which can be roughly divided into three categories:

1. Relatives, fellow villagers, old acquaintances and army generals who have followed for many years. Most of these people are arranged to act as minions and eyes and ears in key departments. For example:

Liu Yongqing, a native of Xiangcheng, Henan Province, is related to Yuan Jia. He went to North Korea with Yuan Shikai as the general manager of Xinjian Army Grain Bureau and General Manager of Transportation Bureau, holding the power of army grain ordnance.

The son of Yuan Shikai's domestic servant, he grew up among Yuan's parents, then served as Yuan Shikai's personal bodyguard, and later served as a team officer in the first battalion of Xinjian Army Cavalry.

Wu Changchun, a native of Lujiang, Anhui Province, is an old subordinate of Yuan Shikai and was appointed as the battalion commander of the second right-wing infantry battalion of the newly-built army.

Lei Zhenchun, a native of Suzhou, Anhui Province, is an old subordinate of Yuan Shikai. He is the leader of the rear team of the third battalion of the new army infantry right wing.

Jiang Chaozong, a native of Jingde, Anhui Province, is a subordinate of Yuan Shikai. He is the director of the newly-built Army Staff Battalion and Military Academy.

Xu Shichang, a native of Zhili Tianjin, was familiar with Yuan Shikai in Chen Zhou in his early years. Then he was edited by imperial academy. After Yuan Shikai set the tone, he came to the resident management staff camp and became Yuan Shikai's most effective think tank and strategist.

In addition, Yuan Shikai's envoys in North Korea include Zhao, Wang Fenggang, Xu Bangjie and Tang Tianxi. Have served as commanders, team leaders, sentries or sentries of the new army.

Second, a group of graduates of Beiyang Military Equipment School recruited by Guan Ju. Beiyang Military Equipment School founded by Li Hongzhang is the largest army school in China. Most graduates can master some modern military skills, but they have not been reused in the old army for a long time. Yuan Shikai's selection of officers from military schools is an important reform, but this reform has a strong feudal dependency color from the beginning. By April of 1896, more than 30 ordnance school graduates had held various positions in the new army. Among them, the famous ones are:

Duan, a native of Hefei, Anhui Province, is the director of the newly established Army Artillery Battalion and Artillery School.

Feng, a native of Hejian, Hebei Province, is the general manager of Caoying, a newly-built army capital, and the inspector of infantry schools.

Wang Shizhen, a native of Zhengding, Hebei Province, was appointed as the general instructor of Jiangwutang, a newly-built army engineering project.

The above three men later became important generals of Beiyang Army, known as "Three Heroes of Beiyang" and regarded as "Dragon Tiger Dog" of Yuan Shikai.

Cao Kun, a native of Tianjin, Zhili, was appointed as the commander and supervisor of the newly-built Army Military Academy barracks.

Zhang, a native of Dong 'e, Shandong Province, was the former team officer of the Third Battalion of the New Army's Right Wing Infantry, and was later promoted to the First Battalion of the Artillery Corps.

Duan, a native of Hefei, Anhui Province, was appointed as the commander of the newly established army.

In addition, Wang Yingkai, Lu, Mason Lee, Tian Zhongyu, Yang Shande, Wang Zhanyuan, Bao Guiqing, Tian Wenlie, Chen Guangyuan, He Zonglian, Li Changtai, Zhong Lintong, Liu Chengen, Qiu Kaihao, Shang Dequan, Wang Ruxian, Ma Longbiao and Liang Huadian all served as officers at all levels in the newly formed army.

Third, recruit the old generals of Huai Army. Yuan Shikai regarded himself as the successor of the Huai army, while netting students from the armament school, and at the same time recruiting the old generals of the Huai army, saying that he recruited talents, used old and new, and treated them equally. The main generals of Huai Army are:

Jiang Guiti, a native of Bozhou, Anhui Province, was appointed as the commander of the left wing and the first battalion commander of the new army step team.

Zhang Xun, a newcomer from Jiangxi, was appointed as the commander and battalion commander of the newly formed army.

Gong Youyuan, a native of Hefei, Anhui Province, was appointed as the right-wing leader and the first battalion commander of the newly-built military step team.

Ren Yongqing, a native of Mengcheng, Anhui Province, was appointed as the first battalion commander of the newly formed army cavalry.

Ruan Zhongshu, a native of Hefei, Anhui Province, was born in the family of Huai army generals. He was recommended by Li Hongzhang to join the new army, manage and maintain the military system, and became an important staff member of Yuan Shikai.

In addition, there are Meng Enyuan, Wang Huaiqing, Yan Dunyuan and others.

Because almost all the generals of the newly-built army are closely related to the Huai army, from the organizational point of view, the newly-built army is essentially in the same strain as the Huai army, and has essentially formed a "semi-private" army. Yuan Shikai formed a feudal military group with these station generals as the core, which became his capital for counter-revolutionary cause and political speculation in the future.

When Yuan Shikai treats soldiers, he likes to use a set of political skills of "combining kindness with prestige". He wrote the Provisional Regulations on Soldiers' Battalion, the Provisional Regulations on Playgrounds, the Provisional Regulations on Marching, Article 20 of the Concise Military Law, and the Law on deserters in Chana, and ordered soldiers to abide by them and often check them in person. For strict executors, or reward silver for merit or promotion; Those who break the rules will be severely punished. He also mentally paralyzed and poisoned the soldiers, and compiled some formulas and ballads such as "Song of Persuading Soldiers", "Song of Fighting Soldiers" and "Song of Marching" to teach them to "respect officials and use their lives", which in essence required soldiers to obey and let them drive.