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The main contents of preschool education in feudal society do not include
First, pre-school family education in feudal society
In feudal society, the family was the basic cell of society, the earliest contact point between children and society, and the place where children in ancient China received preschool education.
1. The purpose of preschool family education in feudal society
(1) serves the cultivation of ruling talents.
In feudal society, rulers of past dynasties paid more attention to education and set up schools. Their main purpose is to cultivate the ruling talents of "building the country and governing the people" for feudal society through school education. The earliest pedagogic work in ancient China, Xue Ji, once said: "A gentleman must learn if he wants to turn people into customs." . ..... is a national of the ancient king, and teaching comes first. "(Xue Ji, Selected Works of Ancient Education in China, People's Education Press, 1979), p. 95. ) The establishment of Imperial College in Han Dynasty can also illustrate this point. Imperial academy was an important official institution in feudal society. Its initial motivation was that Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty accepted the famous educator Dong Zhongshu's "The greatest scholar is imperial academy; Too scholars, sages are also closed, and the source of enlightenment is also "(Ban Gu: Han Shu? Biography of Dong Zhongshu, Volume 56, Zhonghua Book Company, 1962, page 25 12. ), set up to create a bureaucratic reserve army. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, although the school gradually became a vassal of the imperial examination system, its ultimate goal was still to cultivate ruling talents.
Preschool education is the foundation of school education, and its purpose is naturally consistent with the purpose of school education, which serves to cultivate the ruling talents needed by feudal society. Therefore, in the process of implementing preschool family education in many families in feudal society, elders often educate their children with the idea of "learning to be excellent and being an official" in order to enlighten their children's knowledge of seeking official promotion in the future. At the same time, the rulers also attached great importance to preschool family education, and regarded it as an important part of feudal education and the beginning of talent education to cultivate bureaucratic reserve forces.
(2) the basis of governing the country with the family.
"Book of Rites. The University said: "The ancient desire is obviously superior to the world, governing the country first; If you want to govern your country, you should first get your family together; If you want to live in harmony with your family, you must first cultivate your body ... and then cultivate yourself, cultivate yourself, cultivate your family, cultivate your family, govern the country, and govern the country. " "His family can't teach, but there is nothing to teach others." Confucius also said: "the rule of the home country, so the rule can be moved to the official." (gu: "Japanese knowledge record? Family Affairs, Selected Materials of Preschool Education History in China, People's Education Press, 1989, p. 44. It can be seen that the ancients attached importance to family education and regarded it as a test of the foundation and management ability of the future government. At the same time, because "everything in the world has a beginning. "A family is established at the beginning of a child's life." (Qiu? : "University Supplement" frontispiece, "Ku Quanben". Therefore, the preschool education of children by family is the basic content and starting point of family education. In this sense, one of the purposes of preschool family education is to lay the foundation for governing the country in the future.
Patriarchal political rule with the logical connection between family education and governing the country as the link, the throne is inherited by the chief executive, and the people are similar in blood. Patriarchal management is carried out by patriarchy within the family, and the supreme ruler of the country implements the rule of "family and the world" with monarchical power. Patriarchy and monarchy have the same name. Although the county system was implemented after Qin dynasty, the family was still the intermediary of the state ruling the subjects. In the feudal society of China, the county was generally the lowest administrative unit. However, this country is vast and has a large population. In order to implement effective rule, it is necessary to rely on local autonomous rural organizations. Due to the characteristics of social group living in rural areas of China, the family has become the foundation of rural organizations. Rural organizations exercise joint rule of clan power and political power over the people, so the rule of the country ultimately depends on the strength of family organizations. "The family is uneasy and the country is in trouble." As a result, many politicians and thinkers put forward the view that the country is at home, and to govern the country, it is necessary to govern the family first, giving the family population triple functions of production, material production and education, which makes the traditional family in China have special significance.
(3) polish the lintel
If managing the family is the ultimate goal set by politicians for ancient pre-school family education, then shining the lintel is the substantive motivation and the most practical purpose for ordinary families to implement pre-school education. There is a joke among the people: a father let his beloved son ride on his neck, and a Taoist saw it and accused him of "riding his father like a horse!" " However, as soon as Mr. Daoism's voice fell, the child shouted, "I hope my son will become a dragon!" ""The children's words showed the general mentality as elders at that time, which was closely related to the hope of family prosperity.
It is rooted in the characteristics of China society to link the personal honor with the family honor. China was a society that paid attention to blood relationship in ancient times. Rulers of past dynasties made laws and punished criminals, which were not limited to individuals, but always involved the whole family. As the saying goes, "one person's disaster, the whole family suffers", one person breaks the law, ranging from three crimes to nine. Similarly, getting ahead is not only an honor for one person, but also an honor for the whole family. For example, in the imperial examination era, if someone in the family was promoted to high school, the court would report the good news in red, and the whole family would be immersed in jubilation. It is precisely because of the relationship between individuals and families, honor and disgrace and * * * that preschool family education is particularly important in feudal society. The elders in the family regard their children as private property, and hope that enterprises can make their children "Jackie Chan" as soon as possible through tutoring, so as to achieve the purpose of revitalizing the family business and honoring their ancestors. At the same time, children and grandchildren also have their own families and careers, aiming at glory, which is also the best way to repay their parents' kindness.
2. The content of preschool family education
Throughout the pre-school family education in feudal society for more than two thousand years, its educational contents mainly include ideological and moral education, regular education, cultural knowledge education, physical health care and so on.
Ideological and moral education
In ancient China, ideology and morality were the main contents of education. Confucius said, "If you have spare capacity, you will learn literature." ("The Analects? Learning first ",The Analects of Confucius (Yang Bojun), Zhonghua Book Company, 1980, p. 5. Behavior refers to conduct and virtue, that is to say, only with the spare capacity of conduct and virtue cultivation can we learn cultural knowledge. Taking morality as the theme of school education and social education in feudal society for thousands of years is also the "program" of preschool family education. Wang Xiu once taught his son, "You don't have to study, but learn to be a man." (Wang Xiu: "Ten Commandments" "Ancient three generations, Qin and Han Dynasties, Three Kingdoms and Six Dynasties? After all, China people ". Zhu, an educator in the Southern Song Dynasty, also said: "We should teach them virtue from an early age and teach them virtue." (Li Jingde: Zhuzi School, Volume 7, Zhonghua Book Company, 1986, p. 123. ) Carrying out ideological and moral education for children in the family is mainly to make children form initial moral concepts and develop good behavior habits. This kind of moral education mainly includes the following aspects:
(1) Filial piety
"Lu Chunqiu? Filial piety said: "Filial piety is the basic cause of the three emperors and five emperors. "Visible, pay attention to filial piety has a long history in China. After the Western Zhou Dynasty, filial piety became the basis of ancient morality. Therefore, in feudal society, cultivating children's concept of filial piety has become the primary task of preschool family education.
The education of "filial piety" for children mainly requires children to form the habit of not going against their parents' will and obeying their absolute authority from an early age. For example, Li Yuxiu, a scholar in the Qing Dynasty, once said in Disciples Rules: "It is urgent for parents to call; Parents, don't be lazy; Parents teach, you must listen; Parents have the responsibility to be obedient. " Sima Guang, a historian of the Northern Song Dynasty, also pointed out in his Miscellaneous Documents: "All children, regardless of their size, must consult their parents." These requirements are to highlight the absolute authority of parents.
The education of filial piety for children also requires children to develop the habit of respecting their parents from an early age. "Filial piety? Ji Xiaoxing said: "Filial piety is also a matter of living in the heart, raising and enjoying it. "In other words, filial piety is to be respectful to parents at ordinary times, not to slack off, to serve parents as much as possible and make parents happy. Book of rites? Qu Li also asked his son to be "warm in winter and cool in summer, and calm in the morning" to his parents. In other words, parents should be kept warm in winter, cooled in summer, made in the evening and greeted in the morning. Huang Xiang in the Eastern Han Dynasty can be said to be a model of this filial piety. " Xiang is nine years old and can warm up. (Wang Yinglin: Saint Amethyst, A Review of Feudal Mongolian Culture in China? Appendix, Shaanxi People's Publishing House, 1989, p. 22. It is said that when Huang Xiang was 9 years old, she was very filial to her father and could warm her bed with her body temperature in winter. Therefore, it was listed as one of the twenty-four filial piety in ancient times and became an example for children in feudal society to learn.
Paying attention to cultivating children's moral quality of filial piety from childhood is the embodiment of the traditional moral consciousness of respecting and filial piety for the elderly in ancient China. At the same time, as the beginning of the formation of children's moral consciousness, it also conforms to the law of children's moral formation. Of course, the "filial piety" in feudal society is essentially "borrowing the theory of father and son" and "being strict with monarch and minister" Highlighting the filial piety of patriarchy aims at strengthening the loyalty to the imperial power, and this kind of loyalty and filial piety is the foolish loyalty and filial piety that does not ask right and wrong. It completely stifles children's personality and freedom and becomes the source of slaves and minions, which we should criticize.
If filial piety is used to maintain vertical family relations and occupy a dominant position, then it is used to strengthen horizontal family relations and occupy an auxiliary position. The education of caring for children mainly requires children to be friendly from childhood, love their younger brothers, and love their younger brothers. It is said that when Kong Rong, a great writer in the Eastern Han Dynasty, was 4 years old, he could give his big pear to his younger brother and keep the small one for himself. The story of "Kong Rong Li Rang" was widely circulated in feudal society and was cited as a typical example of education for many times in preschool family education.
The purpose of emphasizing the cultivation of virtue in family education is to make brothers live in harmony, the family is prosperous, and individuals can stand in society in the future. During the Three Kingdoms period, Xiang Lang warned his son: "Poverty is not a problem, peace is the most precious." "Jiuzu and peaceful movement, quiet also." (Xiang Lang: "Last Words and Commandments" "Ancient three generations, Qin and Han Dynasties, Three Kingdoms and Six Dynasties? All three languages ". Yan Zhitui, an educator in the Northern Qi Dynasty, clearly pointed out: "Brothers, fractal and even angry people are also ... two relatives are dead, and brothers care for each other, as if they were inseparable." (Yan Zhitui: Yan's family precepts? Brother, Yan Jiaxun Collection, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1980, pp. 37 and 40. ) If brothers fear each other, sons and nephews don't love each other. Who will help foreign countries when disasters come? Shu Wei? There is another story in Biography of Tuyuhun: King Tuyuhun has 20 sons. When he was dying, he called his sons to his side and said, "Each of you takes an arrow from me and breaks it on the ground." His sons all broke their arrows. Then he said to his mother and brother, "Take 19 arrows and combine them to break them." His mother and brother can't stop folding. The jackal said, "Do you understand? It is easy for a single arrow to break, but it is difficult for multiple arrows to break together. Only when everyone works together in Qi Xin can the country be consolidated. " This story just shows that brothers unite to have strength.
(2) Advocating frugality
China was an agricultural civilized country in ancient times, and the stability of the countryside determined the security of the imperial court. Agricultural production is hard and the harvest is hard to come by. As the Tang poem said, "Who knows that every grain of Chinese food is hard?" Therefore, cherishing food and advocating frugality have become the traditional virtues of the Chinese nation and the important content of family education.
In feudal society, the family business created by parents was hard, and the younger generation enjoyed it. "It's easy to go from frugality to extravagance, and it's difficult to go from extravagance to frugality." (Sima Guang: "Training frugally shows health", "Family heirloom" Volume 67, "Sikuquanshu"? Ji Bu? No classes. If children are not allowed to form the habit of thrift.
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