What's the difference between Song Dynasty and Qing Dynasty?

Link: /question/2892 1674/ answer /425636 17.

Source: Zhihu.

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Author: Wu Gou

1, [incited by literati]

There is a scholar in Sichuan who wrote a poem to the magistrate in Chengdu: "The plank road burns the sword gate, and Xichuan is not dry." Encourage Sichuan independence. Chengdu magistrate quickly reported to the court. Song Renzong said, "The old scholar wants to be an official, but there is no good prescription. Be a small official for him. " 600 years later, another scholar named Ceng Jing encouraged Yue Zhongqi, the governor of Sichuan and Shaanxi, to oppose the Qing Dynasty. As a result, Yongzheng started the literary inquisition, and then Qianlong cut off Ceng Jing.

2. [Minister's Secret Play]

Song Zhenzong asked Li Ling, the prime minister, "Some ministers have secrets, why don't you?" Li Ling said, "If I have official business, I will talk openly. Why use secret music? I hate people who engage in secret fun. What can I do? " In the Qing dynasty, officials were proud of their right to play in secret. Zhejiang Buzheng asked Yongzheng: "All the princes and princes have a discount, and all the ministers have a discount." Agree, wagging your tail like a dog.

3. [Forced by the monarch]

Song Renzong doesn't seem to have any ideas. No matter how big or small political affairs are, they are all handed over to courtiers for discussion, and a result is discussed before implementation. Therefore, people say that Renzong' can't do everything, only be an official'. Qianlong of the Qing dynasty was very opinionated, and he had the final say in everything. He also knows martial arts, fighting, killing people, writing poems (writing poems when he sees famous paintings and cultural relics), picking up girls and engaging in literary prisons. He knows everything. He named himself' Old Man Shiquan'.

4.[ Actor asks politics]

In Song Huizong, a comedian performed a farce, ridiculing that the welfare policy of the Song Dynasty led to "endless suffering for the people". Hearing this, Hui Zong "thought for a long time and thought it was a crime". In the Qing dynasty, the imperial troupe performed well and was rewarded with wine and food. During the dinner, a lonely man didn't mean to ask, who is the chief executive of Changzhou today? Yongzheng was furious: "You are an actor, a lowly person. How dare you ask an official? Its wind is really not long! " Ordered the actor to be killed.

5.[ Risk of nepotism]

Ouyang Xiu wrote "On cronies", which cleared the name of cronies and put forward the theory of gentleman's affiliation, which opened the theoretical precedent of the embryonic form of party politics in the Northern Song Dynasty and made Song Renzong "finally realize". Six hundred years later, Yongzheng was particularly dissatisfied with Ouyang Xiu's theory. He wrote an imperial "Theory of cronies" to refute Ouyang Xiu's "Dissident Theory" and said combatively, "I will condemn what was built today to correct the crime of confusing the world."

6.[ posthumous title Storm]

Xia Song died, Song Renzong posthumous title "Zheng Wen". Liu Yuan's father was very unhappy, so he asked the emperor, "How can your majesty invade the slanderers because they have something to do?" Finally, it was changed to Wen Zhuang. Six hundred years later, Yin Jiaquan went to the Qianlong Emperor's Mansion and asked his father to die and worship the Confucian Temple. Qianlong was furious: Who are you, Yin Jiaquan? "Barking is unforgivable." . Ordered the execution of Ling Chi. After mercy, it was changed to wringing. The emperor's kindness is mighty, and there is no dog's decision.

7.[ Power of the Prime Minister]

Cheng Yi said to Emperor Dasong: "The prime minister and the banquet are the only important tasks in the world. The chaos in the world is the prime minister, and the merit of the monarch is the responsibility of the feast. " The emperor of the Song Dynasty didn't think there was anything wrong with what Mr. Cheng said. In six hundred, Qianlong was particularly uncomfortable with Cheng Yi's words, and wrote an article criticizing Cheng Yi, which meant that you, a detained official, dared to take it as your duty to rule the chaos in the world. You are arrogant, which is especially a big deal!

8.[ Dignity of Scholars]

Song Shenzong once talked with Cheng Hao about talents, and Zong Shen said, "I have no problem." Cheng Hao immediately questioned the emperor: "How can your majesty despise the world?" Song Shenzong shrugged and said, "I dare not! I dare not! " Six hundred years later, in the heyday of the Qing Dynasty, when Ji Xiaolan co-sponsored the university students, he was reprimanded by Gan Long for discussing state affairs: "I think your writing style is excellent, so you brought the Si Ku Quan Shu, but it's just to promote the sages and preserve the world. How dare you talk about state affairs? "

9. 【 Yizhuang Relief 】

Fan Yizhuang, founded by Fan Zhongyan, has a rule: every nation has to pay 30 yuan to marry a woman; Married daughter remarried for some reason, to 20 yuan. It can be seen that the Song people are sympathetic to women's remarriage and give humanitarian assistance as much as possible. In the Qing Dynasty, Fan's "Yizhuang" rule was changed to encourage widows to find festivals: when the festival is over, they can get double rice subsidies, but if they don't win, they will not be subsidized. This is the difference between the spirit of Song and Qing Dynasties.

10, [foreign trade]

In 987, Song Taizong sent envoys with letters and silk to Hainan countries in four ways to attract foreign businessmen to trade in China. About 800 years later, 1793, the British Empire sent Magalny to China, hoping for Sino-British trade. However, the boss of Ganlong refused this request and wrote back to the King of England, saying: China is rich in natural products and has everything, and does not rely on foreign products to exchange needed goods. Imagine if it was the Song Dynasty that met Magalny.

1 1, [open the door]

In the Southern Song Dynasty, the coastline of the whole Song Dynasty was opened to the outside world, and developed trade with countries in western South Asia. Huainan was in the north, Hangzhou Bay crossed the border with Fuzhou, Zhangzhou and Quanzhou, and Guangzhou Bay and Qiongzhou Strait were in the south. The Qing dynasty imposed a maritime ban for 30 years, and only in the late Kangxi period, four ports were established. However, his turtle grandson changed four mouths to one, closed the customs in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Fujian, and only reserved one mouth in Guangzhou to trade with the West and Southeast Asia.

12, [valuing quotient over quotient]

In other words, the traditional society in China tends to despise business, but scholars in the Song Dynasty, such as Ye Shi and Chen Qi Qing, put forward "four people first", and the Song Dynasty actually became the era that paid the most attention to business. Wang Yangming, Huang Zongxi and others in the Ming Dynasty also put forward the theory that "four people do different things but have the same way" and "business is the foundation". However, after the founding of the Qing Dynasty, China returned to the road of worshipping the book and attaching importance to agriculture. Yongzheng said: "Agriculture is the fundamental cause of the world, and workers and craftsmen are at the end."

13, [slavery]

A sign of social progress is the reduction of personal attachment. Before and after the Tang Dynasty, there was slavery. Slaves are untouchables and belong to the private property of the master's family. In the Song Dynasty, untouchables were abolished in law, and handmaiden and master's family were no longer physically attached, but economically combined. Manchu rule was brought into slave relationship from grassland, Manchu entered the customs, and then colonized slave relationship, "strictly dividing master from slave". Even in the late Qing Dynasty, Manchu people still maintained the habit of slavery.

14, [urban population]

Urbanization is an important index to measure the degree of social development. The level of urbanization in Song Dynasty was the highest in all previous dynasties. The population of the Northern Song Dynasty is not less than 1 100 million, the urban population is 20. 1%, and the urban population of the Southern Song Dynasty is 22.4%. After 600 years, to what extent did the urbanization level of the Qing Empire drop? Around 7%, it fell to the bottom of history. Until 1970s, the proportion of urban population in China has not recovered to 22%.

15, [saint shaping]

Song Renzong was portrayed as a sage like Yao and Shun in the Song Dynasty, and Kangxi and Qianlong were also portrayed as saints like Yao and Shun in the Qing Dynasty. It seems to be the same thing. All Confucianists are kissing the emperor's ass. But in fact, the difference is great. After Injong's death, the Song people shaped him into a holy king, with the aim of establishing an imperial code to bind the monarch before him. The Qing dynasty held the living emperor as a saint in order to establish the absolute authority of imperial power.

16, [banquet difference]

In the Qing Dynasty, the banquet system had a very absurd variation-the banquet in Song and Ming Dynasties was taught by scholar-officials, but in the Qing Dynasty, the banquet was actually taught by the emperor: after the banquet officials finished speaking, the emperor made a royal statement, and then the officials knelt down and praised: "The emperor's knowledge of enlightenment is profound and profound, unprecedented, and full of wings, showing the world." I'm glad to wait for you. "The emperor is already a natural saint, and this is one.

17, [Taoism and political unity]

Li Guangdi of the Qing Dynasty once kowtowed to Kangxi and said, "Fu Wei is the emperor who takes the fate of heaven and lets the Tao rule." Another banquet official also explicitly touted Kangxi: "(My emperor) has both the importance of governing the country and the importance of orthodoxy." We know that the monarchs after the "three generations" were never included in the genealogy of Neo-Confucianism established by the Song people, but the literati in the Qing Dynasty respected Kangxi as the "orthodox" successor. The independence and nobility of "Tao" have since been lost.

18, [ministerial temperament]

Scholar-officials in Song Dynasty were a group of people with temper. During the reign of Injong, Zhang () served as an remonstrator in Taiwan, and "everything is inevitable". One day Emperor Injong talked to him, probably saying that he was "lonely" (lonely) and had no friends, so he should pay attention to his heart and so on. Hearing this, Zhang replied to the emperor: "I am not lonely, your majesty is lonely." Injong asked, "Why?" Zhang Dao: "I have a wife and relatives outside, how can I be lonely?" Your majesty is only accompanied by maids. Not lonely? "Said injong a sullen, back to the nagong told the story to the queen, but he couldn't help crying. Why? Because Injong is old, his sons are dead, and his knees are really lonely. Zhang's words hit the most painful place in the emperor's heart. But we can't blame Zhang for this, and Reng Zhang continues to be his exhorter. What about the literati of the Qing Dynasty? Lost his temper. The most typical one, as Cao Zhenyong's official secret said: kowtow more and talk less.