Investigation on Liangzhu Culture in Yixing

Accompanied by novels, movies, operas and music, the legend of Liang Zhu touched China people from generation to generation this year and spread widely all over the world. When Zhumadian City was approved as one of the first places for issuing special stamps of Folk Customs-Butterfly Lovers, many Henan people who were familiar with this story were surprised: Liang Zhu's story originally originated in runan county, Zhumadian City ... Will Liang Zhu, who lives in another country, come later?

□ Yu

The stamp was returned to Liang Zhuhun.

The Grass Bridge Becoming sworn, Three Years of Classmates, Eighteen Farewells, Meeting on the Tower, become a butterfly Qi Fei. ...

Speaking of the legend of butterfly lovers, how many people in China are not familiar with it? How many China scholars can find out and understand the legendary hometown of Liang Zhu?

These five classic plots in The Legend of Liang Zhu have been carefully compiled by the people of China for nearly two thousand years, and now they will become "national business cards"-June 65438+1 October 65438+1October 8, 2003, and the State Post Bureau will issue the third series of China folk stamps: Folk Customs-Liangzhu/.

In order to win the launching place of butterfly lovers Stamp, some places related to butterfly lovers Stamp have appeared black powder-Zhumadian, Ningbo, Hangzhou, Shaoxing, Yixing, Jiangsu, Jining, Shandong and other places compete to apply for the launching right of butterfly lovers Stamp.

On the surface, all over the world are fighting for the right to publish the butterfly lovers Stamp, which is actually a hidden danger. They want to use "butterfly lovers stamps" to start and "kill" their opponents. The whole country has repeatedly stressed that they are the birthplace of the legend of Liang Zhu, 10 places. Whoever grabs the starting right of butterfly lovers Stamp will have the upper hand in the dispute over the birthplace of butterfly lovers legend.

Ningbo, Zhejiang and Yixing, Jiangsu are the most popular in the dispute over the right to launch "Butterfly Lovers Stamps". Some people speculate that the State Post Bureau may "decentralize", that is, put the launching ceremony of "Butterfly Lovers Stamps" in Yixing, Jiangsu and Ningbo, Zhejiang.

On the way, a journey broke out. On July 7th, 2003, the State Post Bureau informed Henan Post Bureau: "It is agreed to hold the launching ceremony of" Folk Stories-Butterfly Lovers "special stamps in Zhumadian City, your province on June 5438+10/October 65438+August, 2003 ..." At the same time, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province was approved by the State Post Bureau.

Qin, director of the Stamp Administration of Henan Province, said in an interview on September 5: "So far, Zhumadian City and Ningbo City have won the right to launch the special stamps of Folk Customs-Butterfly Lovers." However, industry insiders said that Yixing, Jiangsu Province may be more than that, and other places may be making final efforts.

It's not surprising that Zhejiang won the right to launch butterfly lovers Stamp-butterfly lovers, a Shaoxing opera movie, is popular all over the country. Liang Shanbo in the film is from Huiji, Zhejiang, and Zhu Yingtai is from Shangyu, Zhejiang. Their study place is in Hangzhou, Zhejiang.

But why did Zhumadian become one of the "two overlords" in the battle for the right to start? There may be a large part of Henan people, and even many Zhumadian people are puzzled by this.

■ Tracking people and things

"Eight years ago, if you asked me this question, I was completely blind. At that time, I didn't believe that the legend of Liang Zhu had anything to do with Zhumadian. I only know that Liang Zhu is from Zhejiang, because it is very clear in the movie. At the beginning of 1995, when the leader assigned me to investigate the local legends in Liang Zhu, I still had resistance in my heart, but as a national cadre, I had to obey the arrangement and had no choice but to investigate. " Liu, vice chairman of Zhumadian Federation of Literary and Art Circles, told reporters about his first contact with legends.

Liu started from Zhumadian City and took a bus to Maxiang, runan county, which is said to be the center of legend. Since then, a borrowed bicycle has spent many lonely times with him-the wheels are spinning in Runan, and when he is thirsty, he asks his fellow villagers for water to drink; Hungry, I make do with a meal in the street and sometimes ask the villagers for something to eat. ...

In Maxiang Town and Village, Liu met it. Knowing that Liu had come to investigate the legend of butterfly lovers, he killed his old hen without saying anything-a bloody murder!

"There are many stories about Liang Zhu, and Liang Zhu is buried behind the village. The ballad handed down from generation to generation here is:' Liang Shanbo Zhu Yingtai buried Maxiang Road. Liang Shanbo was buried in the west and Zhu Yingtai was buried in the east. "Said to liu at that time.

After collecting many legends of Liang Zhu in Liu Kang's life, he went to Zhejiang and other places to learn about others. By the way, he looked up information in Zhejiang Library for three days and ate instant noodles for three days. The harvest is that he found a master's view on the legend of Liang Zhu in the 93rd issue of Folklore magazine published on 1932. Professor Feng, a famous scholar whose ancestral home is Tanghe, Henan Province and former vice president of Shandong University, first published it in this issue of Folklore magazine.

After Liu returned to Henan with confidence, he visited various towns and villages in Runan many times to investigate the legend. As a result, the legend of Liang Zhu, which was circulated among Henan people, began to surface. The Cao (Cao) Bridge, Hongluoshan Academy, ancient roads, double tombs and a large number of legends and customs about Liang Zhu, which have been classmates for three years, have gradually come out of the long past.

Whether the launching ceremony of a stamp is held in a certain place depends on whether the place is the main body of the stamp, that is, the place where people and things in the stamp pattern happen. In Runan, people and things such as "grass bridge sworn", "three years together", "eighteen seeing each other off", "balcony meeting" and "become a butterfly flying together" can be found except "balcony meeting". However, in other places in China that call themselves Liang Zhu's hometown, it would be nice to attach a "person and thing" to the "Liang Zhu Stamp".

■ Breaking the foundation of the countryside from chaos

"A few years ago, five people from liang-zhu cultural park, Ningbo wandered here for three days and stole six ancient bricks from Liang Zhu's tomb." Li Xinping, who is over 60 years old, is still annoyed to mention this matter. "I asked them' what are you doing with my things' and they said' it's no use leaving this brick here'." Gee, don't you think it's irritating? "

Liu's words were confirmed. That's 1997. Five people, including Ningbo Liangzhu cultural expert Zhou, visited Runan. "Finally, they insisted on seeing me and said to me,' You are the source of Liangzhu legend. What a pity to put such a good flower here! ”"

Like Zhou, many cultural researchers believe that Runan is the source of legend. Gao Zeng, director of the local chronicles office in Shangyu City, Zhejiang Province, said to Liu: "There is no conclusive evidence to prove that it is a Shangyu person, and it is probably a Zhongyuan person." Most Liangzhu culture researchers in Yixing, Jiangsu also believe that "Liangzhu legend probably came down from the Central Plains, because most people here, including Zhu Ling Village, came from the Central Plains".

Six ancient bricks that Zhou and others "stole" from Runan are now displayed in the exhibition hall of liang-zhu cultural park, Ningbo, but it can be clearly seen from people's words that these ancient bricks came from the "Tomb of Maxiang Town, runan county". The ancient brick has a feather pattern, which belongs to the Jin Dynasty. Ningbo "consecrated" these ancient bricks in the exhibition hall, but in Mabei Village, Maxiang Town, these bricks scraped from the tomb were "displayed" in the pigsty. When Ningbo invested 65.438+300 million yuan to build Liangzhu Cultural Park, Runan only invested 20,000 yuan to set up two new monuments in front of Liangzhu's tomb and several new brands in his hometown and hometown, that's all.

The legend of Liang Zhu originated in the Jin Dynasty and is the knowledge of experts who study Liang Zhu culture. In the Jin Dynasty, due to the Eight Kings Uprising and other reasons, runan county's clan name moved to the south of the Yangtze River. Legend has it that they followed the migrants to the south of the Yangtze River. Now in the ancient genealogy of Jiangsu and Zhejiang, many surnames are said to be from the Central Plains or Runan County, including Liang and Zhu.

Yesterday, Zhu Liang arrived in Jiangnan with the migrating Henan people; Today, Jiangnan attaches great importance to the brand value of Liang Zhu. Now, Song Wan Academy has been renovated in Hangzhou, and with the help of the legend of Liang Zhu, Song Wan Academy has been attached as a place for Liang Zhu to study. Just as Hangzhou invested tens of millions of yuan in the comprehensive restoration of Song Wan Academy, Yong and Shao also played the "Liangzhu" brand. Ningbo has built Liangzhu Cultural Park and held China Liangzhu Wedding Customs Festival. Shaoxing, who lives between Hangzhou and Ningbo, said that because "Zhu Yingtai's hometown" is Shangyu in Shaoxing, the real Liangzhu culture is in Shaoxing, and exchanged views with UNESCO officials on the application of Liangzhu culture for the world intangible cultural heritage.

Just when the controversy was in full swing in Zhejiang, Yixing, Jiangsu made an amazing move in silence: officially declared Liangzhu culture as the world intangible cultural heritage to the Beijing office of UNESCO. Yixing named Bixian Temple "Yingtai Reading Room" and built "Zhu Ling", and designated the first day of the third lunar month (the legend is Yingtai's birthday) as "Double Butterfly Festival".

Runan in our province invested more than 20,000 yuan around 1996, adjusted the tombs of Liang and Zhu, and erected several brands of hometown, hometown and Hongluoshan Academy. After that, it fell silent in the lively dispute between Liang and Zhu all over the country, and there was nothing new.

During the interview, many people interviewed in Runan asked the reporter, "Isn't Liang Zhu taken away by others again? I heard that people are rich and powerful, and they took our things away! Isn't it? "

Journalists really can't answer these questions of the people.

Looking for two butterflies in front of Liang Zhu's tomb

A person's skull was once kicked around as a football by children in Ma Village.

This skull was excavated from Liang Shanbo's cemetery in 1964. Along with the skull, there is a jade bowl and a pair of jade chopsticks. Like the skull, they are all gone now.

An old villager in Mabei village admitted that this happened. It was done by the new immigrants from Lake Suya in 1959.

1964, 200 meters west of Liangzhu Tomb, a new road from Runan to Zhengyang is being built. Some people heard that the construction party needed broken bricks to pave the road, so they tore up Liang Shanbo's tomb. There are many Jin Dynasty ancient bricks in Liang Shanbo's tomb. Grave robbers smashed these ancient bricks and sold them to highway builders for two yuan. It is said that they sold more than 10 and got more than 20 yuan. The skull, jade bowl and jade chopsticks mentioned above were all unearthed in the tomb of Liang Shanbo at that time.

Stripped Liang Shanbo's tomb, these people began to play the idea of Zhu Yingtai's tomb. After these people dug a pyramid-shaped mound in the northeast of Zhu Yingtai's tomb, some people were afraid. "I was afraid that there were weapons hidden inside, so I sealed it again." .

Although there were no violent corpses in Yingtai, they found many things in Zhu Yingtai's tomb, including pottery horses and pots. "Ma Tao is twenty or thirty centimeters high. I rode it when I was young. I don't know where it was taken. " Villager Li Xiaozhong told reporters.

"Liang Shanbo Zhu Yingtai, buried in Maxiang Road". Liang Zhu's tomb is separated by a north-south official road, which the locals call the Beijing (Luoyang) Han (Han) ancient road. After 1964, the newly built Runan-Zhengyang Highway was opened, and this once prosperous road was slowly left out in the cold. 1978, this road was still open to traffic, but now because many bridges on the road are in disrepair and the pavement has not been repaired, the official road has become a country road. (Figure 2)

The tombs of Liang and Zhu are 30 kilometers away from today's Runan County. Li Xinping, a villager from Ma Bei Village, Maxiang Town, told the reporter: "In the past, it was a mass grave. The beggars from other places died, and no one collected the bodies and buried them here."

Why is Liang Zhu buried in this chaotic grave?

■ Buried with the butterfly.

And marriage, the village of Maxiang is a must. "Zhu Yingtai's home is in the south of Mabei Village, east of the road, and Ma Wencai's home is in the north of Mabei Village, west of the road. According to local rules, it is necessary to take the main road to get married. For Ma Wencai, it is impossible to bypass the Jinghan Road. " Li Xinping told reporters. Before he died, Liang Shanbo told his family to bury himself next to the official road in the north of Maxiang Town, just to see Yingtai again when she got married.

Liang Shanbo was buried in Guandao West. After Zhu Yingtai's death, her family buried her in the east of Guandao, separated from Liang Shanbo's tomb. This is obviously inconsistent with the popular saying that "being buried together into a butterfly". The villagers explained that in ancient times, people thought that a marriage that was not married by a well-known media was not a formal marriage and could not be buried together.

Some villagers also said that it was actually buried together, but out of ethics, Zhujia built an empty grave on the east side of the road to hide people's eyes and ears-"The same hole is difficult to change, and the fake grave is left for the world to see."

But in any case, Liang Zhu's tomb and Zhu Zhu's tomb in Runan were built separately, each with its own tomb, which is quite different from the legend of Liang Zhu in other parts of the country. However, the saying that Liang Zhu's story "turned into a butterfly and flew to the grave" widely circulated in the country has not been "adopted" in Runan. Don't Runan people who are located in the Central Plains and have convenient transportation know this proverb? It's hard to believe. "The reason is that the legend of butterfly lovers here was not introduced from other places, but was born and raised. The uniqueness of the legend of Runan shows its original characteristics. " Liu said:

At that time, Zhu Yingtai did not follow Ma's family and died on the way to the wedding, which made Ma's family lose face. According to local people, there is another unwritten rule in Mazhuang and Zhu Zhuang, that is, the two villages will not get married. Why Zhu Zhuang and not Zhu Zhuang? The local saying is that the surname is not Zhu, but Zhu, whose ancestral home is. Like Zhu, outsiders also made a mistake (in order to take care of everyone's reading habits, in writing, reporters follow the crowd and use them unless otherwise specified).

Liang Shanbo's home is in Lianggang, xiaohe town. "The road from runan county to Xiaohe Township passes through two villages called Liang. The village in southern Shandong is called Nanliang, while the village in northern Shandong is called Lianggang instead of Beiliang. Why? " Shen Hailin, a villager in Mabei Village, asked himself: "I have lived with a woman for three years, and I don't even know if she is a man or a woman, so many people think that Liang Shanbo is a fool and laugh at him. Speaking of Liang Shanbo, local people say that fools belong to Beiliang. " People in Beiliang Village were ashamed, so they changed Beiliang into Lianggang. In Lianggang Village, the 60-year-old old man Liang told reporters: "Liang Fool is from Lianggang. His name is passed down from my grandfather's grandfather. Before liberation, Liang Zhu Opera was not allowed in our village. Whoever wants to perform has to beat them away, which is also a rule handed down by my grandfather's grandfather. But after liberation, it was staged, and we dare not stop performing the national drama. "

How did Liang Zhu become a butterfly? The story here is different.

Zhu Yingtai died in front of Liang Shanbo's grave, sent her family back to Zhujiajian Island and told Zhu Yingtai's father about it. After Zhu Yingtai's father arrived, a white butterfly kept patting his cheek, so he said to the white butterfly, "Son, dad is sorry for you. Dad should not force you to get married. You died a terrible death. Dad made you a wish and built you a home. " Later, in the southeast of Zhu Yingtai Cemetery, a white pavilion dedicated to the White Bodhisattva was built. In the local area, the White Bodhisattva is regarded as the incarnation of Zhu Yingtai. In 1950s, Baiyige still had six halls, three east-west wings and a gatehouse. "When I was a child, I went to school by a white house, which was later demolished." Li Xinping said.

to be continued