Brief introduction of leaning tower of Pisa

The leaning tower of Pisa (Italian: Torre pendente di Pisa or Torre di Pisa, English: lean Tower of Pisa) was built in August 1 173, which is the independent bell tower of Pisa Cathedral in Italy, located in the Miracle Square in the north of Pisa in Tuscany, Italy.

A group of religious buildings are scattered on the lawn of Miracle Square. They are cathedral (built in1063-13rd century), baptist church (built in1153-14th century), bell tower (leaning tower of Pisa) and cemetery (built in 65438). ?

The leaning tower of Pisa is 58.36 meters high from the foundation to the top of the tower and 55 meters high from the ground to the top of the tower. The wall of the bell tower is 4.09 meters wide on the ground and 2.48 meters wide on the top of the tower, with a total weight of about 14453 tons, and its center of gravity is 22.6 meters above the foundation. The circular foundation covers an area of 285 square meters and the average ground pressure is 497 kPa. The inclination angle is 3.99 degrees, 2.5 meters away from the outer edge of the foundation, and the top floor protrudes 4.5 meters. Tilting was first discovered in 1 174.

Architectural style:

The leaning tower of Pisa is undoubtedly an important building in architectural history. Before the serious tilt, its bold circular architectural design has shown its originality to the world.

Although it is not uncommon for Italian bell towers to adopt circular foundation design in early years, similar examples can be found in ravenna, Tuscany and umbria, the Pisa Bell Tower is considered to be independent of these prototypes. To a greater extent, the circular building was independently designed and developed on the basis of previous architectural experience, forming a unique pizza style.

For example, the circular design of the bell tower is considered to correspond to the reflection of the cathedral building on the side, so it deliberately imitates the arc design of the semi-circular back hall of the church. More importantly, the bell tower is consistent with the emphasis on circular structure in the square, especially after the completion of the grand circular Baptist church, the whole square is more like the modern version of Anastasi in Jerusalem. This design is derived from classic ancient architecture.

The decorative style of the bell tower inherits the classic works of cathedral and Baptist church. This wall is made of marble or limestone and divided into two kinds of white belts. The arch with semi-exposed square columns, the carved gate in the arcade, the rhombic lattice flat top and the wall above the arcade form a strong contrast between the bright side and the dark side, giving people the illusion that the columns in the bell tower are quite heavy.

There is a visual continuity between cathedral, Baptist church and bell tower.

History and culture:

Galileo's experiment of free fall

Legend has it that in 1590, Galileo, an Italian physicist born in Pisa, made a free-fall experiment on the leaning tower of Pisa, dropping two spheres with different weights from the same height at the same time, and as a result, two shot puts landed almost at the same time, thus discovering the law of free-fall, overthrowing Aristotle's previous view that heavy objects would land first, and the falling speed was directly proportional to their mass.

However, Galileo's two spheres did not fall together like the legend. Even if the acceleration of gravity is constant, the two spheres will not fall together because of air resistance. This is why goose feather and shot put will not land together. Because of air resistance, two spheres cannot be regarded as free falling bodies. But Galileo's experimental theory is correct. No matter how many objects are in a vacuum, they all follow the law of free fall.

The story of Galileo's free fall experiment in the leaning tower of Pisa is recorded in the book "The Historical Story of Galileo's Life" written by his student vincenzo viviani (1622- 1703) in 1654 (published in 17 17).

According to another record, in 16 12, a man did this experiment on the leaning tower of Pisa, but he did it to refute Galileo. As a result, the two balls did not land at the same time.

Baidu encyclopedia-leaning tower of Pisa

Composition of the leaning tower of Pisa

At the beginning of the tower, the tower is still straight.

However, when it was built on the third floor, it was found that the tower began to tilt and the project was forced to stop.

The main reasons for the tilt of the tower are poor soil strength, insufficient foundation depth (only 3 meters deep) and heavy marble tower, which leads to uneven sinking of the tower.

This happened entirely because the architect did not conduct a comprehensive and detailed investigation and survey of the local geological structure, which led to his design mistakes and careless foundation laying.

After the tower stopped for 96 years, construction began again.

In order to prevent the tower from tilting again, engineers took a series of remedial measures.

For example, using beams with different lengths to increase the weight of the tower inclined in the opposite direction, trying to shift the center of gravity of the tower.

However, due to the fact that the three-story tilt has become a reality, after the completion of the whole tower, the center point of the tower top is still about 2 meters away from the vertical line of the tower center.

For more than 600 years, because the loose foundation can't bear the weight of the tower, it still continues to tilt slowly to the south.

The south of the tower foundation has begun to sink.

Especially in the last hundred years, the tower has been inclined to the south about 30 cm, with an inclination of 8 degrees, and the tower has exceeded the vertical plane by 5. 1 meter.

1972 10, a major earthquake occurred in Italy, which caused the leaning tower to suffer a strong impact, and the whole tower shook for 22 minutes, which was extremely dangerous.

Fortunately, the tower still stands.

This phenomenon of "inclined but not inclined" is a miracle in the history of world architecture, making the leaning tower of Pisa famous far and near.

The leaning tower, a miracle in the history of world architecture, is not only famous for "leaning but not falling", but also because in 1590, Galileo, a great Italian scientist, made a free-fall experiment at the top of the leaning tower, making two iron balls with a weight difference of 10 times fall from the top of the tower at the same time. As a result, two balls landed at the same time, overturning the minds of nearly 2000 people in one fell swoop.

Galileo ushered in a new era of experimental physics, known as the "father of modern science", and the leaning tower he used to do experiments was more famous.

When Galileo walked down the leaning tower, his composition was 400 words.

After Aristotle stepped down from the Leaning Tower of Pisa, Galileo stepped down from the Leaning Tower with great excitement when his experiment was successful. His eyebrows bent down a little, his mouth rose a little, and the big stone in his heart fell to the ground.

His mood at this time is very complicated, that is, he is excited and has an unspeakable feeling. He doesn't know what people will think, but he hopes that his goal has been achieved.

He walked out of the leaning tower happily and looked at the crowd over there.

I saw some people blushing and lowering their heads, as if afraid to look at the little girl in front of them.

I saw the little girl say in a reproachful tone: Uncle, I have already said that the teacher will succeed. Although I didn't believe what the teacher said before, seeing is believing, but my hearing is empty.

After I saw it with my own eyes, I believed all this. We should treat science with a rigorous attitude. If you are so blindly superstitious about Aristotle, I don't think Aristotle will feel very happy when he knows it.

An old woman next to her said, Oh, my God! I can hardly believe my eyes. I am really superstitious about authority. I always thought that everything the great Aristotle said was right, but I didn't expect it to be all wrong. I really shouldn't criticize Galileo's practice before I saw him doing the experiment.

Composition of the leaning tower of Pisa

The Leaning Tower of Pisa is an ancient building in Pisa, central Italy. It was originally a bell tower of Pisa Cathedral.

This 54.5-meter-high eight-story cylindrical building was started in 1 174. Due to the weak foundation, the tower was found to be tilted just after it was built on the third floor and had to stop working.

After more than a century, people continued to build, so when it was completed at 1350, this Roman marble building was like a crooked tree, which could never be straightened.

Since then, more than 600 years have passed, and the leaning tower of Pisa has tilted 5.3 degrees to the south, which is about 1mm every year.

However, despite the tilt of the tower and the constant earthquakes, this ancient pagoda still stands in the city of Pisa, becoming a miracle in the history of world-famous architecture.

In addition to the above reasons, the Leaning Tower of Pisa is famous in the world because it is closely related to an important event in the history of scientific discovery.

It was a sunny day on 1590. A 25-year-old young scientist with red hair led several young college students through the crowded square of tourists, got into the arched ticket gate at the bottom of the leaning tower and climbed the stairs along the spiral inside the tower.

Not long after, the tourists gathered in the square found that there were college students at the arched ticket gate outside the leaning tower of Pisa, and the young scientist with red hair climbed to the top of the tower.

"Hey, what are they doing?" An Italian businessman with a beard in the square asked a snack vendor nearby puzzled.

"Sir, they are students at the University of Pisa.

"The peddler with a white apron around his waist replied," I heard that they are doing some real ... experiments.

"The vendor is right, because there are several college students in the square who are letting tourists leave the leaning tower to avoid being hurt by things falling from the tower.

While speaking, the red-haired young scientist at the top of the tower shouted; "Are you ready?" The heads sticking out of each floor shouted in unison, "All right, we can start!" " "At this time, all the college students on each floor of the tower reached out, holding a heavy box with a glass hourglass next to it. At that time, there was no accurate stopwatch, and the hourglass was a tool for calculating time.

That box contains two objects of different weights, some are two iron balls of different sizes, some are stones of different sizes, and some even have ink bottles and quills.

This box is specially made. Just press a button and the bottom cover will open automatically.

The experiment began.

Only the red-haired young scientist at the top of the tower made a phone call, and the college students at the bottom pressed the button.

At this time, I saw the box open and two objects with completely different weights fell quickly. A few seconds later, people in the square heard a bang and two objects landed at the same time.

Followed by the second, third and fifth floors ... repeat the experiment in turn.

Finally, the red-haired young scientist at the top of the tower still holds a box with two iron balls of different sizes. He pressed the button and the iron ball flew down quickly, and the result also landed at the same time.

The time recorded by the hourglass illustrates the truth that objects with different weights fall from the same height and reach the ground at the same time.

The experiment succeeded! Although the tourists in the square are not interested in this experiment at all, this experiment has shaken a "truth" that no one has doubted for thousands of years. This "truth" was put forward by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle. He thinks that when an object falls from a height, its speed depends on its weight. The heavier the object, the faster it falls.

The Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment overturned this authoritative conclusion.

Who is this red-haired young scientist who dares to challenge authority? He is a famous Italian mathematician, astronomer and physicist.

This is the process of recording the experiment at that time.

Galileo's composition of walking out of the leaning tower

Galileo was an Italian physicist, astronomer and mathematician.

/kloc-At the age of 0/7, Galileo was admitted to the University of Pisa as a medical major.

He likes asking questions and won't stop until he gets to the bottom of it.

Once in class, Professor Biro gave a lecture on embryology.

He said: "Whether a mother gives birth to a boy or a girl is determined by her father's strength.

When the father is strong, the mother gives birth to a boy; When the father was weak, the mother gave birth to a girl.

As soon as Professor Biro's voice dropped, Galileo raised his hand and said, "Teacher, I have a problem.

Professor Biro said unhappily, "You ask too many questions! You are a student. Listen carefully to the teacher in class, take more notes, don't think about it, it's easy to ask questions, which will affect students' study! " "This is not thinking, and it is not easy to ask questions.

My neighbor, the man is very strong, but his wife has given birth to five daughters in a row.

This is just the opposite of what the teacher said. How do you explain this? "Galileo was not intimidated by Professor Biro and continued.

"I said it according to Aristotle, a famous ancient Greek scholar, and it can't be wrong!" Professor Biro moved out the theoretical basis and tried to convince him.

Galileo went on to say, "Is it necessary for Aristotle to insist that what he said is true? Science must be consistent with facts, otherwise it is not real science.

"Professor Biro was asked, unable to step down.

1609 In July, he heard that someone in Holland invented the telescope for people to enjoy. In August, according to rumors and refraction phenomena, he found a lead tube and a plano-convex concave lens, made the first triple telescope, improved it to 9 times in 20 days, and exhibited it on the top floor of the tallest tower in Venetian San Kyle Square for a few days, which was a sensation.

165438+ 10 In June, he made a telescope 20 times larger and used it to observe the sky. He saw the moon as bright as a mirror, but it was convex and concave.

A composition about scenic spots

Wuxi Tour Wuxi, known as the Pearl of Taihu Lake, is a famous city in the south of the Yangtze River with a history of 3,000 years.

This winter vacation, my parents reported to Zhelun Overseas Travel Agency and took me to enjoy the beautiful scenery in the south of the Yangtze River.

This tour guide is related to the area we want to go to.

His surname is Wu, so he is called Wu.

We started a two-day tour with little Angkor.

Wuxi is the city with the largest number of studios in China. Now that we have arrived in Wuxi, why not go and have a look? The first stop of Wuxi's scenic spots is "Water Margin of the Three Kingdoms".

The Three Kingdoms Water Margin Scenic Area is located at the foot of the lush Zhang Jun Mountain and the beautiful shore of Taihu Lake.

Most of the buildings in the scenic spots have a strong Han Dynasty style, such as Wugong, Kanluoji, Cao Ying Flood and Drought Village, Wuying, Racecourse and Dianjiangtai.

The gates of the Three Kingdoms are tall and mighty, the flags are fluttering in the wind, and the two beasts in the square, Tianlu and evil spirits, make the gatehouse more solemn.

Shuihu is divided into two areas, one is a civilian area and the other is Jingcheng District.

Unfortunately, I didn't come at the right time and couldn't visit it carefully.

Due to the fog in the morning, the road was closed for more than three hours, and it was not until the afternoon that the "tour" really began.

When the whole water margin scenic spot is finished, it will get dark and dinner will start.

After dinner, we visited the famous Xi Hui Park.

Xi Hui Park is a large-scale comprehensive garden with beautiful scenery, numerous cultural relics and historical sites, and comfortable leisure and entertainment.

The beautiful park is a "natural museum" in Wuxi, with green mountains and striking scenery.

The main landscapes of Xi Hui Park are "the second spring in the world" and "Jichang Garden".

Jichang Garden in Ming Dynasty has a history of 100 years, so it was named "Jichang" because the owner expressed his feelings about mountains and rivers and was open-minded and carefree.

With the help of natural scenery, the garden is slightly decorated, and the exquisite garden products are integrated with humanity and nature.

The scenery in the park is diverse, with rockeries, carved stone columns, secluded paths and towering ancient trees seamlessly combined to weave a beautiful picture of "the shadow of Jinjiang Tower swaying".

Out of Jichang Garden, go straight along the paved road, and you can see more beautiful scenery.

The whole Xi Hui Park is beautiful at night.

The next morning, we went to the Pearl River Scenic Area at the source of Taihu Lake for sightseeing.

Taihu Lake is the third largest freshwater lake in China.

Yuantouzhu is a peninsula in Wuxi, located on the northwest coast of Taihu Lake. It was named because a huge stone burst into the lake and looked up like a giant owl.

We sat on the boat, and a gust of wind and Buddha came.

Looking into the distance, several hills are looming in the clouds; Looking down, several waves are constantly alternating.

At this time, a speedboat flew over, and several white splashes appeared on the water where the speedboat passed.

After a while, the boat docked, and we got off the boat one after another to continue to enjoy the beautiful scenery on both sides.

Walking on the stormy bridge, I looked up and saw auspicious clouds and beasts painted on every sill. Looking to the right, there is an old fisherman fishing stone carving, which also shows the prosperity and development of fishing culture at that time.

After more than an hour, we got together again and went back by boat. Then, we went to Lingshan Scenic Area.

Lingshan scenic spot is located on the shore of Taihu Lake in Mashan, Wuxi, bordering Taihu Lake, leaning against Lingshan Mountain, with Qinglong Mountain and Baihu Peak, which is a rare place of Buddhism.

The most famous scenic spot in lingshan scenic spot is Lingshan Buddha.

The Buddha statue stands on Xiaoling Mountain, with an investment of 100 million yuan and 700 tons of copper, which is 42 meters higher than the bronze statue of the Statue of Liberty standing in new york. It is known as the "unique giant statue in the world" and its copper consumption is three times that of the Statue of Liberty. It is higher than the "world's largest Buddha" standing in Leshan, Sichuan17m.

There is also a famous dynamic sculpture "Jiulong Irrigation Bath" in lingshan scenic spot.

At 2 pm, accompanied by the music of "Buddha's Birthday" specially created for him, the giant lotus flower held by Si donkey kong slowly opened, and the gilded statue of Buddha as a child stood among the lotus flowers.

At the same time, 27 phoenixes spewed holy water, and 9 dragons spewed water columns straight at the Buddha statue, making the Buddha statue more chaotic and sacred, and the scene was very gorgeous and spectacular. At this time, the water column also spilled around, and many people were drenched.

Lingshan Buddha is the last scenic spot of this tour, and our journey is over, so we return to Ningbo by bus.

Several golden sunsets passed through one mountain after another, shining on one plain after another, and finally stopped on the glass of the car.

The sunset brings everything into the red world.

It dyes the clouds on the horizon red; Paint the roof red; Spilled people's cheeks red.

When the wheels roll on the road, our journey ends.

Goodbye, beautiful Wuxi!

How to write Huqiu's composition on an unforgettable day

In an article, we must pay attention to the order, and the article should not be irrelevant and messy. The best way is to outline it, have such an outline in mind, and then describe it in detail.

In the process of painting, be realistic, and don't write things like "the rooster lay eggs", or you will make a joke.

Also pay attention to punctuation, don't use it indiscriminately. Punctuation also has the law of punctuation. Pause, pause, and omit.

The composition of Nanxing Juxing Tower is 500 words.

Standing on the banks of the Xujiang River, the most dazzling ancient building is the Juxing Tower, which is known as the "Wugang Jade Pen".

We climbed to the top of Wugang Mountain along the newly-built path and witnessed the colorful scenery of Juxing Tower ... Juxing Tower was built in the forty-second year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (16 14), formerly known as "Qiyuan Tower".

In the 11th year of Chongzhen (1638), the top of the tower collapsed by lightning and was later repaired.

Located on the hill at the intersection of Xujiang River and Tanlihe River, it was renamed "Shuangjiang Building" in the first year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty (1662).

In the fifteenth year of Qianlong (1754), the tower was in disrepair, and the magistrate Yao raised funds to repair it.

The tower stands by the water, between heaven and earth, gathering the aura of heaven and earth, and pinning people's beautiful expectations. It was called "Wugang Jade Pen" by ancient literati.

Whenever the bright moon is in the sky and the stars shine, overlooking the five deep pools under the tower, the tower shadow reflected in the clear water is dotted with countless stars, competing to shine like the stars holding the tower, so it was renamed as "Juxing Tower".

1992, the county * * * poured special funds for maintenance, and the restored Juxing Tower was handsome and elegant.

The sun rises first, and the morning light competes with the pagoda; As the sun sets, Xia Hong and "Jade Pen" set each other off.

Lijiang River and Xuhe River are like ribbons, sparkling.

Wannian and Taiping Bridge lie in the waves like double bows.

Clear water and green hills, ancient pagodas and long bridges, and farm Tian She form a natural picture.

Juxing Tower is a wonderful architectural work and a rare leaning tower in Jiangxi Province.

The tower, 30 meters high, is a hollow cornice brick tower with seven octagonal floors, which are gathered from bottom to top, and each floor has windows.

The eaves are jagged and layered, and the top of the tower is brick.

The tower gate faces southwest, and there is a long bluestone engraved with the word "Juxing Tower" on the threshold.

The tower ladder is sandwiched between brick walls and twists and turns left and right.

If two people climb the left and right ladders at the same time, they will not meet. This design is very rare.

What's even more peculiar is that the Juxing Tower is still a leaning tower, and the whole tower leans to the north.

According to legend, when the tower was first built, some people saw the ink owner building the tower like this, fearing that it would collapse, but the ink owner replied with a smile: "The bridge has a thousand years, the tower has a thousand years, and the feet of the leaning tower are as stable as iron. The north wind blows the tower straighter, regardless of the Millennium wind.

"The Juxing Tower faces Wuyi Mountain in the east, and the original water system and Xujianghe River system were leveled by Jiangxi in the Northern Dynasties. The whole terrain is like a corridor, so there are many north winds in the four seasons, which is a big tuyere.

According to the topography, wind direction and wind force, the ancient craftsmen can design the tower to tilt to the north, which is very scientific and fully shows the wisdom of the ancient working people in architectural art.

The ancients thought Wugang Mountain was a scenic spot in Hejun County, so they built a tower here to ward off evil spirits and a bridge to store gas and lock up wealth.

Although this is a superstitious practice of the ancients, it does increase scenic spots and provide convenient transportation for the people of Jianchang County.

It not only set a symbol for ancient Jianchang water transport, but also left a historical relic for today.

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