Friedrich W?hler detailed data collection

Friedrich Weller was a German chemist from July 1800 to July 23 1882. He is famous for synthesizing urea artificially and breaking the "vitality" theory of organic compounds.

Basic introduction Chinese name: Friedrich W?hler mbth: Friedrich W? Heller's birthplace: escher Scheim near Frankfurt Date of birth:1July 3, 8001Date of death:1September 23, 882 Occupation: German Chemist Graduate School: Heidelberg University's main achievements: introduction of synthetic urea, life, one loses one gains, naughty boy, interesting experiments, scientific achievements, synthetic urea. OumlHler),1800 July 31-1882 September 23, German chemist. He is famous for synthesizing urea artificially and breaking the theory of vitality of organic compounds. Wheeler liked chemistry when he was young, especially interested in chemical experiments. 65438-0820 entered Marburg Medical University to study medicine, but he still often conducted chemical experiments in the dormitory. His first scientific paper was "On the Properties of Mercury Thiocyanate", which was published in Gilbert Yearbook, and was valued by the famous chemist JonsJ.Berzelius. Later, I went to the University of Heidelberg to study under the famous chemist LeopoldGmelin and physiologist Thiedemann. 1823 obtained a doctorate in surgical medicine. After graduation, I worked in the laboratory of Bezelius for one year, and then taught in Frankfurt and Berlin. Friedrich W?hler was born in Scheim, escher, near Frankfurt on July 3rd1800. His father is a famous local doctor. 1820- 1822, studying medicine at Marburg University. 1822- 1823, studying medicine at the University of Heidelberg, studying chemistry under leopold gmelin. (Starting from 182 1 year) 1823 On September 2nd, Friedrich W?hler completed his studies at the University of Heidelberg, obtained a doctor's degree in surgical medicine, and was recommended by his tutor Ge Meilin to work in the laboratory of Bethelius in Stockholm, Sweden. 1825 ——1831year, he taught chemistry at Berlin Technical University. 183 1 year-1836, teaching chemistry at Kassel Institute of Technology, Germany. 1836 —— 1882, full professor of chemistry, University of G? ttingen. 1882 died in gottingen on September 23rd. One day passed, and Dr. Wheeler came home and said sternly to Little Wheeler, "The teacher reported on you today, and you didn't study hard. Learn math even if you don't like it. You embarrassed me in front of the whole city. Your father is not only a respected doctor here, but also in other places, and you are a lazy egg in our family. " Friedrich looked at his father with grievance and frowned. "What am I lazy? I have read many books and done many things. " "Do something useless!" Father raised his voice, "I want you to study hard! Bring your chemistry book. " Friedrich felt that his father was not joking this time, so he hesitated and reluctantly took out the book Experimental Chemistry. This book has been turned over. Dr. Wheeler rolled it up and said, "By summer vacation, if you learn all the subjects well. I'll pay you back. " For Friedrich, there is no more severe punishment than this. Since he found this old chemistry textbook from his father's room, he can't put it down any more. His room became a laboratory, and even the simplest experiment would satisfy him: he lit a piece of sulfur and didn't care how suffocating the gas was. He looked at the blue-purple flame happily, which was amazing! However, his most precious thing, the chemistry experiment book, was searched out by his father. Friedrich W?hler Friedrich sat in a chair with tears in his eyes. His ears were hot and he pursed his mouth unhappily. Anyway, he should be loyal to his favorite chemistry! Suddenly, he jumped up and ran out of the room like a fly. Dr Booker lives far away, on the other side of the river, so Friedrich runs along the street. "May I see Dr Booker?" He said to the doorman. "Please come in." Friedrich's father and Dr. Buch are good friends, but Friedrich himself came to his house for the first time. He knows that Dr Buch is knowledgeable and has a rich collection of books. But he never thought that Dr Buch had so many books! In the doctor's spacious office, the bookshelves against the wall are as high as the ceiling, and the corridors are full of bookcases. Friedrich looked at these rich and valuable books while admiring them. "Why, do you like it?" The host looked at the child and asked. Dr. Buhe is a middle-aged man in his forties and fifties, but his hair is a little gray. He combed it back, revealing a high forehead and eyes full of wisdom, which looked peaceful and kind. "So many books!" Friedrich said happily, "That's why I came to see you, Dr. Buch. Do you have any books on chemistry? " I want to have a look. ""just looking? " Dr Buch asked with a smile. He heard from his friend Dr. Wheeler that the child had always wanted to do some experiments. "Son, let me find some books for you. "He pointed to a bookshelf." There are all books on chemistry here. Pick what you like. "Friedrich couldn't believe his eyes, as if he saw not Dr. Buch, but Alibaba and his endless treasure. Father looked for one of his books, but he got a treasure-house book! Wheeler is very happy. He never stops borrowing books. Friedrich, a naughty boy, made a battery pack out of copper and zinc. He tried many times to get potassium, but there was no result. He also tried to melt caustic potash in various utensils and then apply current for a long time, but it didn't work. Maybe the current is not strong enough? He thought in disappointment. He couldn't help touching the electrode of the battery with his hand. The current in this battery was strong enough that he was shocked at once. But it did not cause harm to the body. He decided to play a joke on his little sister. "I want to show you something interesting, will you? Come with me. ""You have to promise me not to get those suffocating gases. "Sister said and went upstairs with him." What is this? "She looked at the copper and zinc." Don't ask, just take it. "My sister held out her hand, and suddenly, a scream rushed out of her mouth, and she felt a strong electric shock all over her body. Friedrich burst out laughing. When he turned off the power, his sister lay pale in bed with a look of extreme fear in her eyes. After a while, she woke up and shouted at her brother. " What happened? "Mother rushed in in surprise." Nothing, mom. I just want to show my sister how wonderful electricity is. ""He tried to kill me, Mom. "My sister pursed her lips and complained," Now my hands are still shaking and my elbow hurts. It's all because of his annoying battery. " "Friedrich, you are too shy. His mother scolded him and said, "you have grown up, but you still do stupid things." Dad will never support your behavior. "My father was really angry, but Friedrich explained to him that this phenomenon was not as terrible as my sister said." Women are too timid. "Friedrich muttered," I have tried many times myself. Try it if you don't believe me. "Dr. Wheeler didn't want to lose his dignity in his son's mind, so he agreed to give it a try. Upstairs to Friedrich's room, the young experimenter gave the ends of two wires to his father, and then turned on the power. Electricity immediately tied the doctor's hand tightly, and no matter how hard he tried, he could not open his palm. " Friedrich, come on! Stop it! "Father's angry voice made Friedrich understand that his performance would never be rewarded. He hurriedly removed the electrode. Father has jumped up from his chair, grabbed the battery box and threw it out of the window. "You're ridiculous! No brains at all! "Friedrich finally got a scolding from his father. Friedrich W?hler's Interesting Experiment After Friedrich W?hler went to college, he quickly turned his dormitory into an out-and-out chemistry laboratory. On one occasion, young scientists mixed ammonium thiocyanate solution with mercury nitrate solution and got the precipitation of mercury thiocyanate. After filtering out the white sediment, he dried it and went to bed by himself. But he couldn't sleep at all. It's still far from dawn. How time flies. After getting up, Wheeler put on his clothes, lit candles and continued his experiment. He put some mercury thiocyanate on the tile to make it close to the burning charcoal fire in the fireplace. After a while, the tile was heated, and the white powder on the tile began to make a "snapping" sound and spread out on the tile. Gee, that's amazing. Wheeler opened his eyes wide, the color of the powder changed from white to yellow, and the volume expanded obviously, more and more, bigger and bigger. Wheeler watched what happened with interest. When the noise stopped, he took some white powder, dipped it in some water, rubbed it with two palms, kneaded it into a white "small sausage", hung it on the tile for a while, and then heated one end of the tile violently, and the familiar thump rang again. At this time, the heated end of the "small sausage" began to expand violently, forming a big bubble. This spherical bubble quickly rolled along the "small sausage" to the other end, because at this time it spread to the whole substance. Finally, the reaction stopped, leaving a stagnant yellow substance. That night, Wheeler stayed up all night. The next morning, he wrote down the decomposition reaction. After repeated experiments, he published a paper on how the thermal decomposition of mercury thiocyanate occurred. Although the article is not long, it has attracted the attention and praise of the great chemist Bettley Uss. This incident increased young Wheeler's confidence in his own strength. Therefore, he decided to go to Heidelberg, thus turning a new page in his life journey. Friedrich W?hler's Scientific Achievements Willer published more than 270 chemical papers in his life and won 3 17 honors from all countries in the world. He is a diligent chemist. The main results are as follows: Synthesis of urea Weiler began to study the synthesis of ammonium cyanate from 1824, but he found that the white crystal obtained by adding ammonia water to cyanic acid was not ammonium salt. By 1828, he finally proved that the product of this experiment was urea. Willer is regarded as a pioneer in the study of organic chemistry, because he accidentally discovered the method of synthesizing organic matter from inorganic matter. Before this, it was generally believed that organic matter could only be produced by one kind of vitality in animals or plants; Humans can only synthesize inorganic substances, not organic substances. Weller's teacher, Bezayrie Uus, also supported the vitality theory at that time. He wrote to Weller and asked him if he could "make a child" in the laboratory. Friedrich W?hler Wheeler wrote a paper entitled "On the Artificial Preparation of Urea" on his own discovery and experimental process, which was published in 1828 Yearbook of Physical Chemistry, Volume 12. This paper introduces in detail how to prepare pure urea from cyanic acid and ammonia water or ammonium chloride and silver cyanate. As his experiments were successfully reproduced by other chemists, people realized that organic compounds could be synthesized artificially in the laboratory, which broke the dynamic theory that occupied the field of organic chemistry for many years. Subsequently, organic compounds such as acetic acid and tartaric acid were synthesized one after another, which supported Wheeler's view. The discovery of urea also shows that the molecular formula of ammonium cyanate and urea is the same, which is the earliest example of isomerism. Then, Willer discovered that the molecular formula of cyanic acid was the same as that of fulvic acid discovered by another German chemist, Justus von Liebig, in 1824. 1830, Bezerius put forward the theory of "isomerism": the same chemical composition can form compounds with different properties, but they have the same chemical composition, but they are compounds with different properties. Before that, the chemical community always thought that the same component could not exist in two different compounds at the same time. Preparation of aluminum element Wheeler reduced molten aluminum trichloride with metal potassium to obtain pure aluminum. Willer also discovered beryllium (1828) and yttrium in the same way, and named them beryllium. Another famous story about the discovery of vanadium is that Willer guessed that an ore from Mexico might contain a new element, but he didn't study it carefully, so he let the story go. His brother Niels Gabriel Sevstrom carefully analyzed the composition and found the element vanadium. According to general scientific data, after discovering vanadium, Willer confirmed the existence of vanadium for Sevstrom. Willer's other contributions include separating boron and studying the properties of silane, titanium and their compounds. 1842, he prepared calcium carbide and proved that it reacts with water to release acetylene. Willer and Justus von Liebig also made many contributions to organic chemistry. 1832, he and Justus von Liebig discovered benzoic acid group together, and studied the group reaction in organic chemistry. Almond was found in1837; 1848, Wheeler discovered hydroquinone. Main works 1:Lehrbuch der Chemie/ chemistry textbook, published by Dresden, 1825, 4 volumes; 2. Introduction to Inorganic Chemistry, Berlin, 1830, 3rd edition. Introduction to Organic Chemistry, Berlin, 1840, 4th edition. Chemical analyst/analytical chemistry experiment course, Berlin, 65438+.