Please tell me something about the culture and customs of Bosnia.

Bosnia and Herzegovina is a mountainous country in the western Balkans. It is one of the six federal units that make up the former Yugoslavia, and its capital is Sarajevo. During the period of 1990, the country became independent during the Yugoslav war. According to the Dayton Agreement, it is now a protected area of the international community and is managed by a high representative elected by the European Parliament. Administratively, the country is divided into two entities, one is the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (also known as the Muslim Federation in Chinese) and the other is the Republika Srpska.

Bosnia and Herzegovina are two geographical regions in history, and they have no political entities today.

history

Since the Neolithic Age, Bosnia and Herzegovina has been inhabited by humans. The early inhabitants were Illyrians. BC 168 was occupied by the Roman Empire. Ostrogoths occupied the region in 455, ostrogoths was defeated by the Eastern Roman Empire in the 6th century, and now southern Bosnia once became a part of the Eastern Roman Empire.

Avars began to invade in the 6th and 7th centuries, and Croats and Serbs also entered the Balkans one after another. In the following centuries, Bosnia and Herzegovina belonged to neighboring countries for many times. Tvrtko Kotromani in 1377? (Tefr Teko Kotroman Nicky？ ) established an independent kingdom of Bosnia, but 1463 the Ottoman Empire invaded and Bosnia was annexed.

Under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, many Bosnians converted from Christianity to Islam and gradually formed the Bosnian Muslim nation. Bosnia and Herzegovina became the territory of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1878, and the Austro-Hungarian Emperor Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by Serbian nationalists in Sarajevo in 19 14 (see Sarajevo incident), which led to the outbreak of the First World War. After the war, Bosnia and Herzegovina became part of the kingdom of Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia, and was later renamed Yugoslavia. During World War II, Bosnia and Herzegovina became a part of the independent state of Croatia, the puppet country of the Axis, and returned to Yugoslavia under Tito's leadership after the war. At this time, Bosnia and Herzegovina was officially recognized as a Republic of Yugoslavia, and its border adopted the border of the Ottoman Empire, which was quite different from the actual ethnic distribution.

199 1 Bosnia and Herzegovina 10 declared sovereignty, 1992 held a referendum to seek independence. The Bosnian Serbs immediately sought to join Serbia by force with the support of Serbia, and the civil war broke out. 1In March, 1994, Bosnians (Muslims) and Croats agreed to form a federation to jointly fight against Serbs. 1995165438+1October 2 1 The parties signed the Dayton Peace Agreement, which ended the civil war and divided Bosnia and Herzegovina into two entities: the Muslim Federation and the Republika Srpska. In the civil war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 200,000 people died and more than 2 million people were displaced.

After the war, NATO continued to station peacekeeping troops in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which was replaced by the European Union at the end of 2004.

politics

The Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina is composed of three people, each of whom belongs to an ethnic group (Muslims, Serbs and Croats). The term of office is four years, during which each person takes turns to be the president for eight months. The members of the Presidium are directly elected by the people, among which Muslims and Croats are elected by the Muslim Federation and Serbs by the Republika Srpska.

The chairman of the Council of Ministers shall be nominated by the presidium and adopted by the Parliament. The Chairman of the Council of Ministers is responsible for appointing ministers.

The Parliament of Bosnia and Herzegovina has legislative power and is divided into two chambers: the People's House has 65,438+05 members, 5 from each ethnic group; There are 42 members in the House of Representatives, two thirds from the Muslim Federation and one third from the Republika Srpska.

The Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina has the highest judicial power in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It consists of nine judges, four of whom are elected by the Muslim Federation, two by the Republika Srpska and three by the European Court of Human Rights, and cannot be citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina or its neighboring countries.

administrative division

Bosnia and Herzegovina consists of two entities, namely, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (also known as the Muslim Federation in Chinese) and the Republika Srpska. Brcko, located in the northeast, does not belong to any entity.

Mukherjee Federation is divided into ten states, and each state is divided into ten towns:

Una Sana 'a

Posavina

Tuzla oblast

Zenica-doboli

Bosnia-Podrinje

Central bosnia state

Bosnia and Herzegovina-Retva

Xiheishan

Sarajevo county

West Bosnia State

Republika Srpska is divided into seven districts with towns:

Banja Luka district

Beiline district.

Dobley district.

Sokolec district

Srbin ye district

Trebinje district

Vlasenica district

The capital of the Muslim Federation is Sarajevo. The legal capital of Republika Srpska is Sarajevo, while the actual capital is Banja Luka.

geography

Bosnia and Herzegovina is located in the western Balkans, bordering Croatia and Serbia and Montenegro. The country is mainly mountainous, with the Dinara Mountains in the west. Sava river (a tributary of the Danube) is the border between northern Bosnia and Croatia. There is a 20-kilometer-long estuary on the Adriatic Sea in the south.

The main cities are Sarajevo, Banja Luka and Tuzla.

economy

During the Yugoslav period, Bosnia and Herzegovina was one of the poorer areas in the Federation. After independence, civil war broke out and the economy was severely damaged. At present, the economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina is gradually recovering, and at the same time, it is necessary to transform from a planned economy to a market economy.

The currency of Bosnia and Herzegovina is convertible mark, which once maintained a one-to-one exchange rate with the German mark. After the German mark was replaced by the euro, the convertible mark continued to maintain a fixed exchange rate with the euro.

Human population

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, 48% are Bosnians (Muslims), 37. 1% are Serbs, and 65.438+04.3% are Croats. Most Bosnians believe in Islam, most Serbs believe in Orthodox Christianity and most Croats believe in Catholicism.

Country name: Bosnia and Herzegovina for short.

National flag: the background color is blue, the pattern is a golden triangle, and there is a row of white stars on one side of the triangle. The three sides of the triangle symbolize the three main ethnic groups that make up the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, namely Muslims, Serbs and Croats. Gold is the brilliance of the sun, symbolizing hope. The blue background and white stars symbolize Europe, which shows that Bosnia and Herzegovina is a part of Europe.

National emblem: blue shield. A broad white strip obliquely crosses the shield surface, and three yellow lilies decorate the shield surface from top to bottom.

Physical geography: The Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina is located in the central part of the former Yugoslavia, between Croatia and Serbia. The area is 5 1 129 square kilometers.

Population: 3,644,606 (65,438+0,996), including 2,253,606 in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 65,438+0,396,5438+0,000 in Republika Srpska. The main ethnic groups are Bosniaks (Muslims, Bosniaks for short), with about 6.5438+0.8 million people, about 450,000 Croats and about 6.5438+0.35 million Serbs. The main religions are Islam, Orthodox Church and Catholicism. The official languages are Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian.

Capital: Sarajevo is the largest city in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the political, economic and cultural center of the country, and the gathering place of international organizations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. There are 36 representative offices of international organizations, institutions and non-governmental organizations. Area 142 km2, population 3 10000 (2002).

Brief history: At the end of the 6th century and the beginning of the 7th century, some Slavs went south to the Balkans and settled in Bosnia and Herzegovina. At the end of 12, the Yeslavs established an independent principality of Bosnia. /kloc-At the end of 0/4, Bosnia was the most powerful country of Slavs in the south. /kloc-0 became Turkish territory after 463 years, and/kloc-0 was occupied by Austria-Hungary in 908. 1965438+On June 28th, 2004, Franz Pei Di, Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary, was assassinated by local youths in Sarajevo, which became the fuse of the outbreak of the First World War.

19 18 After the end of World War I, Slavs in the south established the kingdoms of Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia, and 1929 was renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Bosnia and Herzegovina is a part of it and is divided into several administrative provinces. 1945, the people of all ethnic groups in Yugoslavia won the anti-fascist war, established the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (1963 renamed the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia), and Bosnia and Herzegovina became a republic of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. 1In March 1992, Bosnia and Herzegovina held a referendum on whether the country was independent. Bosnians and Croats supported independence, while Serbs boycotted voting. Since then, the three major ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina have been fighting for three and a half years. 1On May 22, 1992, Bosnia and Herzegovina joined the United Nations. 1995165438+1October 2 1 Under the auspices of the United States, President Milosevic of the Republic of Serbia, President tudjman of the Republic of Croatia and President Izetbegovic of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina signed the Dayton Peace Agreement, and the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina ended.

Economy: Rich in mineral resources, mainly including iron ore, lignite, bauxite, lead-zinc ore, asbestos, rock salt and barite. Water power and forest resources are abundant, and the forest coverage area accounts for 46.6% of the total area of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

External relations: By the end of 1998, 125 countries recognized Bosnia and Herzegovina, and10/9 countries established diplomatic relations with Bosnia and Herzegovina. At present, Sarajevo has 42 embassies, consulates and diplomatic offices and 25 representative offices of international organizations.

Relations with China: 65438+1On April 3, 1995, China established diplomatic relations with Bosnia and Herzegovina at the ambassadorial level.