Interesting history: the story of Zhuge Liang and the Northern Expedition.

In 233 AD, Liu Bei, the Emperor of Shu, made a nationwide crusade against Wu in order to avenge his second brother Guan Yu who was killed by Dongwu. At first, the fight was smooth and sweeping, but in Yiling (now Yidu, Hubei Province), Lu Xun, the governor appointed by Soochow, set fire to it, and the national strength of Shu was greatly reduced. Liu Bei was so angry that he was in Baidicheng (Fengjie, Chongqing) for two days. If the heir can supplement it, supplement it; If you are incompetent, you can take it yourself. "Before he died, he entrusted his son Liu Chan to Zhuge Liang, a strategist, and then closed his eyes and died. Liu Bei is a kind person. He meant more than entrusting him. What he means is that you are too powerful. If you think my son can do it, you can take him with you. If he finishes his calf, you will be the emperor yourself. Zhuge Liang himself did not choose to be emperor. He became the prime minister of Shu and began to fight for the little emperor.

Zhuge Liang took over such a mess this autumn As we all know, at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wei Shuwu was divided into three countries, and no one would obey anyone. You hit him today and I'll hit you tomorrow. Originally, the relationship between Shu and Wei was not good, but now it is quite unpleasant with Dongwu, so they sent someone to make peace with Wu, who is also more accommodating. The two brothers are reunited and reunited.

The relationship between countries has stabilized, but the backyard of Shu is on fire at this time. Yizhou County, Zhangke County and Zhangyue County, together with Meng Huo, the leader of Yizhou ethnic minorities, took advantage of the defeat of Shu in the East Wu, rose up and launched a rebellion to jointly oppose the Shu-Han regime. When Zhuge Liang saw it, the scholars could not bear to be clear. Dongwu is a big country, so we can forget it. You Zhuge Liang went south to pacify the chaos and gave a good meal to ethnic minorities and various rebels. These people are no match at all, especially barbarian king Meng Huo, who was teased by Zhuge Liang. "The History of the Three Kingdoms" records: Smile, even if you hit hard. I caught it, but the light was still caught. Unable to stop, he said, "Gong Tianwei is awesome! Southerners are no longer rebellious. " He was arrested seven times and released seven times. The seventh time Meng Huo was released, he was convinced that Zhuge Liang was too arrogant and promised never to rebel again. Since then, the south has been pacified.

The pacification of the south can't satisfy Zhuge Liang's turbulent heart. He has a bigger goal in mind, that is, the distant Cao Shi empire. Since the death of Liu Bei, most of Wei's main energy has actually been used to deal with Dongwu. During his reign, Cao Pi fought with Wu four or five times, with the same result as his father Cao Cao. After xelloss's death, Cao Rui succeeded to the throne, and Cao Rui consulted with his ministers. In recent years, he should rest first and not rush to send troops to fight again. Because Wu and Shu, the two shriveled calves, formed an alliance. You hit Wu, Shu helped, you hit Shu, Wu helped, so we couldn't have an advantage in the battle, so Guo Wei chose to wait. They believe that with the passage of time, the alliance between Wu and Shu will no longer exist. When they suffocate and Guo Wei attacks again, everything will be under control.

Zhuge Liang somehow knew all these things, and Zhuge Liang was very worried, because he knew that Wei had a vast territory, Wu was adjacent to the sea, and the two countries were developing better and better. Only Shu, which is guarding this palm-sized place, has gone from bad to worse. Shu can't stand it, so they have to take the initiative.

He made up his mind, and then wrote a letter to Liu Chan, the Emperor of Shu, and wrote a list of famous teachers, which was handed down through the ages. A book review of Lu You's Anger in the Southern Song Dynasty said: "A teacher deserves his reputation, and no one can compare with him in a thousand years." But in a word, son, you stay at home and shine for you. At that time, Liu Chan was a child, and his mantra was that everything was decided by the Prime Minister.

Zhuge Liang set out with his northern expedition army. At this time, Liangzhou secretariat Wei Yan had a whim. He asked Zhuge Liang to give him 5,000 soldiers and 5,000 rations. He took this special sneak attack team, crossed the Qinling Mountains and walked along the Meridian Valley. You can kill Chang 'an at the gates in ten days and beat him out of the water. Zhuge Liang was cautious all his life. He thinks you can win Wei with 5,000 soldiers. Isn't this bullshit with me? He thinks so. Procrastination is often called brightness, timidity, sighing and hating yourself are endless. "But first established the occupation of Longyou, one step at a time, slowly eating into the territory of Wei, so first sent Zhao Yun to feint Yancheng, attracting Wei Jun's firepower and personally taking most of the attack on Qishan.

Wei was caught off guard by the blow, because Wei had not fought for many years. Enemy at the Gates, the front-line defender, was directly forced to do nothing. Most of the defenders in Longyou surrendered, including Jiang Wei, who later became the main force of the Northern Expedition. All defected and surrendered, and Wei was shocked. Wei Mingdi was terrified by Cao Rui. He personally led the army in Chang 'an, sent general Cao Zhen to defend Zhao Yun, and sent famous Zhang He to resist Zhuge Liang, who was not worried about Zhao Yun, because Zhao Yun was. Few people beat him, but he knew that Zhang He was furious. He felt that Zhang He would send troops to capture the street pavilion, which was a very important city of the Shu army. He was about to set up a heavy army in the street pavilion when a man named Ma Su begged to guard the street pavilion. Ma Su was Zhuge Liang's confidant, and Pony was highly valued by Zhuge Liang. Zhuge Liang intended him to make contributions in the Northern Expedition, so he was appointed to guard the street pavilion. This Masu speaks very well. I didn't expect to really go to war. Zhang He was beaten to tears and fled back to the barracks. The fall of the street pavilion caused the Northern Expeditionary Army to cut off an easy way to transport grain. The throat of the road transporting weapons was captured by Wei Jun, and Zhuge Liang returned to Hanzhong in vain. In order to strictly enforce the military law, Zhuge Liang cut Ma Su. According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, Liang made Ma Su supervise the army, and \. We broke the light and acted improperly, which was greatly broken by Mrs. Zhang. Brightly pull out more than a thousand people from West County, return them to Hanzhong, and slaughter them in Xie Zhong. This is how the first Northern Expedition ended.

In the winter of 228 AD, Zhuge Liang heard that Cao Xiu, the general of Cao Wei, was defeated in Wudong, and the rear was empty. He felt that he had a chance to attack on a large scale, and he couldn't get through a place called Chencang, because there was an extremely stubborn defender in this crowd, and Wei slightly: he wanted to escape from the city, but Zhao crossed the ground in the city. After more than 20 days of fighting day and night, I was rescued and retired. I'd rather die than surrender (of course I'm not dead, that's what I mean). The two sides fought fiercely for more than 20 days, regardless of the outcome. The Shu army ate up all the grain and grass, and heard that Wei reinforcements were coming soon, so they had to retreat.

A year later, Zhuge Liang set out again. This time, he sent troops to attack level tone, surrounded himself and sent troops to build Wei. Guo Huai, the general of Cao Wei, led troops to rescue him, but Zhuge Liang stopped him and had to retreat. Zhuge Liang then occupied two counties. Wei was very angry, but he thought it was shit on my head, so he sent his troops to fight back, but in the end he failed to catch up with the continuous rain.

Another year, Zhuge Liang saw that it didn't rain in Liang Yong area of Cao Wei (now Wuwei area of Gansu Province) for half a year, and the road became difficult to walk, so he made a wooden ox and a flowing horse (the first generation intelligent transport robot in China, which pulled food and weapons and could load things at a faster speed). ) Responsible for transportation, "The History of the Three Kingdoms, Shu Zhi and Zhuge Liang Biography": "Ming is smarter than wisdom, and the profit and loss are even rampant, which is unexpected." When the army struck again, Cao Wei was defeated several times before, thinking that it might be improper employment, so Sima Yi was replaced as commander in chief, leading Zhang He, Fei Yao, Dai Ling and Guo Huai to station troops in Chang 'an, and Zhuge Liang and Sima Yi fought back and forth, regardless of the outcome. However, due to the protracted war of the Northern Expeditionary Army of Shu, Li Yan, who was in charge of transporting grain, was ineffective, resulting in insufficient supply of grain and grass and had to retreat.

Four northern expeditions and four defeats, Zhuge Liang refused to accept. He was deeply appreciated by Liu Bei and trusted orphans. How can he help the Han family without destroying the Han thief of Cao Wei? So in 234 AD, he once again sent troops to the Northern Expedition and jointly attacked Wei with Sun Quan. This time, he camped in Wuzhangyuan on the south bank of Weihe River. Sima Yi laughed at Zhuge Liang and said that the old guy would follow Wugong Mountain to the east. He camped in Wuzhangyuan, and this trip must have been for nothing. However, Zhuge Liang considered it comprehensively. In the past, we had to transport grain and grass from Shu, but now we are planting land and growing grain directly in the local area. Sun Quan led the troops to attack Cao Rui, and Cao Rui was wiped out. After Cao Rui defeated Dongwu, ministers suggested that the emperor could go to Wei and Shu to bid. According to historical records, the emperor said, "The general has orders, but I have no worries." Cao Rui said, go to what ah, zhuge liang go year after year, he can't move, he went back. From this point of view, Wei was used to Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition and paid little attention to it.

Sima Yi and Zhuge Liang fought again, and Sima Yi was obscene. He knew that Zhuge Liang could not fight for long. After the Shu army is tired, it has to go back to its hometown and can't insist. Zhuge Liang is also very obscene. He couldn't seduce you at first sight, so I gave you two women's clothes to wear. Zhuge Liang tried every means to humiliate him, but Sima Yi just didn't move. He also learned from the spies that there were no capable people in the Shu army, and Zhuge Liang did everything himself. He is very happy, and thinks that if Liangzi works so hard every day, he will be tired sooner or later.

Sure enough, in August of that year, Zhuge Liang broke down from constant overwork, and he did all the dirty work alone. He died in Wuzhangyuan, and the fifth Northern Expedition also failed.

The five Northern Expeditions were magnificent, but ended in failure. The reasons are as follows. First, there are very few people in Shu who can lead troops to fight and do practical things. At the beginning of the Northern Expedition, Zhao Yun was 70 or 80 years old, and was dragged to the battlefield. The lack of talents led to Zhuge Liang's own major events. Zhuge Liang could not bear the combination of state affairs and military affairs. Second, the original talent shortage, Zhuge Liang did not choose the right person. Because I like Masu, I gave him important tasks and important areas, which led to the fall of the street pavilion. Street kiosks, which can be attacked, retreated and defended, are strategic locations, and all the layouts of Zhuge Liang have been disrupted by a mistake. Third, long-distance combat, Zhuge Liang led troops to the northern expedition, but it was a long-distance battle, and the front line could stretch for thousands of miles. The supply of grain and grass is a big problem, and Li Yan, who is in charge of grain and grass, is still a dead thing. Fourth, contain the kingdom of Wu, because it is the three kingdoms, with three pillars. While Zhuge Liang was beating Wei, he should be on guard against big brother Wu attacking his backyard. Fifth, it is quite nerve-racking to deal with Zhou Yu and Zhuge Liang when they form an alliance with Sun Liu. During the Northern Expedition, he became Sima Yi, who changed the law all day and opposed Zhuge Liang. For many reasons, the Northern Expedition failed and the great cause of reunification failed to be realized.

Some historians will question Zhuge Liang's northern expedition strategy. They believe that Zhuge Liang's strategy is to attack slowly from Hanzhong and gradually encroach on the land of Wei, which is time-consuming and laborious. If Wei Yan's sneak attack plan had been adopted, Wei might have been finished at once, and later generations had different opinions on Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition. In fact, Zhuge Liang was not really infatuated with the Northern Expedition. In any case, he is not only responsible for the great cause of Shu. Expanding territory, and Liu Huangshu's expectation for him when Baidicheng entrusted orphans. In the rolling history, that expectation also returned to Wuzhangyuan with Zhuge Liang.