The alliance process of maritime alliance

Tong Guan had a small victory in the battle with Hehuang and a slight advantage in the contest with Xixia, so he made up his mind to send messengers to Liao to find out the truth. In the first year of Zheng He (1 1 1), Zheng Yunzhong, a bachelor of Duanming Temple of Hui Sect, was the birthday ambassador of He Liao, and Tong Guan was the deputy ambassador. Tong Guan used eunuchs to control Liao Dynasty, which greatly despised the princes and ministers of Liao Dynasty. He smiled and said, "That's what the Southern Dynasties lacked!" There are also some complaints about sending Tong Guan to Song Dynasty. I had to claim that Liao had heard about Tong Guan's contribution to the fight against Xixia, so I wanted to meet him.

In the Liao Dynasty, Yan met Tong Guan. Ma Su was originally a big family in Liao country, and his official position was Guangluqing. When he saw that the emperor of Liao was fatuous and tyrannical, and the people were miserable, the rise of Jurchen nationality brought great pressure to Liao country. He felt that the future of Liao country was gloomy and in danger, so he had the idea of submitting to Song Dynasty. He and Tong Guan hit it off, sneaking around. In the second year of Zhenghe (according to the History of Song Dynasty, it was in October of the first year), Ma was implanted in Song Dynasty, first renamed Li, a good heir, and hid in Tong Guan. At the same time, the question of Liao people moving to court has been discussed. There were many comments in court, which impressed Hui Zong deeply. According to Feng Nianpu, Liang Sizheng sent a wax bomb to Tong Guan for five years, saying that the Liao people were suffering from charcoal, and the crisis of Zongshe was just around the corner, so the Song Dynasty could take the opportunity to send troops. However, after discussion between Cai Jing and Tong Guan, Hui Zong allowed Li Liangsi to enter the country. It was supposed to be the new moon night in the summer and April of Gengzi. Hui Zong thanked him for his asylum, gave him the title, and changed his name to Zhao Liangsi. The former has nothing to do with Cai Jing, and the latter takes too long, both of which have shortcomings.

Since then, Zhao Liangsi has frequently sent envoys between Song and Jin Dynasties, becoming a leader in the talks between Song and Jin Dynasties, which has had a great influence on the foreign policy trend of Song Dynasty.

In the autumn and July of the seventh year of Zhenghe, influenced by the turmoil of Liao-Jin War, a pharmacist named Han Ergao and a monk named Lang Rong in Liao-Jizhou (now near Tianjin), that is, Sufu Erzhou (now near Dalian), drifted to Wendeng County by boat. Perhaps he learned about the reality of Liao and Jin countries from fugitives and was inspired by their escape methods. Song remembered that he could cross the blockade of Liao people by sea and get in touch with Jin countries on the other side of the Bohai Sea. On August 3rd, Wu summoned seven or eight officials to Dengzhou to guard Julian Waghann. On the 22nd, Ding Chou, led by Gao, took a boat tour of Nuzhen from Pingshui Division. When traveling to the north shore of Bohai Sea, due to the large number of Jurchen patrol boats, several of them were harmed by Luo Ji, and they were scared to wander around and returned to Qingzhou on the third day of the first month of Zheng He's eighth year. The failure of the first exploratory diplomacy did not extinguish the hopes of the Song people. On April 27th, the first year of Yuan Reform, Doctor Wuyi and Pinghai soldier Hu Yanqing were sent to the front of the Jurchen Army to discuss with Gao. Ma Zheng, a doctor of Wuyi, sent a mission to Dengzhou (now Penglai, Shandong Province) to seek gold, and conveyed to Jin Taizu the intention of "cutting Liao in harmony" in the Song Dynasty, and the two sides began formal exchanges.

At this time, many people in the imperial court raised objections to the joint attack on Liao, such as Taizai Zheng, Deng Xun, a senior official in charge of the Privy Council, and Cao Zean, an army of Guang 'an. In order to calm down the argument, Tong Guan adopted a policy of submit to humiliation, which probably means that clouds are the roots and thistles are the branches and leaves. When the adventurous harassed Yan, they took the cloud with heavy troops. This argument has not changed the established itinerary. The emperor took a subtle neutral attitude towards this argument, and only gave Yao Chen a small official who served as a minister.

After the envoys of the Song Dynasty arrived at the border of Jin State, they were captured by Jin soldiers and unfortunately tied up to meet Hong Yan, the king of Jin State. Ma Zheng traced the traditional friendship of buying horses between Jin and Song Dynasties back to the King of Jin, and took this opportunity to suggest that we could unite to attack Liao. Song people boasted about Akuta's achievements, saying, "When the sun rises, saints are born. Steal the news of Liao country and repeatedly levy the enemy. If after the Liao Dynasty, it fell into the Khitan Han Dynasty in the Five Dynasties, and I would like to go to the city. " Put forward the intention of returning to the Han Dynasty. After consulting with each other for a few days, Xu Jin detained some Song people and sent envoys to Shan Li and Ma Zheng in Bohai Sea to celebrate, and returned on1February 2. Regarding the so-called proposal to attack Liao and return the land, Jin said: "The land requested should be attacked by Song now, and the winner will get it." Think that whoever is captured will belong to him. On the 10th day of the first month of the second year, Li, Yiding and others came to Beijing, and Jean, Cai Jing and Tong Guan attended the meeting. In March, Ding did not return, and the Song Dynasty changed to Yuan Xuanhe.

On March 18th, Jia Zi, the imperial court sent the imperial court to discuss with the doctor Zhao Youkai of the Secret Pavilion. Loyal Lang Wanghuan rushed back to the State of Jin with letters, gifts and Li. Zhao Liangsi and Zhao Youkai have different opinions on what kind of diplomatic etiquette to use. During his visit, Zhao Liangsi suggested mutual respect and equal use of credentials, while Song and court envoys thought that Jin Guo was just a foreigner, which was equivalent to the level of our time. For the Central Plains Dynasty, it was enough to use letters at most in diplomacy. It can be seen that the Song Dynasty rarely treated the Jin State as an equal diplomatic object, and showed no respect for the Jin people in diplomacy, leaving a bad impression on the other side. How can such diplomatic means not fail? When he arrived in Dengzhou, Zhao Youjie suddenly died of illness, which coincided with the receipt of a tip-off in the Song Dynasty that the Liao people had ceded territory in Liaodong and made Nuzhen the Lord of Donghuai. There were also rumors that Jin people had made up with the Liao people. In this case, the Song Dynasty is suspicious, and it is also suspicious for Britain. In addition, internal decisions are inconsistent and policies are uncertain. Finally, the local government of Dengzhou came forward and sent Hu Yanqing, a Pingshui master, to escort Li back to the State of Jin. When the monarch of the Kingdom of Xu Jin found out, Akuta flew into a rage, ignored Hu Yanqing's explanation and imprisoned Hu Yanqing in the army for half a year.

1February 25th, Nuzhen Ding You sent Hu Yanqing back. Before leaving, akuta told him that it was not the wish of the Jin people to attack Liao. In addition, Liao has been losing ground and many lands have been occupied, so he doesn't need the help of the Song people and promises to attack the alliance. However, for the sake of the friendship between the two countries, the Song Dynasty neglected its own country and made itself feel humiliated. Then Xu Jin's army marched, and Chen Bing moved to the Liao-Jin border. Hu Yanqing had to write back and tell the court: "Can the Khitans speak well? Please send someone to help. " .

It can be seen that the same attack on Liao is the wishful thinking of the Song Dynasty, and the Song people took the initiative to demand it, which is the embodiment of the strategic weakness of the Song Dynasty. However, the attitude of Jin people is mostly noncommittal, and they are not enthusiastic about the fact of alliance. Moreover, it is hopeless for Liao to invite an alliance with Jin people, and the alliance of Song people is dispensable for the success of Jin people. The so-called attack is not critical, and the opportunity is lost. The success or failure of the Song-Jin Covenant is not determined by God's will. Moreover, the failure of diplomacy in the Song Dynasty has long been a curse, and they have illusions about the Liao people in an attempt to please both sides.

In the second year of Xuanhe (1 120), in the name of selling horses, Zhao Liangsi was ordered to make gold again, and an agreement was made to attack Liao with gold. At that time, Hui Zong did not use credentials in the Song Dynasty, but communicated with the Jin people by writing a personal letter, because the strategy of uniting Jin was still kept secret on the surface. Yu Bi said, "According to Yanjing and its counties, it belonged to the Han Dynasty. If they are reunited, give it to Qidan Yinsi, and they can discuss it. Although there is no national trust, I dare not talk nonsense. " Hui Zong intends to take back his hometown in sixteen states, but only mentioning Yanjing State has bound his hands and feet.

Although Zhao Liangsi tried to expand the jurisdiction of Yanjing in the negotiations, he asked to include Xijing Heping House and Yingzhou, that is, to restore all the Han land south of the Great Wall, but Jin people flatly refused on the grounds that it was not under Yanjing's jurisdiction. At first, the King of Jin thought that the Pingluan area in Xijing was not important, so he promised it to the Song Dynasty with Yan Di. Later, it was strongly opposed by other men, and the issue was re-discussed. The two sides argued endlessly on this issue, exchanged documents and talked endlessly. In the end, Yanjing was allowed in the Song Dynasty. After the war, Xijing was naturalized and negotiated and delivered by other states according to the results of the war. Finally, the two sides agreed that Jin would attack Beijing in central Liaoning (now west of Ningcheng, Inner Mongolia) and Song would capture Yanjing. Upon completion, Yanjing will be owned by the Song Dynasty and given to the rulers with 502,000 horses. When Zhao Liangsi returned to me, the imperial court knew that the imperial edict was binding on him, so it sent Ma Zheng to apply for the job, and marked sixteen states in the credentials. Unexpectedly, Jin people took a tough attitude, saying that if they demanded too much, they would have to cancel the contract. In addition, it is emphasized that the return of Yan should be based on the Song Dynasty's sending troops to attack. Later, Song Jun faced the rout of the Liao army, which also increased the difficulty of Yan.

At this time, there are also differences among Jin people about the land of separatism. Some people think that the strength of the northern dynasty lies in the labor and taxes of the northern Han people. If we were still in the Song Dynasty, it would not weaken our own side. Moreover, after the Yan Dynasty, the Jin people could only retreat to the customs, which became a strategic disadvantage. Besides, what capital did the Song Dynasty have to talk about forming an alliance with the State of Jin? The Song Dynasty wanted to exchange money and silks for the land of Yan. Can't Jin people take these goods away from Song Dynasty after Jin destroyed Liao country? In this case, a man who was able to make friends with the Song Dynasty and promised to return Yan showed his great talent. It not only highlights the prestige of the emerging dynasty, but also foresees and realizes that returning Yan can't change the strategic dilemma of the Song Dynasty at all.

When the envoys of Song and Jin Dynasties went through many twists and turns, Tong Guan, who argued for the recovery of powerful people, was involved in the south because of Fang La's suppression. No one dares to be the master, and the stone returns to nowhere. Because Fang La Rebellion caused great damage to the Jianghu area, an important grain-producing area in the Song Dynasty, the Song Dynasty was unable to send troops to Liao. Hui Zong felt very sorry for this alliance and wanted to stop it. Seeing that the Song Dynasty had no intention of sending troops, the Jin people immediately showed their military forces and attacked Beijing. Song talents wake up like a dream, which is quite envious. There is a lot of internal discussion. After Fu Lu Anfu made Zhao Qi know the truth, he played the role of begging for help to save Liao, saying that Jin people were originally barbarian small countries, and they surrendered to Liao from generation to generation. Now they are lucky enough and strong, and will not last long. However, the Liao country has long given the Song people a strong illusion that the Jin people will soon be pacified, and the Song Dynasty can not form an alliance with the rebellious Jin country, but should make friends with the Liao country and maintain a long-term friendly relationship. However, after learning that Zhongjing had been broken and the emperors around Liao had fled, the Song Dynasty finally decided to send troops.

Later generations called this about the alliance of the sea. However, at the time of the alliance, the Song Dynasty failed without failure. The so-called failure is that the requirements of the Song people for Yanjing were met literally; The so-called failure is that the Song people intend to win sixteen States, not just Yanjing. This negotiation was strongly opposed by people of insight in North Korea from the beginning.

Taizai Zheng's attitude towards the central authorities is particularly firm. He said: "The Yuan Dynasty has been allied for more than a hundred years, and the soldiers don't know the border, and the farmers don't work hard. Although the pro-Qin policy in Han and Tang dynasties was not as good as that in our dynasty. Now that the four sides are safe, they will break the contract rashly for fear of causing widespread indignation and resentment. And the way of fighting, the outcome is unpredictable. If you win, the national treasury will be scarce and the people will be trapped; If you lose, the legacy will be unknown. With the courage of Emperor Taizong, Yanyun was recovered and lost in both wars. How can I go into battle lightly today! "

Deng Xunwu, who is in power in the Privy Council, thinks this is nonsense. Last week, he retorted: "I think we should help the weak and restrain the strong." Now the national army is weak, the financial resources are scarce, and the people's strength is dying. Everyone knows this situation, but no one dares to speak. I don't understand: is it better to be a neighbor of strong gold than a neighbor of weak Liao? "

On the other hand, An thinks that cutting Liao is a wrong beginning. Coupled with the story of Han and Tang Dynasties, he thinks that it is not advisable for people to start a career. Qin Shihuang, Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty and Emperor Taizong are all wasting people's strength, not to mention the weakness of this dynasty. Moreover, he thinks that the so-called cutting of Liao is all castrated by Tong Guan's right, and the collusion with his henchmen forms a group, which makes a lot of noise and moves the heart of compassion. The emperor cannot be blinded by treacherous court officials.

People who look at the song dynasty are all based on this oath, which will lead to years of military affairs and the people are trapped here. War will bring great burden to the long-term peaceful society of Song Dynasty, and make people's livelihood languish. He believes that Liao is a weak country and should not attack ignorance at the same time. It is tantamount to feeding the tiger with its own body to form an alliance with strong gold. However, the words and deeds of these people are only creating public opinion, and focusing on the country is just their slogan.

Throughout the Song Dynasty, it was not absurd for scholar-officials to talk about soldiers, but the theory of restoring beauty was a temporary trend. The trend of the times, the light of the times, people who live in peace with each other do not necessarily have to re-swallow, and people who fight in the main battle do not necessarily have the idea of re-swallow. At this time, strategic opportunities are not on paper. In the general environment, these people oppose the use of force, not entirely out of national strategic considerations. Although they flaunt that they are thinking of their country, it is obvious that their words are aimed at Cai Jing and Tong Guan. They wrote about a long-term attack on Tong Guan, claiming that he had private pride. This is completely alarmist and exaggerated, as can be seen from the grievances of the group. Tong Guan took eunuchs in charge of military affairs, which made the scholar-officials double taboo. Moreover, he also played the credit for Xixia. In order to suppress his arrogance and achievements, we can't directly offend the emperor's face, so we have to criticize him for trying to make great contributions, and the intention of suppressing military personnel is obvious.

King Koryo also saw it clearly and sent a message: "Liao is a brotherly country and can live in peace; Gold is a country of tigers and wolves, so you can't pay it! " This is the first year of Xuanhe (1 1 19).

However, North Korea says one thing and does another. In December of the harvest year, the State of Jin defeated the imperial army of Liao in Huanglongfu. In the second year of Jiahe, that is, the sixth year of Song Zhenghe (1 1 16), South Korea sent envoys to the Jinhe border to protect the state. Yan Hong Agu wrote a letter to himself. Paju is Yizhou City, North Pyongan Province, North Korea today. Its land is near Changbai Mountain, and there is a long-standing historical problem between Korea and Liao. After the rise of the Jin people, there were also many contradictions with North Korea. Its status is similar to that of the sixteen countries of Youyun, while Korea is so artificial that it is easy to take the advantage of gold, and there is no fear of invasion by the gold people. However, there are frequent contradictions between Song Dynasty and Jin State, and I don't know which is right or wrong.