What is the historical background of Zhuge Liang's five visits to Qishan?

The Northern Expedition of Cao Wei, the revival of Han Dynasty and the unification of the whole country are the goals that Zhuge Liang has already put forward in Longzhong Dui.

The rebellion in the southwest has been pacified, and the interior of Shu and Han is relatively stable. At this time (226), Wei Wendi died, Cao Cao (Wei Mingdi) ascended the throne, and the political situation of Cao Wei changed. Zhuge Liang thought it was a good opportunity for the Northern Expedition. After some preparation, the following spring, Zhuge Liang personally led the army and stationed in Hanzhong in the north, waiting for an opportunity to attack Cao Wei. Before he left, he wrote a letter to the late Lord Liu Chan, which is a famous "example".

In the "Model", I talked about the purpose of the Northern Expedition, and said that I would live up to the entrustment of the former emperor Liu Bei and strive to achieve this goal. At the same time, it is also suggested that Liu Chan should listen to the opinions of ministers extensively, adopt the words of loyalty and don't listen to other people's opinions. It is necessary to reward and punish fairly, so that the law enforcement inside and outside the court is consistent. At the same time, Zhuge Liang also recommended many talented ministers in the table, and asked Liu Chan to discuss with these people when encountering difficulties, and then implement them. This model reflects Zhuge Liang's political thoughts and opinions, and expresses his loyalty and expectation to the Shu and Han regime. Written sincerely and touching, it is a famous article that has been circulated for a long time in later generations.

In the spring of 228, the sixth year of Jianxing in Shu Han Dynasty, Zhuge Liang led the army to the Northern Expedition. Before sending troops, he held a military meeting in Nanzheng and agreed on the invasion strategy. In order to confuse Cao Jun, Zhuge Liang took a diversion. He ordered Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi to lead a team into Ji Gu (now north of Xiangcheng County, Shaanxi Province) and threatened to attack Yan County (now north of Meixian County, Shaanxi Province) from Gu Jie Road. In fact, this is a suspected soldier. Zhuge Liang personally led the main force to attack the suburban mountainous areas in the northwest (now northwest of Xihe County, Gansu Province).

Wei Mingdi was taken in by Zhuge Liang. When he learned that the Shu army was attacking, he urged General Cao Zhen to mobilize Guan Yu's army to station in the county seat and stop Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi's army. In this way, most of Wei's military forces in Guanzhong were pinned down to the east by Zhuge Liang's partial division. Zhuge Liang's main force, brave and good at fighting, successfully entered Qishan. Wei Jun was unprepared and panicked. The three counties of Nan 'an, Tianshui and Anding, which belonged to Wei's rule, surrendered one after another, and Zhuge Liang also surrendered to Wei's general Jiang Wei in Ji Cheng. The Shu army has been greatly strengthened, but Wei's ruling and opposition parties are afraid of it. The situation is very favorable to the Shu army.

Therefore, Wei Mingdi cannot sit still. He personally went to Chang 'an to sit in the town, and ordered the right general Zhang He to lead 50,000 troops to resist Zhuge Liang's main force.

Zhuge Liang sent Ma Su to join the army as Zanfeng, and led the army into Jieting (now northeast of Qin 'an County, Gansu Province) to meet Wei Jun. Ma Su was good at reading the art of war since he was a child, and he was well informed when talking about military truth. During the rebellion in the south, he gave Zhuge Liang advice and won Zhuge Liang's esteem. But he lacks practical experience and is self-righteous. He didn't listen to Zhuge Liang's deployment and Wang Ping's advice. As a result, Zhang He besieged and cut off water. The Shu army was defeated in chaos, and the street pavilion was seized by Wei Jun. Zhuge Liang misused Ma Su and lost the street pavilion, which not only made him feel lifelong regret, but also left a historical story worth learning for future generations.

The fall of the street pavilion affects the overall situation. Soon, Cao Zhen made another crusade and defeated Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi. After the defeat of the front line, Zhuge Liang was forced to return to Hanzhong, and Nan 'an, Tianshui and Anding were returned to Wei. Zhuge Liang failed in his first Northern Expedition. Back in Hanzhong, Zhuge Liang severely criticized Ma Su and ordered him to be put to death. Zhuge Liang and Ma Su have a deep friendship, but Ma is not strict about military law. Therefore, after Ma Su was executed, Zhuge Liang personally held a tearful memorial ceremony, which is what later generations called "Zhuge Liang chopped Ma Su with tears".

By the way, there are stories of "empty city plan" in novels and scripts. It is said that after Zhuge Liang lost his street pavilion, he remained calm and stayed in an empty city, playing the piano and scaring off Sima Yi's military forces. In fact, this is a fictional story, the purpose of which is to highlight Zhuge Liang's ingenuity. Sima yi was stationed in Wancheng at that time, and it was impossible to engage in Zhuge Liang.

Zhuge Liang executed Ma Su according to the military law, and wrote to Liu Chan, asking for demotion. The failure of the first Northern Expedition did not shake Zhuge Liang's determination. He stepped up military training, affirmed discipline, and waited for another opportunity to carry out the Northern Expedition.

This winter, Zhuge Liang knew that Cao Zhen, the general of Wei, was defeated by Wu Jun in Shi Ting (now northeast of Qianshan County, Anhui Province), and Guanzhong was weak. So he took advantage of this opportunity to lead tens of thousands of troops to break through the customs (southwest of Baoji City, Shaanxi Province) and surround Chencang (east of Baoji City, Shaanxi Province). The Northern Expedition was attacked by the loyal opposition and the commander-in-chief of Wei, and the wall of Chencang was thick. The Shu army besieged for more than 20 days and failed to capture it. Seeing that the Shu army was about to run out of food, Zhuge Liang learned that Wei reinforcements were coming, and there was nothing he could do, so he had to take the initiative to withdraw. When the Shu army retreated, Wei sent troops to pursue it, and Zhuge Liang set an ambush and killed him.

In the spring of February (23rd), the 7th year of Jian Xing in Shu Han Dynasty, Zhuge Liang sent troops to Qishan again and launched the fourth Northern Expedition. At this time, Cao Zhen, commander-in-chief of Wei Jun's western front, was critically ill, and Wei Mingdi transferred Sima Yi from the eastern front to the western front to cope with Zhuge Liang's attack. Sima Yi is an old fox, knowing that the Shu army is far away and it is inconvenient to get food. Zhuge Liang was eager to win the decisive battle, so he adopted the strategy of staying put by relying on risks. Seeing that there was no chance of fighting, Zhuge Liang lured the enemy by withdrawing his troops. Sima yi just followed from a distance, not close to confronting the Shu army. Everywhere I went, I always climbed mountains, dug ditches and camped, waiting for the attack of the Shu army, but I always refused to fight. The generals in Wei Jun laughed at Sima Yi and said, "Sima Gong is afraid of Shu like a tiger, which is really not true. Afraid of jokes from all over the world? " Sima yi had to lead the troops to attack at the repeated request of everyone. Zhuge Liang sent generals Wei Ting, Gao Xiang and Wu Ban to meet them, and Wei Jun was defeated, losing a lot of ordnance and trench.

When the two armies were deadlocked and the situation was favorable to the Shu army, Li Ping, who was in charge of supplying rations, failed to supervise the transportation, and the food of the Shu army had problems. Li Ping also forged the order of the late Liu Chan and told Zhuge Liang to retreat. Zhuge Liang felt that something was wrong and had to retreat and return. Sima Yi sent Zhang He, a general, after him, to Shuimen Valley (now southwest of Tianshui County, Gansu Province), where he was shot and killed by the Shu army with thousands of arrows.

After three years of preparation, Zhuge Liang sent troops to attack Wei for the fifth time in the spring of 234, the twelfth year of Jianxing. In April, the Shu army arrived in Wu Zhiyuan (now south of Qishan County, Shaanxi Province) on the south bank of Wei River and set up camp. Sima Yi led Wei Jun to cross the Wei River and build a camp with his back to the water, far away from the Shu army. Zhuge Liang sent messengers to cooperate with Sun and attack Wei Jun this time, but Wu Jun was quickly defeated by Wei Jun and retreated.

Sima yi led the troops against the enemy this time, using the original strategy: he couldn't hold on. Because he knew that it was not easy for the Shu army to transport grain and grass, the Shu army would definitely retreat if it dragged on. Zhuge Liang also knows the importance of food and grass. In order to solve this transportation problem, he designed and created a wooden ox and a flowing horse to transport grain and grass. At the same time, in the south bank of Weishui River, "divide our troops and open up wasteland, which is the foundation of permanent residence", some troops were engaged in agricultural production and prepared to fight with Wei Jun for a long time.

Both sides persisted for more than 100 days. During the period, the Shu army challenged many times, but Sima Yi just couldn't hold on. Once Zhuge Liang sent someone to give Sima Yi a set of women's clothes, which angered him. Although Wei Jun generals were so angry that they demanded to meet the Shu army, the wily Sima Yi still clung to the high wall and could not hold on to it.

Due to the long and arduous military life, busy military affairs day and night, and the sense of boredom caused by the war situation that he could not fight and was unwilling to retreat, Zhuge Liang broke down from constant overwork and finally fell ill, and his condition became increasingly serious.

When Liu Chan learned that Zhuge Liang was ill, he immediately sent his ministers to shoot Li Fu and asked him to visit the sick. Li said hello to his late master and left. A few minutes later, Li Fu left in a hurry and came back. Zhuge Liang saw it and said, "I know what you mean by return." What you want to ask is who can replace me. I think ginger (ten thousand) is more suitable. " Father Li asked who Jiang could meet in the future, and Zhuge Liang said, "The fee (easy) is appropriate." When Li Fu wanted to ask more questions, Zhuge Liang stopped answering.

In August this year, Zhuge Liang died of illness in Wuzhangyuan military camp at the age of 54.

After Zhuge Liang's death, Yang Yi, the commander in chief, and Jiang Wei, the defender, listened to Zhuge Liang's arrangement before his death, secretly refused to send out an obituary, reorganized the military forces and retreated to Hanzhong. Sima Yi learned from the mouth of the local people that Zhuge Liang was dead, so he led the troops to chase after him. Yang Yi suddenly returned to the army and beat drums, which caused an impact on Wei Jun. Sima Yi was surprised and thought that Zhuge Liang was not dead. He quickly withdrew his troops and did not dare to pursue. So Yang Yi lined up and retired calmly. When Sima Yi learned the real news and sent troops to pursue it, the Shu army had already gone far. This incident was compiled into a proverb by the local people: "The dead Zhuge scared away the living Zhong Da (Sima Yi)." Sima Yi laughed and said, "I can count on him to live, but how can I count on him to die?"

After the Shu army retreated, Sima Yi watched the camp of the Shu army and saw that the camp was well arranged. He couldn't help exclaiming, "Zhuge Liang is really a rare wizard in the world!"

Zhuge Liang was buried at the foot of Dingjun Mountain in Hanzhong after his death. The funeral was simple, and the tomb was built on the hill. The size of the grave can only accommodate the coffin. When he died, he only wore ordinary clothes and did not put any funerary objects.

When Zhuge Liang was buried, Liu Chan wrote a memorial letter to him, sealing him as the seal of Prime Minister Wu and posthumous title as the marquis of Wu. Therefore, future generations will respect Zhuge Liang as Zhuge Wuhou.