How to say "rhetorical question" in English?

Rhetoric question (rhetorical question)

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English rhetoric

English rhetoric can be divided into negative rhetoric and positive rhetoric.

First, negative rhetoric (negative rhetoric skills)

Mainly refers to those rhetorical writing skills that have no relatively fixed format. It is closely related to grammar, language structure and vocabulary, but it has been adjusted for rhetoric and novelty. For example, in order to increase literary talent and strengthen the expressive force of articles, we often avoid using the same word repeatedly and choose other words. This kind of negative rhetoric without fixed format is called elegant change. For example, in the article entitled "10 Ways to Lose Weight" written by Elizabeth Razzi, there are eight vivid and incisive expressions of "losing weight": 1. Try to lose extra weight? Research shows that these efforts may lose weight soon. Here are ten simple strategies to help you get rid of fat forever. 4 ... just like a reasonable way to lose a few pounds. 5 ... is about the amount needed to burn a pound. 6. You must eat less to lose weight. 7. A major obstacle to losing weight is eating snacks after meals. 8. 10 weight loss method. The italics in the above eight sentences let us appreciate the vitality and elegance of English vocabulary. Unfortunately, most wonderful words cannot be translated literally.

One of the ways to seek elegance and change words is to use big words sparingly or small words sparingly. Don't use the low-fat label as a license to eat. The sentence is wonderful, and the most memorable one is the word license. This is a big word with a wide range of uses. Used here, it gives people a feeling of "small head and big hat", which is novel and unique. It is difficult to keep this rhyme in translation. You can't eat food open because it's marked low in fat. Another example is: if $ TERM sounds unscientific to people in the 20 th century, let' s remember that there is a clear connection between swamp and malaria ... (if this term sounds unscientific to people living in the 20 th century, let' s remember that there is some connection between swamp and malaria ...). The second skill of seeking elegant words is the "dislocation" between scientific words and everyday words. Such as: Na? It is said that mice and frogs reacted violently to this proposed experimental situation. Na？ Used in modern biology class means: there has been no experiment before or there is no specific experimental situation. It is said that both the mice and frogs used in the experiment for the first time reacted violently to this set of environmental changes. Another example is: In any case, many people like tennis. This is a big game. Mega means trillions, millions, which is the affix of EST. Use a new meaning overflow here. But many people like tennis, which is a very popular sport. )

Second, positive rhetoric (active rhetoric skills)

Mainly refers to those rhetorical writing skills with relatively fixed format. Common classifications are as follows:

1. Lexical stylistic means

Metaphor (metaphor), metonymy (metonymy), personification (personification), irony (irony), hyper*** (exaggeration), understatement (low-key), euphemism (euphemism), contrast (contrast), oxymoron, transferred epithet, pun, syllepsis, euphemism.

2. Syntactic and stylistic means

Repetition (repetition), catchword repetition (antithesis), crossing (palindrome), parallelism (parallel structure), opposition (opposition), rhetorical question (rhetorical question), anticlimactic (sudden drop)

3. Phonetic and stylistic means

Onomatopoeic words (onomatopoeic words)

Thirdly, the understanding and translation of English rhetoric.

Mark? In Twain's famous travel note An Overseas Tramp, there is a saying: We have many busloads of tourists and dust. The seemingly ordinary stroke at the end of the sentence is actually a rare and wonderful sentence, using the anticlimactic rhetoric in English. If you can't see through it, let the readers who read the original text "swallow their words". There are many passengers on the same road, some by carriage and some by mule-it's dusty all the way. /We have many traveling companions, including carriages, mules and rolling dust.

Here are some common figures of speech:

1. Parody If the translator has a good foundation and can know what the author is imitating, then understanding and translation will come naturally. Obviously, for marriage, practice in advance does not mean perfection. Obviously, on the issue of marriage, cohabitation before marriage can't make marriage life perfect. Another example: when the flu hits below the belt, it may be a challenge to eat nothing but tea and water. In the dictionary, the idiom "hitting below the belt" is usually interpreted as "hitting someone by improper means" (originally referring to hitting the opponent in the lower body in boxing). If you plagiarize, it will make a joke when translated. One of the ways to treat parody is reduction. The so-called reduction is to deliberately put aside the extended meaning of idioms, and "hard" is to use its literal meaning. If the flu affects the stomach, you can only drink some tea, and it will be difficult to eat other things. Another example is: Little John was born with a silver spoon in his mouth, which is quite curly and big. The English idiom "born in a rich family" means "born in a rich family". Here, the author does not use this extension, but uses the literal meaning. Little John's mouth is surprisingly curved, as if he were born rich.

2. The figure of speech of 2.Syllepsis is characterized by the simultaneous use of one word (verb, adjective or preposition) and two or more words, and the ingenious use of one word. For example, he first put a club in my hand when I was about ten years old. I lost a lot of temper in upload hills, North Carolina, and so did I at the club. I am so anxious to behave well that he will urge me to "relax and enjoy this round". The game ended too early. I was about ten years old when he first put a golf club in my hand. In the mountains of North Carolina, I lost my temper again and again and threw away my bat again and again. I am anxious for success, and my father always advises me to "relax and play slowly, the game is over too fast." I don't know what he means. Another example is that by the end of the day, I had drilled 42 16 holes with a depth of 18 inches, and I lost my pounds, my hearing, the feeling of my hands and my ability to lift anything more terrible than the evening paper. By the end of that day, I had drilled 4,265,438+06 holes with a depth of 65,438+08 inches. For this reason, I lost nine pounds, lost my hearing, lost the feeling of my hands, and lost my arm strength to lift something heavier than an evening paper.

3. Metonymy can generally retain the rhetorical style of the original text, which will not cause misunderstanding and make the translation more interesting. Therefore, in any five-week molding process, pay more attention to the tape measure rather than the bathroom scale. Therefore, during these five weeks of weight loss, we should pay more attention to our waistline, not our weight. Therefore, during these five weeks of weight loss, focus on the tape measure for measuring waist circumference, not on the scale in the bathroom.

4. Pun has many original forms that can't seem to be preserved in the translation, but it retains charm and elegance in the translation. First gentleman: Although art always makes me sick, although art is full of mistakes, I am healthy. Lucio: No, not as healthy as people say; But such a sound thing is hollow; Impressively made them fear. The humor of the whole conversation lies in pun pronunciation. Gentleman A: You always think I have that kind of disease, but you are all wet. My body is very famous. Lucio: It's loud, but not strong. It sounds like a hollow thing. Your bones are empty, and your lust has hollowed you out.

5. alliteration English figures of speech with alliteration have always been considered untranslatable, but facing alliteration does not mean that the translator has nothing to do. The following two versions have made successful attempts. For example, dear, change is a part of life and the formation of character. When something you don't like happens, you have two choices: to be miserable or to be better. When something you don't like happens, you have two choices: either it's painful; Or have fun. Another example: It is foreseeable that winter will be snowy, sleepy and muddy. It can be predicted that this winter will be snowy, frozen and muddy. (snowy, sleety and slushy in the original sentence are also very beautiful alliterations, and the translator has devoted great efforts. )

6. Metaphor This metaphor is not a metaphor to compare A and B in a narrow sense without using figurative words (such as as as, like, if, etc.). ), but a metaphor of a broad English vocabulary. In other words, it is beyond the connotation of English vocabulary extension (escape). Peter Newmark divided English metaphors into four categories in a translation textbook, which is very refreshing: I have suggested elsewhere that there are four types of metaphors: fossilized, stocked, newly created and primitive. Class I: Some students wrote the following sentences in their compositions: In the middle of PICC, it began to rain cats and dogs, and everyone was soaked. When we were busy having a picnic, a storm cloud suddenly increased in value and everyone was soaked. In an American idiom dictionary, it says: it's raining cats and dogs: it's raining heavily; Pour down-a cliche. An American friend said: if you use this surveying instrument, I will double it if you are my grandfather's uncle! The second category: stock (commonly used) refers to the metaphor that has been included in the dictionary, but does not belong to the conventional category. The usage of the word flood. Tears welled up in her eyes. (She was in tears. The corridor was crowded with girls. The corridor was crowded with girls. Strawberries flooded the market and prices fell. Strawberries flooded the market and prices fell. The standard of the third category should be: at least at present, the business has not been included in the dictionary, and at the same time it is acceptable and feels very new. For example, there are three sentences in an article called "Save the Newborn": A. I focused on a small spot in the mud between the pillar and the trunk. B.i suddenly found a feeding wall. Elephant. C ... grab their lost baby and gently drag her into a fence with legs. The fourth category: the metaphor of originality is not everywhere. It is the product of inspirational thinking. This metaphor can't be found in the dictionary, and there may not even be a reference. For example, Jeff Lengnick's opening paragraph in The Promise of Spring is: Nothing. Except my own footprints, no other footprints were sewn into the dust of the new snow falling at night, as white as birch bark. There is no swaying shadow on the tree, and there is no bird song in the air. Try to translate: It's all white. There are no other traces, only my footprints, like the footprints of fine needles in the snow. It snowed as white as birch bark last night. There are no frivolous birds in the trees, and there are no birds chirping in the air.

Metaphor translation can be divided into two categories:

One is to keep the image of the original text, that is, to find an equivalent image. For example, when the car climbed out of the parking lot, Arnie began to knock and shout to let the car out. But the rock music on the radio loudspeaker drowned him. When the car sped past the parking lot, Arnie began to shout loudly, but the rock music from the car horn drowned out his voice. Another example is: that summer, the police patrolling the slums of big cities sat on the volcano. That summer, the police patrolling the urban slums were like sitting on a crater.

The second is to implement the "compensation principle" of translation. The so-called compensation method of translation metaphor is to use flexible methods to compensate the loss of figurative images in the translation as much as possible in order to obtain the readability of the translation roughly equivalent to the original. For example, caves and diving at the speed of breathing, and beautiful birds (referring to eagles) mirror each other in flight. A. Surfing and playing in the air, sometimes lightning diving, energetic eagles are swimming in the blue sky. B) Surfing and frolicking in the air, and sometimes diving by lightning, there are more eagles than Qi Fei, and they go hand in hand. Another example is: But after six years of story marriage, Cewe decided to end it. She doesn't want her son to think that this relationship is normal when he grows up. After six years of marriage, it was stormy, and cewe decided to end the marriage. She didn't want her son to grow up in such an environment and mistakenly thought that such a relationship was normal. Another example is that Rudy knew that they had taken the wrong rope, and it was the thick towing rope that trapped him. "Try cutting the other rope!" Rudy said his hope and his grip eroded. Rudy found that they had cut the wrong rope, and the thick traction rope entangled him. "Cut the other rope!" Rudy said. At this moment, his hope, his grip strength, just like the oil will run out and the lights will go out. Another example is: the next week is a family meeting, which is my dream. On this day, dirty laundry was made public at a private meeting between parents, children and lawyers. There will be a parent-teacher conference next week, which is exactly what I am afraid of. On this day, parents, children and counselors will hold a private meeting to list the bad things that children do. Another example: surgery may not be successful; His life and death is a gamble. The operation may not be successful, and it is uncertain whether he can save his life.

This paper analyzes the most common figures of speech in college English, hoping to help you choose the right figures of speech to enrich your expression in the process of learning English.

Simile is the simplest and most common rhetorical method. Comparing two things or phenomena with the same characteristics shows the relationship between ontology and vehicle, and both of them appear in the comparison. Its basic format is "A is like B", and commonly used metaphors are as, like, if, as if and so on. For example:

He jumped back as if he had been stung, and blood rushed to his wrinkled face. He jumped back as if he had been stung by something, and his wrinkled face turned red at once. In the article "The Taster", the generous response of the old man to "I" is like being stung by a bee, which vividly depicts the image of a poor old man who is desolate but extremely sensitive.

The check floated to the floor like a bird with a broken wing. The check fell to the ground like a bird with a broken wing. ) In the article "Gift", the old lady celebrated her eightieth birthday, but her eldest daughter didn't come to celebrate and only sent a check. The author compares this check to a bird with a broken wing, which vividly expresses the disillusionment and extreme sadness of the old lady at the moment.

Metaphor (metaphor)

Metaphor is also a metaphor, but there is no metaphor, so it is called a compressed simile. It directly applies the name of one thing to another, thus explaining things more vividly and profoundly and enhancing the expressive force of language. For example:

● What will parents do without an electronic nanny? What would parents do without this electronic nanny? ) vividly illustrates the nanny function of TV.

● ... Although most of us can easily bring the cold wind of criticism to others, we can bring the warm sunshine of praise to others. (... but many of us are too easy to blow the cold wind of criticism to others and are unwilling to give the sunshine of praise to our peers. ) The author compares criticism to a cold wind and praise to warm sunshine, which is vivid and meaningful.

Metonymy (metonymy)

Metonymy (metonymy) is the substitution of metonymy for ontology through similar association. For example:

My 15 students study Emerson, Thoreau and Huxley. My fifteen students have read the works of Emerson, Thoreau and Huxley. This is a typical metonymy, and the work borrows people's names.

● The first card I can play is the analogy between the sun and the moon. Facing the "Earth Ellipsis Theory", the first card I can play is the similarity between the sun and the moon. The author borrows the abstract "first argument" with the concrete first card, which is more vivid and easy to understand, and also makes the language vivid and expressive.

Personification (personification)

Personification is a figure of speech that personifies people's characteristics and characteristics, and adds people's characteristics and characteristics to external things. For example:

● ... There are four evergreen shrubs in every corner. They survive from the dust and grow on a busy main road. (... four evergreen shrubs are distributed in every corner. They endure the dust and smoke blowing from busy streets and struggle to survive. ) "Struggle" is the action of life, and the author gives life to natural flowers and makes them personalized.

But these houses are cold, closed and unfriendly. But those houses are cold and heartless, with closed doors and windows, and they are not friendly at all. ) The house was originally emotionless, and the author showed the indifference of the people in the house through personification.

Super * * *

Exaggeration is a rhetorical way that deliberately exaggerates, or exaggerates or narrows the image of things, so as to highlight certain characteristics or characters of things and clearly express thoughts and feelings. Used to describe can make the image more vivid and prominent, render the atmosphere, contrast the artistic conception, and leave a deep and distinct impression on readers. For example:

Vingo sat dumbfounded and looked at the oak tree. It is covered with yellow handkerchiefs, 20, 30, maybe hundreds. Vingo sits there and looks at the oak tree in shock. The tree is covered with yellow handkerchiefs-twenty, thirty, maybe hundreds. In this sentence, there are 20, 30, and perhaps dreams subjectively exaggerate the atmosphere with exaggerated methods.

She gave me the impression that more teeth are shaved, white, big and neat, which is necessary for any practical use. She gave me the impression that she has a big white tooth, which is more than any practical need. Here, the author makes the image of a greedy and delicious woman jump from the paper through exaggerated description.

Irony (irony)

Irony, an English figure of speech, is to express positive meaning with irony. This figure of speech can be used for satire, but it is mostly used to express humor or wittiness, deliberately saying something contrary to the original intention, such as:

Slowly, the old lady bent down to pick it up. Her gift, her lovely gift. She tore it to pieces with trembling fingers. The old lady bends down slowly and picks up the check from the ground, her present, her lovely present! Tear it to pieces with trembling fingers. ) On her eightieth birthday, the old lady earnestly hoped that her daughter would go home to see her and comfort her lonely heart a little. However, what she expected was a cold check from her daughter, which was certainly not a beloved gift of the old man. Therefore, her lovely presentation here is a typical irony and a kind of irony.

She is not as young as I expected. She is charming rather than charming. Her appearance is more memorable than attractive. Magnificent means that people are impressed by their appearance and figure. The author here describes a greedy and obese woman in a sarcastic tone.

Imitation (parody)

According to well-known idioms or proverbs, temporarily replace some of them and create new idioms or proverbs; Or according to ancient and modern epigrams, replace some words while keeping the original sentence unchanged. This figure of speech is called parody. For example:

To lie or not to lie-the doctor's dilemma (to lie or not to lie-a doctor's question) Seeing this title, we can't help but think of the sentence "To be or not to be, that is a question" in Shakespeare's Hamlet. Obviously, the title of the article is imitated from this, which is impressive.

Low down and out of the female hermit (poor but not down and out) the down and out of the text is not from down and out, originally a boxing term, and later refers to a poor man.

Oxymoron (oxymoron)

It is contradictory rhetoric to describe a thing with two incongruous or even diametrically opposite characteristics and seek philosophy in contradiction in order to get a surprising rhetorical effect. This kind of language is concise and philosophical, which produces strong logical force and unexpected and fascinating effects. For example:

A miserable and happy Christmas (a mixed Christmas). On Christmas Day, the hero of the story, the little boy, went through the process from the edge of pain to the peak of happiness. Therefore, the Christmas carefully arranged by parents is both the worst and the best.

Alliteration (alliteration)

Different from previous figures of speech, alliteration is a phonetic rhetoric way, which refers to a group of words, a sentence or a line of poetry with the same initial letter. Commonly used in article titles, poems and advertisements, it is concise and vivid, and plays a role in highlighting key points, deepening impressions, balancing rhythm and venting feelings. For example:

A miserable and happy Christmas.

● The benefits of praise