Brief introduction of Zhuge Liang

Zhuge Liang (181-234) was born in Wolong, Langxie Yang Du (now Yinan, Shandong). An outstanding politician, strategist and strategist in Shu during the Three Kingdoms period.

Zhuge Liang was born into an official family in Langxie Yang Du in the fourth year of Han Dynasty (18 1). Zhuge family is a noble family of Langxie, whose ancestor Zhuge Feng served as a captain of Li Si in the Western Han Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty. See "not in the statutes", that is, the turn of hell. He wrote to Emperor Han Yuan, expressing his determination to "break the treacherous court official's defense without waiting, hang it in the city, and make up his guilty book", and denounced the villain's behavior of "seeking personal gain for personal gain and forgetting the country's politics". His personality and temperament have a great influence on Zhuge family. Zhuge Liang's father's name was Zhuge Jue, and his name was Simon, the county magistrate of Taishan in the late Eastern Han Dynasty.

Military achievements

1. Zhuge Liang is diligent in thinking and pays attention to innovating ordnance and fittings. Developed a ten-arrow crossbow and a wooden bull and a flowing horse suitable for mountain transportation. And improved the steel knife, enhanced the combat effectiveness of the Shu army. Good at the art of war, the deduction of the array method is "eight-array diagram", which is passed down to later generations.

2. In managing the army, Zhuge Liang attached importance to the restraint and training of the army, and advocated the rule of law and stress.

3. When fighting, Zhuge Liang used his troops to assess the situation and was cautious; Strive for a quick decision in every battle; Attach importance to logistics and send thousands of officers and men to renovate Dujiangyan all the year round to ensure the production of rations; Every retreat is very cautious, and measures such as ambush in the mountains are taken to take the initiative and ensure safety.

4. Strategically, Zhuge Liang knew the three points of the world before he was born, and Longzhong Dui was far-sighted in analyzing the form at that time; In addition, he was good at observing the general trend and always insisted on uniting Wu against Cao, which made him win in the struggle with Wei and Wu Dingli.

disadvantage?

1. Human error. First of all, let Guan Yu guard Jingzhou. Guan Yu is arrogant, upright, courageous and foolhardy. Guan Yu's loss of Jingzhou frustrated Zhuge Liang's idea of sending troops to the northern expedition in Longzhong Dui, and made Shu always fall behind in the future wars. Secondly, Ma Su was used to guard the street kiosks, while Ma Su was familiar with the art of war and was good at military planning, which won Zhuge Liang's esteem. However, Liu Bei felt that Ma Su was exaggerating. On his deathbed, he said to Zhuge Liang, "Ma Su is exaggerating and can't be used. Why not observe it? " Zhuge Liang disagreed and often talked with him about the art of war, sometimes staying up all night. The fall of the street pavilion threatened Zhuge Liang's main flank, destroyed the whole battle plan and forced him to retreat.

2. Restrictions on talents. After Zhuge Liang assisted the government, he had to ask himself everything, which seemed admirable, but inadvertently restricted the development of talents. Zhuge Liang should personally handle such a small matter as the appointment and removal of a county official; In the army, "I have reflected on 20 punishments." As a result, after Zhuge Liang's death, talents in Shu failed to meet each other, resulting in the situation that "there is no general in Shu, and Liao Hua is the pioneer".

3. mistakes in using troops. "Zhuge Liang was cautious all his life" and used his troops cautiously. This is Zhuge Liang's advantage and his disadvantage. Caution is the main way to fight, supplemented by strangeness. The combination of odd and right is promising. At that time, Wei Yan proposed that he would lead ten thousand people to attack Tongguan. Zhuge Liang thought the move was hasty and did not agree. After Wargo destroyed Shu, it was a surprise attack. Sima Yi said in a letter to his younger brother Sima Fu: "If you are ambitious, you will not see opportunities; More plans, less decisions; If you are a good soldier, you have no right. Although you lost 100,000 soldiers, you will be destroyed (The Book of Jin Xuandi Ji). Although this statement is somewhat exaggerated, it also reflects certain facts.

Later generations especially praised Zhuge Liang's strategy and ingenious calculation, and regarded it as the embodiment of wisdom. The novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms deified it, and its plot was widely circulated among the people. Its spirit of "doing one's best, dying before dying" has become the precious wealth of the Chinese nation.

In the Biography of the Three Kingdoms, Chen Shou commented that Zhuge Liang was also concerned about the country and the people, showing etiquette, appointing people on their merits, surrendering to power, being sincere and fair; Although those who are loyal to the times will get revenge, those who violate the law and neglect their duties will be punished by their relatives, those who confess their feelings will be released, and those who are eloquent will be slaughtered. Good without reward, evil without fiber without degeneration; Ordinary things are concise, based on physics, with real responsibility for fame and fortune, hypocrisy and contempt; Finally, people who are afraid and love each other in the national territory, although the criminal law is harsh and there is no complaint, are trying to persuade them clearly. It can be said that he is a talented person who knows how to govern the country, and he is a horse of Xiao. But after years of mobilization, it still failed, and the cover strain will be slightly, which is not its strength!

Zhou Yu (175-2 10), a native of Shucheng, Lujiang, Gong Jin, was the first of the four great British generals in Soochow. I have known Sun Ce since I was a child, and I have become a friend of life and death. After Sun Ce became independent from Yuan Shu, Zhou Yu took the initiative to go to Sun Ce. In Sun Ce's war to pacify Jiangdong, he played the dual role of counselor and military commander, and conquered Taishi Ci by stratagem. After Sun Ce pacified Jiangdong, Zhou Yu was appointed commander-in-chief of the water army. In 200, Sun Ce died young. Before he died, he said to Sun Quan, "Ask Zhou Yu about diplomacy." . After Sun Quan succeeded to the throne, he also trusted Zhou Yu very much. In 2008, Sun Quan made a westward expedition to Huang Zu, and Zhou Yu played an important role. In 208, Cao Cao went south, aiming at Jiangdong, and Sun Quan went to war, which was undecided. Zhou Yu rushed back from Poyang Lake in time, correctly analyzed the disadvantages of Cao Cao's long journey, and made Sun Quan decide to fight Cao Cao. As the commander-in-chief of the water army, Zhou Yu defeated Cao Cao with fire, which is the famous Battle of Red Cliffs. After Battle of Red Cliffs, Zhou Yu was poisoned by an arrow when he attacked Nanjun, but he still took Nanjun desperately. Later, Zhou Yu cut the south bank of the Yangtze River to Liu Bei, but Liu Bei went to Jingkou to see Sun Quan and asked for the consent of the whole Jingzhou. Therefore, Zhou Yu had to retreat to Chaisang County to recuperate. During Zhou Yu's illness, remind Sun Quan to beware of Liu Bei. In 2 10, Zhou Yu led the troops to attack Xichuan. Arriving in Baqiu City, he was wounded by an arrow and died young at the age of 36. After hearing the news, Sun Quan immediately welcomed Zhou Yu's coffin back to Chai Sang in plain clothes.

Zhou Yu in history was charming and broad-minded. Cheng Pu, a veteran of Wu Dong, followed Sun Jian in his early years and thought highly of his achievements, looking down on the young Zhou Yu. However, Zhou Yu didn't care about Cheng Pu, and finally persuaded Cheng Pu himself. Cheng Pu said, "You and Zhou Jin's bus friends won't get drunk." In the Song Dynasty, the world still liked Zhou Yu very much, as can be seen from Su Shi's Niannujiao. However, after the Yuan Dynasty, people gradually vilified Zhou Yu, and by the time the Romance of the Three Kingdoms was published, Zhou Yu had completely changed. One of the most important reasons is the relationship between Zhou Yu and Liu Bei. On the one hand, Zhou Yu took the initiative to cut the land on the south bank of the Yangtze River to Liu Bei, but this was largely a diplomatic act. On the other hand, Zhou Yu saw Liu Bei's lean nature and didn't want Liu Bei to grow stronger day by day, so he wrote to Sun Quan, asking Sun Quan to put Liu Bei under house arrest in Jingkou (this is the origin of the honey trap in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, but in fact Zhou Yu didn't do it himself, and Sun Shangxiang was also Sun Quan's initiative to marry Liu Bei), but Sun Quan didn't want to. Zhou Yu and Lu Su took completely different approaches to Liu Bei. Zhou Yu is a radical, while Lu Su sees further. Regrettably, thousands of years later, both of them became subordinates of Zhuge Liang, who was still unknown at that time. Zhou Yu became synonymous with narrow-mindedness, while Lu Su became an incredible honest man.

Brief introduction of Cao Cao

Cao Cao, born in 154, was born in Qiao County (Hao County, Anhui Province). After Cao Can, the prime minister of the Western Han Dynasty, his grandfather, Cao Teng, became an official during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. His father, Cao Song, became Cao Teng's adopted son and changed his surname to inherit the Marquis. In Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Cao Cao's nicknames Ashun and Geely were mentioned, hence the name Cao Aman. In his youth, Cao Cao was resourceful and alert, but he was willful, chivalrous and unruly. Therefore, no one in the society thinks he has any special talents, only Qiao Xuan of Liang thinks he is different. Xuan said to Cao Cao: "The world will be chaotic, and those who can be safe cannot help!" In the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Nanyang Yu and Page said to him: "If the Han family dies, the world will be safe, and this person will also!" Xu Shao, a word general, is famous for knowing people. He once said to Cao Cao, "Zi can rule the world, and troubled times are traitors." In A.D. 184, the Yellow Scarf Uprising took place at the end of the Han Dynasty, and Dong Zhuo died. He was in chaos and fought in the south and the north. In 10, Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao's 65,438+10,000 troops in Guandu (northeast of zhongmou county, Henan) and in Cangting (northeast of guanxian, Henan) in 20 1 0. In 208 AD, Cao Cao unified northern China and became the prime minister of the Eastern Han Dynasty. In July, 208, Cao Cao conquered Liu Biao, Jingzhou, and in February, 65438, he fought with Sun Liu's allied troops in Chibi and lost. 2 1 1 In July, Cao Cao led his troops to attack Ma Chao in the west, which laid the foundation for the whole state of Wei. In 2 13, Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty appointed Cao Cao as Wang Wei. In 220 AD, Cao Cao died in Luoyang at the age of 66. Posthumous title "Prince of Wu" was buried in Gaoling.

Cao Cao died from Liu Chen to Luoyang for more than 30 years, participated in nearly 50 battles, and wiped out the separatist forces such as Yuan Shao, Yuan Shu, Liu Biao, Zhang Xiu and Lu Bu. Cao Cao * * * has 25 sons, namely, Empress Bian gave birth to emperors Cao Pi, Zhang, Cao Zhi and Xiao Cao Xiong, Mrs. Liu gave birth to Ang, Wang Caoshuo, Mrs. Huan gave birth to Wang Caochong, Wang Caozhi of Pengcheng, Cao Yu of Yan State, Wang Caolin, Wang Caogun of Zhongshan Gong and Mrs. Qin gave birth to Jiyang. Among them, the eldest son, Cao Cao, thought he was sincere and respectful, so he became a successor and became the later Wei Wendi; Cao Zhang, the second son, mentioned in Romance of the Three Kingdoms that he was brave and foolhardy. The third son Cao Zhi is Cao Cao's favorite son. Although he is brilliant, he is timid and addicted to alcohol. The fourth son, Cao Xiong, is weak and sickly. Cao Cao also has three daughters, the eldest daughter Cao Jie, the second daughter Cao Xian and the third daughter Cao Hua, all of whom are married to Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty. Cao Cao is an outstanding politician, strategist and writer in history. He and his two sons, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi, represented the style of writing in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. They are also known as "literary families" in history. Cao Cao wrote many works in his life. The famous "Watching the Sea" was written near Yanjin County, Henan Province after defeating Yuan Shao in 10.

Lu Su (172-2 17), the word, is one of the four great British generals in Dongwu, and he is an all-rounder in civil and military affairs. Lu Su, a teenager, saw that the world would be chaotic, so he practiced archery hard. Later, Zhou Yu took hundreds of people by the door of Lu Su's house and borrowed food from Lu Su. Lu Su had two hoards of rice in the front room, and Lu Su lent Zhou Yu a hoard of rice. Zhou Yu thanked Lu Su very much and later recommended Lu Su to Sun Quan. When meeting with Sun Quan, Lu Su clearly put forward the idea of sharing the world with Cao Cao and Yuan Shao. This is the famous "best policy of collapse". Sun Quan respects Lu Su very much and gets along with him day and night. In 208, Cao Cao went south, and Soochow was divided into the main battle and two factions. Lu Su took the lead in World War I and took the initiative to go to Jiangxia to invite Zhuge Liang to cross the river, so that Sun Quan could see Liu Bei's determination to unite with Wu to resist Cao. Battle of Red Cliffs and Lu Su, as military commanders, have always led the three armed forces and made great contributions. After Battle of Red Cliffs, Lu Suli decided to lend Jingzhou to Liu Bei, which made the pen that Cao Cao was writing fall to the ground. In 2 10, Zhou Yu died of illness. Before he died, he recommended Lu Su to Sun Quan to succeed him as viceroy. Shortly after Lu Su became the viceroy, Liu Bei succeeded in winning Xichuan, so Lu Su started a war with Guan Yu on Jingzhou. Liu Bei's army killed the police, and Sun Quan also advocated Monroe to meet the enemy. Lu Su stepped forward at the critical moment and negotiated with Guan Yu, demanding the return of the three counties with Xiangshui as the boundary. This is the famous one-knife meeting. The real hero of this incident is not Guan Yu, but Lu Su. At the single-knife meeting, Lu was right, and the Shu side was speechless and had to cede the three counties. In 2 17, Lu Su died at the age of 46. Zhuge Liang mourned for Lu Su in Chengdu. The rising sun Dongsheng said with emotion: "In those days, I said that there would be this day. It seems that Amethyst is really far-sighted! "

Lu Su was a generation of Confucian generals in history, and he never put down his books in battle. In the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Lu Su basically has no credit, and has completely become a foil to Zhuge Liang, which is really unfair to this all-rounder of civil and military affairs. It can be said that the biggest difference between The Romance of the Three Kingdoms and history is Lu Su.