On the geographical yellow land of xiangfan. History and culture. Characteristics of local customs?

Climate resources are suitable for both north and south.

Xiangfan area belongs to the north subtropical monsoon climate. There is not only the surging Han River flowing through here, but also the dry, cold and warm air. It is hot in Leng Xia in winter, dry in winter and rainy in summer, with four distinct seasons. In addition, the complex and diverse landform types have obvious redistribution effect on climate elements, which makes the climate in cities form various types. There are many kinds of animals and plants in China, which benefit from the complex and diverse climate. Except for high mountains, the average annual temperature in the whole city is generally between 15- 16℃, February 1.2-3℃, July 27-28℃,1October 1.00+65438+. The frost-free period is between 228 and 249 days. The city is not only rich in heat resources, but also has obvious transitional characteristics, which can be said to have both northern and southern climate characteristics. The annual precipitation in the city is 820- 1 100 mm, including 400-450 mm in summer. The annual precipitation is 107- 135 days. The solar radiation is abundant, and the annual average total sunshine hours 1800-2 100 hours. Moreover, most areas in China are in the season with the highest temperature, the most concentrated precipitation and the strongest illumination, which is the vigorous growth season of main crops, so the advantages of urban climate resources are very conducive to the development of agricultural production potential.

Land resources are rich and diverse.

Xiangfan city is located in the transition zone from the second step to the third step in China. According to the characteristics that the terrain inclines from northwest to southeast, the whole territory of Xiangfan City is divided into three major terrain areas. The western mountainous area consists of the eastern end of Wudang Mountain and the northern section of Jingshan Mountain, covering the whole territory of Baokang, Gucheng and Nanzhang counties, covering an area of more than 8,000 square kilometers, accounting for about 40% of the total area of the city. The western mountainous area is more than 400 meters above sea level, of which Guanshan Mountain in Baokang County is 2000 meters above sea level, which is not only the highest point in Xiangfan, but also the watershed between the Han River and the Yangtze River. The western mountainous area is rich in products and diverse in types, and is an important production base for timber forest, economic forest, native products, animal husbandry and other diversified businesses. The eastern low hills are located at the junction of Hubei and Henan provinces and Suizhou, Zhongxiang and Jingmen, with an area of 1 1,000 square kilometers, accounting for about 20% of the city's total area, with an altitude of 90-250 meters. The hills are dominated by low hills, with wide valleys between hills and fertile land, which is suitable for the growth of various crops and is also an important grain and cotton producing area. Located in the vast central area between the eastern and western mountainous areas of Du, it is a hilly plain, consisting of the hilly areas of Xiangyang, Zaoyang and Laohekou and the alluvial plains distributed in Hanshui, Tangbaihe and He Man basins, covering an area of more than 8,000 square kilometers, accounting for about 40% of the city's total area. The elevation of "Three North" hillock is between 85-140m, and the elevation of alluvial plain along the river is below 90m. The Bajiao Temple in Yicheng is 44 meters above sea level, which is the lowest point in Xiangfan. The top of the "Three North" mountain is wide and flat, with staggered ridges, gentle ups and downs and deep soil layers, which is suitable for agricultural mechanization. It is an important producing area of wheat, cotton, beans, oilseeds and tobacco leaves, and has the advantages of diversified management of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery and the promotion of agricultural high technology. The small valley plain and large alluvial plain on both sides of Liucheng River in Han River are part of the northern end of Jianghan Plain. With flat terrain, abundant water resources and excellent soil quality, it is the main production base of rice, wheat, cotton, livestock, eggs and aquatic products. The potential of land resources in the city is still great, with more than 8 million mu of barren hills, wasteland and beaches that can be used and urgently needed to be developed, as well as many water surfaces that can be used for farming. The breeding industry and diversified economy in the city have very broad prospects for development.

The advantages of water resources are remarkable.

Xiangfan's superior geographical location is also manifested in abundant precipitation, numerous rivers and reservoirs, and considerable surface runoff and groundwater reserves. There are more than 600 large and small rivers in the territory, belonging to the Yangtze River and Huaihe River, among which Hanjiang River and Zhangju River, which belong to the Yangtze River system, account for the vast majority of the total river basins in the city. The average annual runoff is more than 8.5 billion cubic meters, and the normal annual transit water volume is about 40 billion cubic meters. Hanjiang River, the most important river in the city, flows into Xiangfan from Chenjiagang under Danjiangkou Reservoir Dam, passes through Laohekou, Gucheng, Xiangyang and Xiangfan City, flows out from Daokou Village in Yicheng City, and reaches Zhongxiang City in the south. The total length of the Hanjiang River is 216km, and 30 tributaries directly flow into the Hanjiang River, with a drainage area of17357.6km2, accounting for 88% of the total area of the city. The condition of Hanjiang River system is equivalent to the famous Rhine River in Europe. There are 845 large, medium and small reservoirs in the city, with 8,846 ponds1reservoir. Groundwater reserves are also extremely rich, and it is also very convenient to dig. In addition, good water quality is another remarkable feature of water resources here: the surface water has low salinity and moderate total hardness, mostly soft water, which can be widely used for irrigation and drinking (for example, the Hanjiang River, which is 2 16 km long in China, is as clear as a mirror for most of the year); The salinity of groundwater is generally low, mostly neutral and weakly alkaline water, which can be used as production and domestic water. It provides excellent water resources conditions for local economic and social development.

The North-South Intersection of Economy and Culture

Since ancient times, Xiangfan has been the intersection of economy and culture between North and South. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Xiangfan was the communication channel between the great country Chu and the Central Plains Zhou. From the Han Dynasty to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the post road from Xi 'an, Luoyang, the capital, to Jiangling via Xiangyang was the main artery to communicate politics and economy between the north and the south. In addition, the Hanshui River, the largest tributary of the Yangtze River, flows into the Tangbai River here, and Xiangyang has become a gathering place for "southern ships" and "northern horses". Zhang Jiuling, a poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, once wrote: "There are more than a dozen states in Jianghan, and Xiangyang is the largest. In the old days, it was a three-auxiliary house, and now it is a meeting of the capital." Du Fu's poem "Come back from this mountain, pass another mountain, come up from the south, and then go north-to my own town!" Bai Juyi's poem "Dismount Xiangyang County and Move the Boat to Hanyang Post" vividly depicts the prosperous scene of Xiangfan's "South Ship and North Horse" with convenient transportation. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the commercial economy of Xiangfan has spread to the upper and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the north and south of the Yangtze River. More than 20 regional commercial offices have been set up in Xiangfan, including Shanshan Guild Hall, Henan Guild Hall, Jiangsu Guild Hall, Zhejiang Guild Hall, Huizhou Guild Hall, Fuzhou Guild Hall, Huangzhou Guild Hall, Fujian Guild Hall, Wuchang Guild Hall, Jiangxi Guild Hall and Hunan Guild Hall.

Culturally, the characteristics of Xiangfan's north-south cultural vocabulary are more obvious. In ancient times, the Central Plains culture in the north and the Chu culture in the south met and exchanged here precisely because "Qin Chu is bustling and Xinjiang paintings unify Han." It is not only influenced by the Central Plains culture of "the king of letters turned to the south", but also deeply influenced by the southern cultural customs of "listening to songs and learning from Chu". This place not only exudes the bell-like light worshipped by Confucius, but also is the place where Chu Ci with literary talent and romantic style spreads. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the cultural center moved south, and a large number of northern scholars moved to Xiangfan, which combined with local knowledge groups to form an ideological, academic and cultural climax centered on politics and metallurgy, and a large number of political, military and cultural talents represented by Zhuge Liang and Pang Degong emerged. After the Tang Dynasty, Xiangfan "sailed back and forth, berthed and lived, Qian Fan gathered, and merchants gathered", and even poets and poets were in an endless stream. Famous poets such as Li Bai, Du Fu, Wang Wei, Ouyang Xiu and Su Shi all traveled to Xiangfan and wrote immortal poems. In art, Xiangfan is also a channel for exchanges between North and South operas. Shaanxi Opera in the northwest meets Huang Er in Wuhan and Huangpi, while Xiangyang Flower Drum is a unique local opera, which is a combination of North and South operas and local folk tunes.

In agricultural production, flood and drought crops coexist, and the living habits of north and south Xian Yi are another feature of ancient Xiangfan. In the 1980s and 1990s, the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences excavated the site of the primitive clan of Diaolongbei in Zaoyang, and at the same time unearthed the shells of rice and millet, indicating that as early as 5,000 years ago, flood and drought crops had been planted in Xiangfan. Xiangfan is connected to Jianghan Plain, the land of fish and rice in the south, and Nanyang Basin, which is rich in wheat in the north. Both southerners and northerners are willing to settle here and seek development.

Local customs and practices

In the old days of the family, native or foreign immigrants in Xiangfan settled in one place and developed into a big family because of its prosperous population. Some villages are named after their surnames. For example, Dong Shi in Dongtai, Chen in the suburbs and Liu in the suburbs are all mixed, with family property, family rules and family expectations, and family leaders have the final say. People with great wealth and high seniority also have a certain right to speak, and intra-clan organizations are often mixed with village government organizations. Some parents are township heads or Chang Bao, Jia Chang, and clan power regimes. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the family organization disintegrated, but the consciousness of the head of the family of all ethnic groups in rural areas still exists, and the legacy of naming after genealogy still prevails.

Xiangfan people have always been hospitable, greeting each other with their hands, saying "rare guests", waiting for tea and chatting with each other. The guests went out, said goodbye and told them to "walk slowly" and "come again". Stay for dinner. There must be wine. There is a saying that "wine doesn't blame food", and it is called "wine has no food, and guests don't blame it; If you have food and no wine, stand up and leave ",which is intended to emphasize the importance of wine. It's not like we don't prepare vegetables and rice. Be sure to drink it before meals, not after meals, otherwise it will "offend people" (homophonic "on meals"). Food and wine must be strongly recommended, and it is better for guests to be drunk. If the host can't drink well, please ask someone who can drink to persuade him to drink. Rice is also added by force, so as not to make the guests have enough to eat. Often when the guest's bowl is not full, the host takes another bowl and knocks the guest's bowl from behind while the guest is not paying attention until the guest can't finish eating and there is still some left, and the host is satisfied. This is called "knocking rice" (reading Kangmi in Xiangfan dialect). The present farewell ceremony has been cancelled and replaced by a handshake. The custom of knocking rice is rare, but the gift of persuading wine is more popular than in the old days.

Seating in the old days, guests were invited to hold banquets, and seating was very particular. Invite the elders, teachers and middle-aged people in the neighborhood as guests, and be sure to sit on them. Generally, if the door of a house doesn't face south, take the door as the orientation sign, with the back against the cabinet and the person facing the door as the upper seat. The left and right are the accompanying seats, and the opposite is the lower seat. The wood grain of the table seam should be horizontal and vertical, not facing the seat. If more than two seats are arranged at the same time, the main hall is the chief and the host and guest are seated. The lobby is the second seat, where ordinary guests sit. The identity, qualifications and age of the accompanying guests should be equivalent to those of the guests. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), these customs still exist, but they are far less strict than those in the old society. There is no such emphasis between public officials and colleagues. Xiangfan has been simple in folk customs since ancient times, emphasizing righteousness over profit. When friends communicate, they tend to respect teachers and elders. Gifts are exchanged between relatives and friends, and there are many names. On holidays, weddings, funerals, celebrations, imports, and birthday moves, gifts and banquets should be given. This is called "sending people a favor", and there is a saying that "human feelings are as big as debts". Some neighbors get along very well, and they are like a family every day, and they are closer than relatives. As the saying goes, "a distant relative is not as good as a close neighbor, and a close neighbor is not as good as the opposite." After the founding of New China, the loyalty of Jianghu faded, and the custom of "giving gifts" gradually faded. Since the late 1970s, the trend of "giving away people" has once again prevailed, becoming a bad habit that everyone hates and cannot get rid of.

Hubei dialect

Grammar: "No" means turning point in Mandarin, and it is very common as a complement in Hubei dialect. There are abundant "secondary affixes" in Hubei dialect, but the scope of "secondary affixes" in Putonghua is narrow.

Vocabulary:

1. Expansion of meaning

Tea: a tea seed b cold boiled water

Not necessarily: A is not necessarily B?

Students caught in the middle: A is half cooked, B is unreasonable and has a bad attitude, and C is not smooth and difficult to handle.

2. The same words are mixed.

Oil: a is not serious, oil, and b is skilled.

Malicious: A is vicious, B is capable and rigid.

Entry:

Sun: the sun

Cover: Fog

Noodles: wonton

Bracing: (wrangling) unreasonable.

Xiao Bu: (Do you understand) Do you know?