Basic knowledge of logic The meaning of logic

Logic is the science that studies the form and laws of thinking. To study logic, we must first start from concepts. Concepts are the most basic unit of thinking forms and the elements that constitute propositions and reasoning. The following is the content about logic knowledge compiled by me, I hope you all like it!

The concept of logic

Concepts have two basic logical characteristics: connotation and denotation. The connotation of a concept refers to the characteristics or essence of the things reflected by the concept; the extension of the concept refers to the individual and types of things reflected in the concept. For example: the connotation of the concept of "commodities" is products produced for exchange; the denotation refers to products of various properties and uses that are exchanged between people at all times and in all countries.

Any concept has connotation and denotation. The connotation of a concept determines the denotation of the concept, and the denotation of the concept also affects the connotation of the concept. The more connotations a concept has (i.e., the more characteristics of things a concept reflects), then the fewer extensions the concept has (i.e., the fewer the number of things the concept refers to); conversely, if a concept has The less the connotation, the more denotation the concept has.

The connotation and denotation of the concept must be clear, otherwise it will be a joke.

When a primary school teacher was educating students on their ideological and moral character, he said that "giving is better than receiving." One student rushed to say: "Yes, my dad always tries to give to others at work and tries his best to avoid receiving." The teacher said: "Great, learn from your father. Just ask, what does he do?" The student said: "Boxing athlete"

According to their nature, the relationship between concepts can be divided into There are two categories: compatible relationships and incompatible relationships.

The compatibility relationships of concepts include: (1) Identical relationship refers to the relationship between two concepts whose denotations completely overlap. For example, the two concepts "Beijing" and "Capital of the People's Republic of China" are concepts with the same relationship. (2) Subordination relationship refers to the relationship between two concepts such that the extension of one concept contains all the extension of another concept. For example, among the two concepts "teacher" and "professor", the extension of the former includes all the extension of the latter. (3) Cross-cutting relationship refers to the relationship between two concepts whose denotations overlap only partially. For example, the extensions of the two concepts "entrepreneur" and "MBA" are intertwined.

The incompatible relationships between concepts include: (1) Contradictory relationship refers to the relationship between two concepts, that is, the extensions of the two concepts are mutually exclusive, and the extensions of the two concepts are mutually exclusive. The sum of extensions exhausts all the extensions of their concepts. For example: "man" and "woman". (2) Opposition relationship refers to the relationship between two concepts, that is, the extensions of the two concepts are mutually exclusive, and the sum of the extensions of the two concepts does not exhaust all the extensions of their concepts. For example "red" and "yellow".

Among various human abilities, the ability to speak is an important indicator of a person’s knowledge and level. People with high speaking skills are very logical when speaking. Of course, speaking must comply with logical requirements, but sometimes speakers deliberately violate logical requirements to create some special rhetorical effect to better achieve the purpose of speaking. The same concept can be expressed in different words, and the same word can also express different concepts. People with high speaking skills can always handle the relationship between concepts and words well, and use these relationships to create different speaking effects.

Someone presented an elixir of immortality to King Huai of Chu, and the messenger walked towards the King of Chu with the elixir in his hands. A guard casually asked: "Can you eat it?" The messenger replied: "You can eat it." The guard grabbed the medicine and swallowed it. The king of Chu was furious and ordered him to be executed. The guard defended himself: "When I took the medicine, I asked the messenger "Can I take it?" and he said "Yes" before I took it. Therefore, the fault is not on me but on the messenger. Besides, the medicine given by others was immortal. Medicine, I was put to death after taking the medicine. Wouldn’t this medicine become a death penalty? Your Majesty, executing me, an innocent person, can only prove that the person who donated the medicine deceived you. "The King of Chu had no choice but to pardon him.

Afanti opened a barber shop, but the imam would not give him any money every time he came to get a haircut. On this day, the imam came again.

While shaving his face, Afanti asked: "Do you want a beard?" The Imam replied: "Yes!" Afanti cut off his beard with a knife and handed it to him: "Take it if you want it!" The Imam was furious. , Afanti said: "Didn't you say "yes" yourself?" The imam was so angry that he stared. At this time, Afanti asked him again: "Do you want eyebrows?" The Imam quickly said: "No! No!" Afanti shaved off the Imam's eyebrows with two knives and threw them to the ground: "No, then throw them away. Get on the ground!" The imam was furious, but there was nothing he could do. From now on, I never dared to go to Afanti’s barber shop again.

To clarify a concept, we can clarify it from two aspects: the connotation and denotation of the concept. Definition is a logical method to clarify the connotation of a concept. Through definition, the characteristics and essence of the object reflected by this concept are clarified. For example: "Production relations refer to the social relations that occur between people during the production process." The meaning of logic

　1: Laws, the sequence of completion of things.

2: Sequential rules for the flow of things

3: The process of things transmitting information and getting explanations

Logic is the law and rule of thinking. Logic is the theory about the laws of thinking. There are two common concepts of logic and logic. Read softly with logic and logic.

Logic (Logos), derived from classical Greek (logos), originally means "word" or "speech", (which leads to the meaning of "thinking" or "reasoning"), 1902 Yan Fu translated "Muler's Ming Xue" and translated it as "Ming Xue" and transliterated it as "Logic"; because the word was split from the Japanese Chinese word "ethics", it was also translated into Japanese as "ethics". On Neo-Confucianism?. Logic has traditionally been studied as a branch of philosophy. Since the mid-nineteenth century, logic has been frequently studied in mathematics and computer science. The scope of logic is very broad, ranging from core topics such as the study of fallacies and paradoxes, to specialized inferential analysis such as probabilistic reasoning and arguments involving cause and effect.

In ancient my country, logic was also known as Neo-Confucianism, Logos, Famous Studies, and the Study of Criminal Names, etc. Logical quotations and explanations

1. Laws of thinking

Satine's "Return to the Hometown" 2: This idea may not be logical, but it is very well-founded in reason. ? Wang Xiyan's "Night Banquet" 1: However, according to Mr. Liao Shuyu's own logic, it is actually somewhat unfair. ?

2. Objective regularities

Ai Wu's "Talking about Short Stories": If you study carefully, you can find out some objective laws of social life, that is, the logic of life . ? Yang Mo "Lin Daojing's Road": ?This is the logic of history and the logic of life. ?

3. It’s logical

In line with the rules. Hong Shen's "Screening Methods for Movies and Dramas" Chapter 6 3: As for the method of joint change, he pointed out that one plot can logically lead to a second plot. ? Lao She's "Black and White Plum": ? The black plum is not black, but there is a big black mole on his left eyebrow, so he is a black plum; the younger brother does not have such a mark, so he is a white plum; this gives them nicknames From the perspective of middle school students, it is very logical. ?

4. Refers to logic

A discipline whose main research object is the form of reasoning.

Wang Li "Long Chong Bing Diaozhai Collected Works: Logic and Language": Logic is the science about the forms and laws of thinking. ? The most commonly used method of defining logical concepts is the definition of genus plus species difference

The defined concept = species difference + adjacent genus

In the above definition of "production relations" When the concept is defined, "social relations" is a concept, and the nature of "what happens to people in the production process" is what distinguishes production relations from all other social relations.

In order to make the definition correct, the following rules must be followed: (1) The extension of the defining concept and the extension of the defined concept must be completely equal; (2) The defining concept must not directly or indirectly include the defined concept concept; (3) the definition should not include vague concepts and cannot use metaphors; (4) the definition should not be negative.

Example:

"Rehabilitation is the correction of wrongly handled cases."

Which of the following most accurately illustrates the looseness of the above definition?

A. There should be clear standards for whether a case is handled incorrectly.

B. The procedures for redress should be explained.

C. The subject of rehabilitation and its authority should be explained.

D. The object of rehabilitation should be analyzed in detail. Being rehabilitated does not mean that there are no mistakes.

E. Correcting the original serious crime case with a light sentence should not be called rehabilitation.

[Problem analysis] Correct answer: E.

Cases handled incorrectly include misdemeanor convictions for serious crimes, heavy convictions for misdemeanor crimes, and acquittals. Correction of the latter two cases can be called vindication, but correction of the first type cannot be called vindication.