Requesting a ninth-grade history review outline (volumes 1 and 2)

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Lesson 15 bloody capital accumulation (triangular trade, colonial plunder and colonial expansion) - marking the dawn of the era of capitalist production

1. The evil "triangular trade" (from the end of the 16th century to the mid-19th century, Portugal was the first to trade black slaves)

*Background: After the new sea route was opened, Portugal and Spain were the first, and then the United Kingdom. and France and other countries have embarked on the path of colonial expansion.

*Route: Outbound to Europe (carrying guns, sundries, etc.);

Mid-range to Africa (exchange or capture black people and transport them to the Americas);

Return to America (sell black slaves to American planters, and then transport American gold, silver and industrial raw materials back to Europe).

* Impact: The "triangular trade" caused Africa to lose nearly 100 million strong laborers, but slave traders made a fortune, with profits as high as several hundred percent. After many people got rich, they returned to Europe and invested the bloody money earned from black slaves in industry and commerce, promoting the development of local capitalism.

2. The "Empire on which the Sun Never Sets" (Britain) in India

* Formation process: Defeated Spain in the 16th century, defeated the Netherlands in the 17th century, and defeated France in the 18th century.

*Expansion and invasion of India (Time: 17th century)

① Institution: British East India Company; ② Steps of expansion: Establish coastal stronghold → Expand inland → Loot wealth .

* Impact: The British plundered countless wealth through colonial invasion in India and other places. The British used the stolen wealth to develop the domestic economy; at the same time, these colonies also provided a huge overseas market for British industrial production, further stimulating industrial development and prompting Britain to rapidly grow into a capitalist industrial power. On the other hand, it has also caused poverty and backwardness in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

Lesson 16: The Colonial People’s War

1. Indian National Hero—Queen Zhangxi

* The background of the Indian National Uprising: in the mid-19th century, Two-thirds of India's land was occupied by the British; the British brutally economic exploitation and political rule of India.

*Time: 1857~1859.

* Leader: Feudal princes (represented by Queen Zhang Xi).

* Nature: a national liberation movement that resisted colonial oppression.

*In 1858, Queen Zhangxi led the uprising army and bravely resisted the British army that invaded Zhangxi. After the fall of Zhangxi, she led her troops to fight in other places, vowing to die unyieldingly, and finally died heroically.

* Impact: The heroic struggle of Queen Zhangxi and the Indian people showed the colonial people's determination and courage to resist aggression without fear of violence, and dealt a heavy blow to the British colonists.

2. "The Liberator of South America" ??- Bolivar ("The George Washington of South America")

* Background of the Latin American Independence Movement: After the opening of new shipping routes, Portugal Exclusively possessing Brazil, Spain occupied all of Latin America except Brazil.

* Reasons: ① Spain and Portugal brutally squeezed the colonies, and the colonial people were dissatisfied with colonial rule;

② The influence of the American War of Independence and the French Revolution

*Overview: ①Time: late 18th and early 19th century;

②Characters: Indians, blacks, native whites. Representative figures: Bolivar, San Martin;

③In the ten years after 1816, Bolivar swept across the Spanish army on the South American continent from north to south and liberated Spain's colonies in South America;

④Features: long time, wide scope, joint operations between the northern and southern insurrectionary armies.

* Nature: a national liberation movement that resisted colonial oppression.

* Result: Forced by the general situation, the rulers of the Portuguese colony of Brazil declared independence. Many countries in Latin America have won national independence and established a series of emerging countries.

Lesson 17 The International Labor Movement and the Birth of Marxism

1. The British Chartist Movement (Time: 1836-1848)

*Background: With the development of the industrial revolution, the bourgeoisie became richer and richer, but workers were treated poorly. The broad masses of workers actively fought to improve working and living conditions and enhance their political status.

*Political program: "People's Charter".

* Central content: Workers demand universal suffrage so that they can have the opportunity to participate in the management of the country.

* Nature: It is the world's first mass and political proletarian revolutionary movement.

* Result: Failure (lack of guidance from scientific theory).

*Historical significance: Provided practical experience for the birth of Marxism.

2. The birth of Marxism

* Conditions for creation: ① The development of the international workers’ movement and the proletariat provided the political foundation for the birth of socialism;

②Marx and Engels combined with the practice of the labor movement and constantly summed up their experience;

③Absorbed the essence of their predecessors (German classical philosophy, British political economics, French utopian socialism).

*The main content of Marxism: Marxist philosophy, political economy and scientific socialism.

* "The Communist Manifesto" (1848) (the first great work to comprehensively and systematically expound the basic principles of scientific socialism)

①Content: " The Communist Manifesto analyzes the role of class struggle in the historical development of class society, reveals the objective law that capitalism must be replaced by socialism, and calls on proletarians around the world to unite and fight for their own liberation.

②Influence: The publication of the "Communist Manifesto" in 1848 marked the birth of Marxism. Since then, under the guidance of scientific theory, the international workers' movement has entered a new historical period.

3. Paris Commune (the world’s first proletarian regime)

* Background: In 1870, France broke out at war with Prussia. France was defeated and the Prussian army came to Paris. The bourgeois government surrendered externally and prepared to suppress the people internally.

The regime of the Paris Commune;

③ From May 21st to 28th, the Commune fighters launched fierce street battles with the enemies who invaded the city of Paris. This is the famous "May Bloody Week".

* Significance: The Paris Commune was the first great attempt by the proletariat to establish political power. The fearless spirit displayed by the Commune fighters in the face of powerful enemies will forever inspire future generations.

* "The Internationale" (lyrics: Eugène Baudier; composer: Deguet) (to commemorate the Commune and encourage the struggle of the proletariat)

Lesson 18 North and South of the United States War (April 1861-April 1865) - the second bourgeois revolution in American history

1. The outbreak of the war (time: April 1861)

* Fundamental reason: The two economic systems of the South (plantation economy) and the North (capitalist industry) are irreconcilable.

* Manifestations of contradictions: ① Tariff issues; ② Insufficient labor force; ③ Whether to implement slavery on the newly added land in the west.

* Focus of conflict: the abolition of slavery.

* Fuse: In March 1861, Lincoln was elected as the 16th President of the United States.

2. Victory of the North

* War history: ① In March 1861, eleven southern states seceded from the Union to form the "Southern Confederacy";

②1861 In April 1863, the Southern Army provoked a civil war;

③In September 1862, Lincoln promulgated the "Emancipation Proclamation" (stipulating that starting from New Year's Day 1863, slavery in the rebel states would be abolished and slaves would be allowed to be free (people joined the Northern Army), the "Homestead Act" was promulgated before, and the war took a major turning point;

④In April 1865, the Northern Army captured Richmond, the "capital" of the "Confederacy", and won the victory of the war. victory.

*Shortly after the Civil War, Lincoln was assassinated in a theater by pro-slavery fanatics.

3. Reasons for the South’s victory in the early stages of the war

Answer: ① The South has been preparing for the war for a long time;

② The South has strong backing - British support ;

③The southern generals have strong military command capabilities and combat experience; the army is better equipped and organized.

4. In the American Civil War, the reasons why the North was able to win in the end

Answer: ① The North was strong in terms of economy, number of troops, military power, and transportation. Dominate;

② The U.S. government promulgated the "Emancipation Proclamation" and the "Homestead Act."

5. The significance of the American Civil War: The Civil War was the second bourgeois revolution in American history. After this war, the United States abolished slavery, cleared another major obstacle to the development of capitalism, and created conditions for rapid economic development in the future.

Lesson 19 The historical turning point of Russia and Japan (feudal society → capitalist society)

1. The abolition of serfdom in Russia - the 1861 reform (serfdom reform)

* Fundamental reason: Serfdom seriously hindered the development of Russian capitalist industry.

*Purpose: In order to save the ruling crisis and consolidate the rule of the aristocracy.

* Premise: Do not harm the interests of the landlord.

* Process: In 1861, Tsar Alexander II carried out reforms to abolish slavery and signed a decree abolishing serfdom.

*Content: The law stipulates that serfs are legally "free persons"; landlords are no longer allowed to buy or sell serfs or interfere with their lives; when serfs are "liberated", they can get a piece of land, but They must pay to redeem the allotment. ("Free" serfs; collect land allotment ransom) (protect the interests of the landlord class)

* Significance: The 1861 reform was a bourgeois reform implemented by the tsar from top to bottom, which was beneficial to capitalism. develop. Although this reform left behind a large number of feudal remnants, it accelerated the development of capitalism in Russia and was a major turning point in Russia's modern history.

2. Japan’s Meiji Restoration (Time: 1868) (At this time, China was undergoing the Westernization Movement) (of the same nature as China’s Reform Movement of 1898)

*Background: ① A closed-door, backward feudal country, with the emperor losing power and the shogun holding real power;

②The invasion of Western forces in 1853 intensified domestic conflicts;

③Some middle- and lower-level samurai began to accept the West With advanced technology and ideas, he advocated using force to overthrow the shogunate's rule and achieved success.

(Or: ① internally: a closed-off, backward feudal country; ② externally: the United States knocking on the door ("Black Ship" incident, 1853).)

* Overthrow Movement (time : 1868) Main force: middle and lower-level samurai.

* Content: In terms of politics, "abolition of vassals and establishment of counties" strengthens centralization of power; in terms of economy, it allows land sales, introduces Western technology, and encourages the development of modern industry; in terms of social life, advocates "civilization and enlightenment", That is, learn from Europe and the United States and strive to develop education.

* Nature: Reform of a bourgeois nature.

*Purpose: To enrich the country and strengthen the army, develop capitalism, and get rid of the national crisis.

* Significance: The Meiji Restoration enabled Japan to gradually transform from a closed feudal country to a capitalist country and escape the fate of becoming a semi-colonial country. It was a major turning point in Japanese history. But after Japan became strong, it soon embarked on the path of militarism of foreign aggression and expansion.

*The role of reform: Reform certain factors in society that are not conducive to social development, thereby promoting social development. Only by implementing reform and opening up with an enterprising spirit and absorbing advanced culture and technology can a nation achieve self-improvement. Reform is an important means to promote national prosperity and social progress. A country or a nation can be full of vitality only if it keeps pace with the times and constantly introduces the old and adopts the new.

Lesson 20: Humanity has entered the "Electrical Age" (Characteristics of the Second Industrial Revolution: Electricity as the core)

1. The arrival of the "Electrical Age" (1870s Era)

*Political premise: Capitalism is generally established around the world.

* Flag: Electricity enters the production field as a new energy source (the invention and use of generators and electric motors).

＊Contents of the second industrial revolution: ① The development and utilization of new energy (electricity, petroleum); ② The creation of new machines and new means of transportation (internal combustion engines, automobiles, airplanes); ③ New information transmission Development of tools (wired telephone, wireless telegraphy).

＊New energy: electricity and oil.

* In terms of the development of electric power technology, the United States and Germany are ahead of other countries.

*In 1831, British scientist Faraday discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, which provided the basic principle for making generators.

In 1866, the German Siemens developed a generator.

* Enlightenment: Science and technology are the primary productive forces; science and technology promote social progress; we must learn from scientists’ spirit and quality of being brave in innovation and striving to explore the mysteries of science.

2. "King of Inventions" Edison

* In 1879, American scientist Edison successfully developed a durable carbon filament light bulb, bringing light to the world. In 1906, the light bulb using tungsten filament was introduced.

*Edison invented many electrical products, with as many as 1,300 officially registered inventions, and was known as the "King of Inventions".

*On March 10, 1876, American inventor Bell invented the world's first telephone.

3. The advent of cars and airplanes

* Cars: ① In the 1880s, German Karl Benz and others designed the internal combustion engine. Using the internal combustion engine as power, Benz successfully trial-produced a car in 1885.

(Karl Benz is called the "Father of the Car") ("Mercedes-Benz" car)

② Impact: The extensive use of cars has enhanced people's production capabilities and made Transportation has become more convenient and faster, changing people's lifestyles, expanding their scope of activities, and strengthening communication between people.

* Airplane: ① Inventor: The Wright Brothers of the United States; ② Logo and time: In December 1903, the Wright Brothers of the United States made the aircraft through continuous efforts and successfully tested it;

③Influence: Turning human ideals into reality, airplanes have become a convenient and fast air transportation for people.

4. The impact of the second industrial revolution on human life: ① The widespread use of electricity improved production and living conditions; ② The advent of cars and airplanes shortened people’s travel time and made travel more convenient. Convenience; ③The invention of telephone and wireless telegraphy has strengthened the connection between the world.

5. The impact of the second industrial revolution on China: Imperialism set off a frenzy to carve up China, and China was completely reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society; China’s national capitalism initially developed; China’s national salvation movement surged.

6. The impact of the second industrial revolution on the world: Driven by the second industrial revolution, the productivity of capitalist countries has developed by leaps and bounds. At the same time, capitalist countries began to transition from liberal capitalism to monopoly capitalism, that is, the imperialist stage.

Lesson 21 World War I (July 1914-November 1918)

1. Imperialism’s struggle for world hegemony

＊The emergence of imperialism The time (the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century) and the reason (driven by the second industrial revolution).

*The root cause of the war: the imbalance of imperialist political and economic development, and the rising imperialist countries demanded to re-divide the world and compete for hegemony.

*The fundamental purpose of the war: to re-divide the world and compete for world hegemony.

* Triple Alliance and Triple Entente - ① Triple Alliance: Germany (core), Italy, Austria-Hungary; ② Triple Entente: Britain (core), France, Russia.

2. The outbreak of the war

* The fuse: June 28, 1914, the Sarajevo incident.

*On July 28, 1914, the Austro-Hungarian Empire declared war on Serbia, and World War I broke out.

Joined the Allied Powers to fight; ⑤ In November 1917, Russia announced its withdrawal from World War I.

3. Unprecedented disaster (tank was a new weapon used by Britain in World War I) (the battlefield expanded from Europe to Africa, Asia and the Pacific)

*1916 The Battle of Verdun caused more than 700,000 casualties on both sides and was known as the "Verdun Meat Grinder." The Battle of the Somme in 1916 had even more casualties.

* Result of the war: In November 1918, Germany surrendered, and the World War I, which lasted for more than four years, ended with the defeat of the Allies.

* Nature of war: imperialist war.

*Features: The First World War was large in scale, long in duration, affected a wide range, and was very cruel.

4. The impact of World War I: World War I was the first war of unprecedented scale in human history. The war caused great losses and destruction. This imperialist war brought The people of all countries have suffered profound sufferings. The participating countries have suffered more than 30 million casualties, including more than 10 million who lost their lives to war, hunger, disease, etc. The First World War caused changes in the world structure. World War I created the conditions for the socialist revolution. The First World War promoted the development of the national liberation movement. The First World War changed the balance of power among the imperialist countries and laid the foundation for the outbreak of the Second World War. The experience of World War I had a significant impact on the development of military scholarship.

5. During World War I, important events related to the war that occurred in China

Answer: ① Japan encouraged the Chinese government to declare war on Germany, sent troops to Shandong, and seized the Jiaoji Railway and Qingdao, and proposed the "Twenty-One Measures" in an attempt to destroy China;

②The Duan Qirui government declared war on Germany; ③The rise of the New Culture Movement eventually led to the May Fourth Movement in 1919.

Lesson 22 The Power of Thought and Science

1. The spark of ideological enlightenment - the Enlightenment Movement (Time: 18th century)

* Representative figures: Voltaire, Rousseau and Montesquieu in France.

* Ideological theory: ① Voltaire: Opposed the feudal autocracy, advocated an enlightened monarch to govern, and emphasized the freedom and equality of the bourgeoisie;

② Rousseau: Negated the feudal royal power, It is believed that if a ruler violates public opinion, violates human rights, and tears up the social contract that everyone should abide by (i.e., "social contract theory"), the people have the right to overthrow him;

③ Montesquieu: clearly stated The principle of separation of legislative, judicial and administrative powers; advocating the theory of natural human rights.

Politically replacing the feudal aristocracy provided strong support and promoted the social progress of Europe.

2. The Scientific Revolution

* Newton of Britain: one of the founders of modern natural science; his main contribution to astronomy was the discovery of the law of universal gravitation in the second half of the 17th century; In mathematics, Newton's most important contribution was the creation of calculus; in mechanics, Newton established a complete mechanical theoretical system (including "Newton's Three Laws").

Developed in the laws; ② The significance of "The Origin of Species": The publication of this work established biology on a completely scientific basis for the first time, overturned creationism and species immutability, and dealt a heavy blow to theocratic rule. The foundation promotes the competitive development of society.

* Einstein in Germany and the proposal of the theory of relativity (time: early 20th century): Significance: The creation of the theory of relativity promoted the revolution of the entire physics theory and provided the theory for the invention of the atomic bomb and the application of atomic energy. foundation, thus opening the door to the atomic age; the theory of relativity also revealed the dialectical relationship between space and time.

* The Curies: Successfully extracted a new, more radioactive element - radium.

Lesson 23 The world’s cultural masterpieces

1. Famous musician-Beethoven: German Beethoven is a great composer. The Third Symphony "Eroica" (1804) is one of Beethoven's masterpieces. It is Beethoven's first symphony work that clearly reflects major social themes, marking Beethoven's ideological and artistic maturity.

2. Literary giant - Leo Tolstoy: Leo Tolstoy is one of the greatest writers in Russia. He was called "the mirror of the Russian revolution" by Lenin and completed Immortal masterpieces such as "War and Peace", "Anna Karenina" and "Resurrection".

3. Famous Art Master - Van Gogh: Dutch Van Gogh is a painter with global influence. "Sunflowers" is one of Van Gogh's masterpieces. Van Gogh created this work in the south of France, and the southern sunshine gave him creative inspiration. The painter uses powerful brushstrokes and strong color contrast to express his immense love for life.

4. The King of Waltz - Johann Strauss: Austrian composer; his representative works include "The Blue Danube", "Sound of Spring" and "Vienna Woods Ballad".

5. The father of waltz - Johann Strauss Sr.