The Origin of wuyue Language Family

Evolution course

1. formation. At the end of Shang Dynasty, the ancient Vietnamese language in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River merged with the ancient Huaxia language to form the ancient Wu language. Jiangdong enters summer. Minyue/Nanyue/Yangyue equals Baiyue.

2. expansion. For more than 400 years, the Jiangdong language of the Han Dynasty was formed. "In the twelfth year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there was one Wu, and the latter one was divided into three. The number of the world was three Wu, and Xing Wu, Wu Jun and Huiji were one of them." Wudong dialect is the source of southeast languages.

3. change. 60% to 70% of people from Luanhua, Yongjia, Du Nan and Zhongzhou moved eastward to Jiangzuo. The "Wei-Jin demeanor" of the scholar-officials was integrated into wuyue, and the rigidity of ancient wuyue was Confucian, and the ancient Wu dialect was transformed into the medieval Wu dialect. Jiangnan has been advocating literature since then.

4. development. A splendid Jiang Nanan was formed in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and wuyue's smart, elegant and wise temperament became the norm, with developed economy and prosperous culture.

5. Voice of the country. In the Southern Song Dynasty, he became the direct successor of the context. "People from all directions gather in Zhejiang, which is a hundred times more common" and "dajia is a rich businessman" and "the title is the cradle of scholar-officials, and the world's sages and beautiful men avoid it". "Nomads have entered the Central Plains. In the north, except for Jin dialect, I lost my tone. The medieval Wu dialect evolved into a rhyming Wu dialect.

6. prosperity. In the Ming dynasty, "the right to advance and retreat at sea is good." If the Sioux think it is elegant, it will be elegant in all directions, and the vulgar will follow. " The people are proud of saying Su Bai.

7. Decline. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom War and the influx of non-Wu-speaking refugees reduced the population of Wu-speaking, and forced popularization put Wu-speaking at risk.

8. stick to it. Language is the carrier of culture, so it is a long way to go to protect and inherit Wu dialect.

human history

Wu dialect is one of the oldest languages in China. Its formation history can be traced back to the end of Shang Dynasty, and it has a history of 3,200 years since Jishi moved eastward. At that time, Taibo went to the State of Wu, and Taibo He was the eldest son and the second son of Zhou, the ancestor of the Zhou Dynasty. They established their own faction in the Taihu Lake basin, the vassal state of Wu, surnamed Ji. Confucius said, "Tai Bo is the ultimate virtue, and the third is to let the world and the people have nothing to say." The indigenous civilization in the south of the Yangtze River and the ancient civilization in the Central Plains merged into an advanced Wu culture. The source of ancient Wu dialect is ancient Chinese. Great kindness, the king of Jiangdong, is a wild land, "Jingyi, so it belongs to more than a thousand families." Sun Wu's vote for Wu became Sun Tzu's art of war. In its heyday, Soochow broke Chu in the west, Xu in the north, and Jin broke the "meeting of Huangchi". Wu people died in Vietnam during the Northern Expedition for hegemony, and the Vietnamese people said that they were lying on the credit book. Wuyue folk customs are similar, "homophonic * * method, on the star, under the * * * reason". Yuhang, Gusu, Wucheng, Wuxi, Wu Shang, Yuyao and other places all have ancient Vietnamese etymology. Historical Records ranks first in the family, tenth in the Chu family and eleventh in the Yue family.

"Jiangdong" used to be a place of martial arts, and later Jiangdong was also "Jiangnan" in the literary and economic sense. This is the hometown of splendid articles and the world is Taicang. In the Western Jin Dynasty, Yiguan Nandu established the Eastern Jin Dynasty. "Luo Jing capsized, and Zhongzhou women avoided the river and left chaos." During the Six Dynasties, Jiangnan was relatively stable, dominated by Wu culture, with ancient Central Plains culture. There are nearly 500 folk songs in the Southern Dynasties, which started in the Three Kingdoms and ended in Chen, and they are divided into two categories, namely "Four Seasons at Midnight" by Wu. Numerous famous poets in Tang and Song Dynasties left eternal poems in Jiangdong, and it was wuyue's ancestors, pavilions and pink tiles that shaped these cultural landscapes. "My heart and dream are in Wu and Yue, flying over the mirror lake and the bright moon overnight." Li Bai wrote a famous poem in Tianmu Mountain. Xin Qiji was also intoxicated by the gentle and beautiful Wu Yin in Shangrao, Xinzhou. Wuzhong Gusu, who is known as "Yichuan tobacco, the wind blows all over the city, plums are raining yellow", and Hangzhou wuyue, who wants to compare with the West Lake and learn Chinese characters, is always suitable for light makeup and heavy makeup, is the representative of China culture. Jiangnan has a high status since ancient times, and Wu dialect is closer to middle ancient Chinese, and some words reveal the flavor of ancient Chinese. Historically, Wu dialect area was the cultural and economic center of many times, and also the gathering place of ancient scholars. Wu dialect retains the elements of authentic Chinese. Wu dialect has changed. Historically, Wu people east of the ancient river were called "people" and "farmers", and Wu farmers were called Wu people. Now people in northern Wu are not called "human voice", but "human voice" in southern Zhejiang. Mandarin is influenced by the ancient Hu people in the north, and Wu dialect inherits many characteristics of middle ancient elegant words.

In the past 30 years, schools have banned Wu language, children's language environment has been forcibly changed, the spread of Wu language media has been restricted, and there are many foreigners. For the weakness of Wu dialect and Jiangnan culture, people have begun to realize the defense of Wu dialect.

Gradual evolution

the Spring and Autumn Period

The earliest source of Wu dialect can be traced back to the establishment of Yue State and Taibo Ben Wu. More than 3,000 years ago, Zhou Taiwang's sons Taibo and Zhong Yong went south and arrived in today's Changshu and Wuxi. Their language is combined with the local indigenous language, which forms the basis of Wu language. Although wuyue was two countries at that time, its language and customs were similar. The ancient Baiyue language is spoken by Hui Jinan people, and the song of Yue people is "Indifferent, careless, prosperous and sincere to Changzhou, and Lianzhou indifferent to Qin, devoted to Zhao, indulged in Qin, and followed the rivers and lakes." Record the characteristics of Baiyue language in the pre-Qin period.

Under the constant impact of ancient Chinese, the language of wuyue in the Spring and Autumn Period formed the ancient Wu dialect, which was born and developed. There was Chu language in ancient southern Chinese, and wuyue belonged to Chu State during the Warring States Period. The original Wu dialect may also be separated from Chu dialect, and Wu dialect has some phonetic similarities with today's hometown dialect.

Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

Wu dialect developed steadily in Qin and Han dynasties. In Han Dynasty, Wu dialect spread to the southeast, forming Min dialect. Yongjia Nandu and Wu dialect in Jin Dynasty were influenced by ancient Zhongyuan dialect. Wu dialect surrounded Jinling, the political center at that time, and became a necessary dialect for literati, which was found in folk songs and note novels of the Six Dynasties. At the beginning of the Six Dynasties, the name of Wu dialect had been produced, which generally referred to the local dialect of Wu. After the Yongjia Rebellion at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, a large number of northerners moved south and got to know Wu dialect. "Shi Shuo Xin Yu Paidiao" "Liu Zhenchang first met the Prime Minister Wang, ... Liu came out and people asked to see the leader. Liu said, "I don't see any difference in him, but I heard that he is, uh." . "

During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Wu dialect had a great influence on Japanese. Five-tone is a Japanese phonetic pronunciation of Chinese characters. The pronunciation of these Chinese characters was directly introduced into Japan from the Southern Dynasty, or through Baekje on the Korean Peninsula, while the Southern Dynasty was south of the Yangtze River and the ruling center was Emperor Wu. Five tones are deeply integrated into Japanese and are often used in basic vocabulary, which was called "harmony" in ancient times. After the Heian period, students studying in Japan promoted Chang 'an sound and called Jiangdong sound "five tones".

Wu yin is similar to modern Wu dialect, such as the nasal initials of Japanese mothers; "He" Wu Yinワ corresponds to the Wu dialect "He School"; Delete the rhyme in the mountain. Wu Yin reads many rhymes, etc. From the five tones of Japan, we can know the ancient five tones in the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

Sui and Tang Dynasties

With the economic and cultural rise of Yangzhou in Sui Dynasty, it is recorded in Zi Tongzhi Jian that Yang Di studied Wu dialect in Yangzhou. There may be Wu dialect along the Yangtze River and north of the Yangtze River in the early days, but it was separated from Wu dialect as early as the Song Dynasty.

There are Wu language records in the rhyme books of the Tang Dynasty, such as "Bang, General Bo, Beard and Wu Renyun", and the legs of Wu people are still called "Bang".

The stability and prosperity of the country in the Tang Dynasty consolidated and differentiated the Wu dialect. By Kaiting and Zhang Kai, the boundary between Min dialect and Hakka dialect has been clearly defined, indicating that Min dialect has been formed and consolidated. Jiyun in the Northern Song Dynasty compiled the word "Yao" in Fujian dialect, and included many Wu words, which consolidated the Wu language.

Changshu dialect has eight tones, and people in the middle Tang Dynasty also have eight tones, so there are many old sayings in Changshu dialect, such as "little official" and "young lady".

Song and Yuan Dynasties

Wu dialect was consolidated in the Song Dynasty, forming a situation in which the north and the south took all the food. The author of Dong 'ou film Yongjia wrote a calligraphy book according to his own dialect, and the professional bookstore wrote literary works: various Yongjia drama scripts, which enriched the dialect characteristics. At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, The Record of Dropping out of Farming in Nancun recorded Wu's phonology with folk word shooting games.

Ming and Qing dynasties

Suzhou's economic and cultural level improved in the Ming Dynasty, and Wu dialect had a great influence on the whole country in the Ming Dynasty. Feng Menglong's Folk Songs collected a large number of folk songs of Wu at that time, and the first nine volumes were written in Wu dialect. Feng Menglong's Sanyan, The Legend of Mo Hanzhai, Liang Chenyu's Huansha Ji, and Li Yu's Qingzhongpu all use Wu dialect. At that time, the vocabulary and grammar of Wu dialect had laid the outline of today.

At the end of Ming Dynasty, the population of Wu dialect accounted for 20% of the whole country, and the vernacular novel Dou Peng Gossip recorded the spoken Wu dialect at that time. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, a large number of Su Bai's novels appeared, such as Biography of Flowers on the Sea, Tortoise with Nine Tails, and Wu Ji by Gu Jiegang. In the past, the written language was classical Chinese, and Biography of Flowers on the Sea in the late Qing Dynasty took the lead in combining classical Chinese with Wu dialect.

The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom broke out in the late Qing Dynasty, which had a serious impact on Jiangnan. The burning, killing and looting of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom led to an unprecedented blow to Wu's economic base and labor resources, and the population of Wu dialect dropped sharply. There was a vacuum in some areas of Western Wu, and the problem of refugees led to Huaihua.

Modern Times

From the end of 19, the loanwords sofa/ beer are transliterated. The 1930s was the golden age of Shanghai dialect.

Putonghua has been promoted for 30 years, and Wu dialect's ability to create words has declined. Since the 1980' s, all schools in Wuyu District have taught in Mandarin, read a lot of pinyin questions in Mandarin and printed slogans such as "Mandarin is the campus language", which has had an impact on students' language concept. It can be said that "when I entered the school, I arrived in Beijing". Due to the lack of Wu language education, some teenagers have poor Wu language ability. Many scholars call for Wu language teaching.

A country should have a standardized language, but now Mandarin is just a dialect, and there are too many problems.

A test of origin and development

The Wu royal family, whose surname is the same as Zhou's, comes from the Central Plains and has the word "Hou Yi" as proof. Chinese characters are used in ritual vessels in Wang Zhu, wuyue. The son of Wu is familiar with the rites and music of the Central Plains and travels around the world, and is known as "the martial arts are used to rituals". Confucius disciple Zhongjiang Nanwei Wu Yanyan. Upper-class people learn Chinese. I just don't know whether to use the original sound or the neighboring sound. Judging from the appeal of Wu Zixu, Ai Bo, Wen Zi, Fan Li, Chu people in the Spring and Autumn Period and Uncle Xiang Liang in Wu at the end of Qin Dynasty, it is possible for Xiang Yu to lead 8,000 children from Jiangdong to cross the river against Qin.

Qin Shihuang was divided into 36 counties, located in Huiji County in the east of Wu Yue and Yanji County in the west. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, it was merged, then changed to Wu Jun in Huiji, and changed to Danyang in Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. The Eastern Han Dynasty set up Huiji and Wu Jun. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, a county was set up, and officers stationed in the army. Central Plains immigrants lived in Wu, Huiji and Wanling Xuancheng, and were governed by the county. Wu dialect is developed around this point. At that time, some Vietnamese entered the mountainous areas and became "mountain-crossing people", while Fujian in southern Zhejiang was dominated by Vietnamese. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered people to move to Ouyue, Dongyue and Fujian and Guangdong in Jianghuai, "moving their people between Jianghuai, and the land of Dongyue and Guangdong became empty", and the Vietnamese diaspora retreated into the mountains and then returned to their hometown. "Dong 'ou survivors often come out gradually" and "Fujian and Vietnam are quite out of the valley". In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Yi, a title of generals in ancient times, was sent to crusade against Dongou with the water army. Until the Three Kingdoms, Xu Jing said to Cao Cao, "South to Jiaozhou, East Ou, Fujian and Vietnam, Wan Li, no Han".

Compared with northern Wu dialect, southern Wu dialect retains more features of ancient Wu dialect. Compared with dialects, Wenzhou dialect has many similarities with southern Chuyuan dialect, such as Xiao/Dan/Hui/Peng /Xi/ Du Gou/Lan and so on. Among them, the characteristic words, such as fear of anger, benefit from illness, agitation and abandonment, are all Chu dialect, which has played a certain role in the formation of Wu dialect, especially in the south. In addition to the combination of ancient Vietnamese, the formation of Wu dialect may also be formed by the integration of Chu dialect and Zhongyuan dialect. Some people in the Central Plains say that Wu people have a sound of Chu, which is called the sound of Chu. The ancient wuyue dialect and Dongchu dialect merged to form Jiangdong dialect with local characteristics, which developed for 560 years until the fall of Luoyang in Yongjia Rebellion in the Western Jin Dynasty. Wang Chong's Lun Heng records that when he was eight years old, there were "more than a hundred people in a small library", indicating that Huiji education developed in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Dongwu county in the Western Jin Dynasty was divided repeatedly, and the dialect was constantly expanding.