12.9 Sports Essay Collection

On December 9, 1935, thousands of students in Peking (Beijing) held an anti-Japanese and national salvation demonstration under the leadership of the Communist Party of China.

After the North China Incident, the national crisis became unprecedentedly serious. The Communist Party of China issued a call to stop the civil war and unite to resist Japan, which promoted the rise of the national anti-Japanese and national salvation movement. Students in Peiping, who are at the forefront of national defense, feel bitterly that "North China is so big that there is no room for a peaceful desk." At the turn of the spring and summer of 1935, Li Changqing, the special commissioner of the Hebei Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China, arrived in Peking and established the Peking Provisional Working Committee of the Communist Party of China composed of Peng Tao and others, and appointed Zhou Xiaozhou to be in charge of the Peking branch of the Chinese National Armed Self-Defense Committee. Under the leadership of the Peking Provisional Working Committee of the Communist Party of China, on November 18, 1935, the Peking University and Middle School Student Federation was established. Subsequently, the Federation of Students decided to launch an anti-Japanese and national salvation action in the form of a petition. On December 6, 15 universities and middle schools in Peking issued a declaration opposing North China's "anti-Japanese autonomy" and demanding that the Kuomintang government attack Yin Rugeng, announce its foreign policy toward Japan, mobilize the country to resist the enemy, and effectively open up people's speech, association, and assembly. free. At this time, news came that the Hebei-Cha Government Affairs Committee would be established on December 9. The Peiping Student Federation caucus decided to hold a petition to resist Japan and save the country on this day. On December 7, the Peking Federation of Students held a meeting of representatives from each school to decide on the gathering time, action route and slogans for the petition march. After the meeting, the student self-government associations of each school intensively carried out mobilization and preparation work. On December 9, the wind was freezing and the dripping water turned into ice. Under the organization and command of Huang Jing, Yao Yilin, Guo Mingqiu and other Communist Party members, patriotic students participating in the anti-Japanese and national salvation petition march took to the streets. At the forefront of the team were students from Northeastern University, China University, Peking Normal University and Municipal Girls' No. 1 Middle School. The police authorities knew in advance that the students were going to petition and march, so they issued a martial law order early in the morning and set up sentries in some streets and fortresses. Students from Tsinghua University, Yenching University and other cities outside the city were blocked by military police and clashed with them at Xizhimen. At about 10 o'clock in the morning, one to two thousand students in the city broke through the obstruction of the military and police and gathered in front of Xinhua Gate. They chanted slogans such as "Stop the civil war and unite with the outside world!" "Down with Japanese imperialism!" "Oppose the autonomy of the five provinces of North China!" "Recover the lost territory in Northeast China!" "Down with the traitors and traitors!" "Armed to defend North China!" and other slogans, expressing the sentiments of the whole country. The people’s call to resist Japan and save the country. Each school temporarily elected 12 representatives including Dong Yuhua, Song Li, and Yu Gang, and submitted a petition to He Yingqin, acting chairman of the Peiping Branch of the Military Commission of the Kuomintang Government, putting forward 6 demands: 1. Oppose the establishment of an autonomous anti-Japanese committee in North China and similar organization; 2. Oppose all secret negotiations between China and Japan, and immediately announce the foreign policy to deal with the current crisis; 3. Guarantee the people's freedom of speech, assembly, and press; 4. Stop the civil war and immediately prepare for foreign self-defense wars; 5. No arbitrary arrests people; 6. Immediately release the arrested students. Why should Qin avoid seeing him? The petition failed, and the public was furious. Representatives from each school immediately decided to hold a demonstration instead. The team started from Xinhuamen, passed through Xidan and Xisi, and then rushed to Shasha, Dongdan, and then to Tiananmen for the student conference. Along the way, students from law and business schools, Peking University School of Medicine, Sino-French University, Peking University and other universities and middle schools who broke out of the military and police siege from time to time joined the march, and the group gradually expanded to five to six thousand people. During the march, the students preached the principles of resisting Japan and saving the nation to the people along the street, distributed leaflets, and received applause and support from the people. When the front of the march reached Wangfujing Street and the rear had not left Nanchizi, a large number of police armed with machetes, wooden sticks, and water hoses attacked the unarmed patriotic students. The patriotic students were not afraid of the rape, and the team continued to move forward. At this time, the police turned on the water hose, spraying cold water on the students, and then beat them with whips, gun handles, and wooden sticks. The students fought bravely with the military and police, and more than a hundred people were injured. The parade was broken up. On December 10, major middle and high schools in Peiping issued a joint declaration announcing a general strike starting from now on. The specific goals of the strike are: 1. Oppose to the death the puppet organization that divides our country’s territorial sovereignty; 2. Oppose surrender diplomacy; 3. Demand the mobilization of the entire country to resist Japan; 4. Fight for the freedom to save the country. We call on all walks of life across the country to respond immediately and act in concert. Demand that the authorities immediately release the arrested students and withdraw the military police who have blocked the schools. On the same day, the Peiping Federation of Students issued a "Propaganda Outline", stating that under the current situation, we must first overthrow Japanese imperialism, oppose the brutal civil war that endangers the survival of the nation, and oppose all policies and actions that betray national interests.

It was emphasized that in order to realize the freedom and liberation of the Chinese nation, the people of the country must be united and form a united front. During the strike, students from each school established and improved their own organizations. Peking University established the Student Salvation Association and issued a manifesto opposing the establishment of the Hebei-Cha Government Affairs Committee. The student unions of Tsinghua University, Yenching University and other schools organized symposiums, literary and art clubs, propaganda teams, etc. to carry out anti-Japanese and national salvation activities. Starting from December 11, patriotic rallies and demonstrations by students have broken out in large and medium-sized cities such as Tianjin, Baoding, Taiyuan, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Chengdu, and Chongqing. Many universities, middle schools, trade unions and other organizations have offered support to Peking students. Send letters and telegrams to support the patriotic actions of Peiping students. Under the specific leadership of the Peking Provisional Working Committee of the Communist Party of China, the Peiping Federation of Students promptly studied and formulated plans to organize larger-scale demonstrations. On December 14, the Peiping newspaper published the news that the Kuomintang authorities planned to establish the Hebei-Cha Government Affairs Committee on December 16. The Peiping Students' Federation decided to hold another demonstration on this day, pushing the students' anti-Japanese and national salvation movement to a new climax. In the early morning of December 16, students from various schools in Peiping were divided into four groups, led by Northeastern University, China University, Peking University and Tsinghua University respectively, and held a massive demonstration. A total of more than 10,000 students participated. They held high the school flag and marched towards the overpass with banners such as "Oppose the specialization of North China!" and "Oppose the establishment of the Hebei-Cha Government Affairs Committee!" Around 11 a.m., students and citizens gathered at Tianqiao Square to hold a meeting. Huang Jing, the head of the parade headquarters, stood on a tram and gave an impassioned speech and led the crowd in chanting slogans. The congress passed eight resolutions, including opposing the Hebei-Cha Government Affairs Committee, opposing any puppet organization in North China, calling for an end to the civil war, a unified foreign policy, the recovery of lost territory in the Northeast, and the fight for anti-Japanese and patriotic freedom. After the meeting, the parade marched towards the Diplomatic Building at the entrance of Dongjiaomin Lane, where the Hebei-Cha Government Affairs Committee was scheduled to be established, for a general demonstration. The procession reached the front door and was intercepted by a large number of police and security teams. After repeated negotiations with student representatives, the military police allowed the parade to enter the inner city in batches through Qianmen and Xuanwumen. At Xuanwumen, patriotic students were brutally suppressed by thousands of military police. Twenty or thirty people were arrested and nearly 400 were injured. The Peking students' anti-Japanese and national salvation demonstrations dealt a heavy blow to the traitorous activities of the Kuomintang government, forcing the Hebei-Cha Government Affairs Committee to postpone its establishment. The December 9th Movement received support and response from people across the country. Patriotic students in Tianjin, Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Xi'an, Kaifeng, Jinan, Taiyuan, Changsha, Guilin, Chongqing and other cities held petition rallies, demonstrations, or issued declarations and energized calls to support the patriotic actions of the students in Peking. The Students' Federation of the Shaanxi-Gansu Soviet Area also sent out a call in response, and people from all walks of life in the Soviet Area gathered to support the anti-Japanese and national salvation movement of students across the country. On December 18, the All-China Federation of Trade Unions issued a "Letter to Workers to Aid the Peking Students' National Salvation Movement", calling on male and female workers from all industries and factories across the country to convene mass meetings, issue declarations and send calls to protest against the betrayal of North China and the massacre and massacre by traitors and traitors. Arrest patriotic students. On December 21, the Shanghai Federation of Trade Unions sent a call to express support for the students in Peiping, calling on compatriots across the country to rise up in unison, gather the strength of the entire nation, oppose the existence of any pseudo-organization, and safeguard sovereignty and protect the country. Guangzhou railway workers, Shanghai postal service, and railway workers held rallies and sent out telegrams demanding a declaration of war against Japan. Lu Xun, Song Qingling and other patriotic celebrities praised the heroic fighting spirit of patriotic students and donated money to support the students' anti-Japanese and national salvation movement. Overseas Chinese also support patriotic students in various ways. The December 9th Movement widely publicized the Chinese Communist Party's anti-Japanese proposition of ending the civil war and uniting in foreign affairs, setting off a new upsurge in the national anti-Japanese and national salvation movement.

[Edit this paragraph] The incident

At 10 a.m. on December 9, 1935, more than 3,000 students from various middle schools in Peiping gathered in front of Xinhua Gate to petition. Subsequently, large-scale demonstrations were held to oppose the establishment of the Hebei-Cha Government Affairs Committee, the "Anti-Japanese Autonomy Movement" in North China, and the Japanese invasion of North China.

The marchers clashed with military police in Xidan and East Chang'an Street. Many students were injured and dozens of people were arrested.

On December 10, students from various schools in Peiping went on strike. The Student Union of Zhejiang University in Hangzhou made a resolution to respond to the Peiping student movement and sent a message to the whole country.

On December 11, the Nanjing National Government appointed 17 members of the "Hebei-Cha Administrative Committee" and designated Song Zheyuan as the chairman. Song Zheyuan sent military police to the gates of various universities and strictly prohibited students from going out to demonstrate.

On December 12, students from universities and middle schools in Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuhan and Guangzhou expressed solidarity with the students in Peking.

On December 13, the presidents of six universities in Peiping jointly issued a "Letter to the Students", saying: The arrested students have been completely released, the purpose of the petition and strike has been achieved, and it is hoped that the students will resume their studies today.

On December 14, Peking Mayor Qin Dechun invited student representatives from various schools to hold a tea party, urging students to resume classes immediately and "do not engage in extracurricular actions" and "take into account the current environment in North China and do not cause external disputes due to words." .

The Student Salvation Association of various universities in Shanghai was established and sent out calls to support the Peiping student movement.

On December 15th, the Peking City Government and the university authorities announced that students will be required to attend classes starting from the 16th, and any violation will be severely punished.

On December 16, more than 10,000 students from 44 universities and middle schools in Peiping held another demonstration. The march was suppressed by the military and police, with 20 to 30 people arrested and more than 400 injured.

The student parade gathered at Tianqiao and Zhengyangmen to hold a citizen meeting, with more than 20,000 citizens participating.

Strikes, market strikes, and school strikes in Peiping.

The "Hebei-Cha Government Affairs Committee" originally scheduled to be established today has been postponed.

On December 17, Song Zheyuan issued a "Letter to Peking Students", stating that "some communist parties are inciting and exploiting the student patriotic movement" and if there are still "off-track actions", they will be "appropriately stopped."

In January 1936, students from Beijing, Tianjin and other places organized a propaganda group to go south, going deep into the workers and peasants to promote anti-Japanese resistance.

On March 31, when Guo Qing, a student from Peking No. 17 Middle School, died in prison, a coffin-carrying demonstration was held in Peking.

On May 28, a demonstration was held in Peiping. The slogans of the march were: "Support the 29th Army in resisting Japan", "Carry forward the 29th Army's anti-Japanese tradition", "Down with Japanese imperialism", etc.

On May 30, Song Zheyuan, chairman of the Hebei-Cha Government Affairs Committee and commander of the 29th Army, made a statement, stating that "if Japan still increases its troops in North China, I will fight against Japan with the officers and soldiers of the 29th Army."

On June 13, students in Peiping held the fourth demonstration to oppose Japan's continued increase of troops to North China. The military and police along the way did not interfere with the parade and showed sympathy.

On December 12, students in Peiping held their fifth demonstration, chanting slogans such as "Assist Suiyuan in the War of Resistance" and "All parties unite."

[Edit this paragraph] Role

The anti-Japanese and national salvation demonstrations by the students in Peking dealt a heavy blow to the traitorous activities of the Kuomintang government, forcing the Hebei-Cha Government Affairs Committee to postpone its establishment.

[Edit this paragraph] Significance

The December 9th Movement widely publicized the Chinese Communist Party’s anti-Japanese proposition to stop the civil war and unite with foreign countries, and set off a nationwide anti-Japanese and national salvation movement. new climax.

Commemoration

In order to commemorate December 9, 1935, many schools held winter long-distance running competitions on this day.