12.9 The causes, processes, and results of historical events

1. Cause

In May and June of 1935, the Japanese invaders conspired to create troubles in Tianjin, Hebei and other places, and threatened the Nanjing National Government with force. Accepted and reached the "Ho-Mei Agreement" and the "Qin-Turk Agreement", and handed over most of the sovereignty of Hebei and Chahar provinces, including Pingjin and Tianjin, to Japan.

After that, the Japanese imperialists actively instigated the so-called "Anti-Japanese Autonomy Movement" in the five provinces of North China, planned to establish a puppet regime under their direct control, and carried out comprehensive political, economic, and cultural aggression in North China. "North China It is so big that it cannot accommodate a quiet desk." This aroused great indignation among people from all walks of life in Peiping.

2. After

In the early morning of December 9, 1935, the anti-Japanese anger of the vast number of patriotic students erupted like a volcano. Students from Northeastern University, China University, and Peking Normal University held banners and slogans and marched toward Xinhua Gate.

Nearly a thousand patriotic students from Tsinghua University and Yenching University were far away from the city. When they arrived at Xizhimen, the city gate had been closed by military police and the petition team was unable to enter the city. Students from the two schools held a mass meeting in the Xizhimen area to conduct anti-Japanese propaganda to nearby residents and the soldiers and policemen guarding the city.

When the parade arrived near the Pingjin Garrison Headquarters at Xidan Archway, it was blocked and attacked by military police. The students were not afraid of the violence, chanted slogans of resisting Japan and saving the country, and continued to move forward, and the team grew stronger.

Professors such as Xu Deheng from Peking University, Wu Chengshi from China University, and Mr. and Mrs. Snow, who were teaching at Yenching University at the time, also participated in the demonstrations. Reporters from many domestic and foreign newspapers accompanied the interview.

When the team arrived at Wangfujing Street via Xisi, Huguo Temple, Di'anmen and Beach, it had expanded to four to five thousand people. The south entrance of Wangfujing Street was full of military police, wielding whips and wooden sticks to beat the unarmed patriotic students.

The students fought with the military police, and dozens of people were arrested on the spot. Under the repression of the Kuomintang authorities, the demonstrations were dispersed.

3. Results

On December 18, the All-China Federation of Trade Unions issued a "Letter to Workers to Assist Peking Students in the National Salvation Movement", calling on male and female workers in all industries and factories across the country to rise up Mass meetings were convened, declarations and telegrams were issued to protest against the betrayal of North China by traitors and traitors, the massacre and the arrest of patriotic students.

On December 21, the Shanghai Federation of Trade Unions sent a call to express support for the students in Peiping, calling on compatriots across the country to rise up in unison, gather the strength of the entire nation, oppose the existence of any pseudo-organization, and safeguard sovereignty and protect the country. Guangzhou railway workers, Shanghai postal service, and railway workers held rallies and sent out telegrams demanding a declaration of war against Japan.

Lu Xun, Song Qingling and other patriotic celebrities praised the heroic fighting spirit of patriotic students and donated money to support the students' anti-Japanese and national salvation movement. Overseas Chinese also support patriotic students in various ways.

The December 9th Movement widely publicized the Chinese Communist Party and the Kuomintang's proposal to stop the civil war and unite in the foreign anti-Japanese campaign, setting off a new upsurge in the national anti-Japanese and national salvation movement

Extended information :

After the Japanese imperialists invaded Northeast China, they continued to invade North China. In June 1935, they took control of Chahar Province and ordered the traitor Yin Rugeng to establish a puppet regime in eastern Hebei ("Eastern Hebei Anti-Japanese Autonomy"). government").

The Kuomintang government is preparing to establish the Hebei-Cha Government Affairs Committee to adapt to the requirements of "specialization of the regime in North China" proposed by the Japanese invaders. At a critical moment for the nation, the Communist Party of China issued a declaration on August 1, calling on the military and civilians across the country to resist Japan and save the country.

On December 9, the "December 9th" anti-Japanese and national salvation movement of students in Peking broke out.

Previously, on November 18, student representatives from major middle schools in Peiping held a joint meeting to secretly establish the Peking Student Federation. Elect Ming Kuo as chairman.

On December 6, the founding declaration was publicly issued, proposing a nine-point political program centered on opposing Japanese imperialism's annexation of North China, calling for an end to the civil war, the Communist Party of China to go to the national disaster, unite people from all walks of life across the country, and arm the Resist the Japanese invaders and fight for the independence and liberation of the Chinese nation.

At 10:30 a.m. on December 9, more than 6,000 patriotic students from major middle schools in Peking took to the streets and rushed to Xinhua Gate to petition He Yingqin, the Minister of Military and Political Affairs of the Nationalist Government.

The angry students raised their arms and shouted: "Down with Japanese imperialism!" "Oppose the autonomy of the five provinces of North China!" "Down with the traitors and traitors!" "Stop the civil war immediately!"

Petition representatives proposed 6 items to the National Government Requirements:

(1) Oppose North China Autonomy and similar organizations;

(2) Oppose all secret negotiations between China and Japan, and immediately announce the foreign policy to deal with the current crisis;< /p>

(3) Protect the people’s freedom of speech, assembly, and press;

(4) Stop the civil war and immediately prepare for foreign self-defense wars;

(5) No arbitrary Arrest people;

(6) Release arrested students immediately.

When the student parade passed through Xidan and East Chang'an Street, it was attacked by military police with wooden sticks, whips, water hoses, and machetes. More than a hundred people were injured and more than 30 people were arrested.

Students from Tsinghua University and Yanjing University outside the city were unable to enter the city because the city gate was closed. They persisted all day long in the biting wind, tearfully complaining to the onlookers about the atrocities committed by the Japanese army in the Northeast and the Kuomintang's non-resistance policy. .

Secondly, the Peking Federation of Students decided to hold a general strike by students from all schools and actively planned and prepared for larger-scale demonstrations. The anti-Japanese and national salvation rage swept the entire city of Peiping.

Since the 10th, students, faculty and staff in Hangzhou, Wuhan, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Nanjing, Jinan, Tianjin, Qingdao, Nanning, Changsha, Xiamen and other places have gathered to issue declarations, electrify, and hold strikes and parades. , supporting the patriotic movement of Peiping students.

Patriots from all over the world established the National Salvation Association from all walks of life, demanding that the Kuomintang authorities stop the civil war and realize the resistance against Japan. ?

Baidu Encyclopedia - December 9 Movement