How to improve your Chinese literacy?

First, the principle of examining questions

The assessment of new material composition should be "three natures and four cleanings". "Three natures" is the principle and "four cleanings" is the method.

1. Integrity principle: The examination of new compositions should have a sense of integrity, focus on the overall materials, and don't get entangled in local details, otherwise it is likely to be off topic.

2. Multi-directional principle: Generally speaking, the materials in the composition of new materials are not unique, and different conclusions can be drawn from different angles. Therefore, we should learn to look at materials from multiple angles.

3. Screening principle: Because the opinions we get from the materials are diverse, we should properly screen the opinions we get when we enter writing. Screening principle:

(1) subject to the overall material; ② The viewpoint may be novel; I have something to say. note:

1. Clear objects: Some materials may involve two or more objects, and there is no obvious distinction between these objects, but a parallel relationship. Therefore, in theory, each object can extract at least one viewpoint.

2. prioritize: some materials may involve several objects, but these objects are not juxtaposed, and there are primary and secondary points. Then, when examining the questions, we should start from the subject and object, not from the secondary object, distinguish between primary and secondary, and analyze them, otherwise there may be digression.

3. Distinguish the relationship: Some materials may involve several objects, and these objects have certain internal relations. When reviewing questions, we must distinguish the possible relationships between these objects.

4. Analysis meaning: Some materials contain metaphors or philosophies. When examining questions, we should first carefully analyze and ponder, so as to reveal the meaning or truth contained in the materials and take it as the basis for argumentation.

Typical method

Read the following text and write an article of not less than 800 words as required. (2006 National College Entrance Examination Composition)

An eagle swooped down from the summit of the vulture and took a lamb.

A crow saw it and was very envious, thinking: If only I had such a skill! So the crow imitated the eagle's dive posture and practiced hard.

One day, the crow thought he was practicing well, so he swooped down from the tree and jumped on the back of a goat, trying to catch the goat and fly, but its body was too light, its claws were entangled in wool, and it could not fly no matter how it flapped its wings, so it was caught by the shepherd.

The shepherd's child saw it and asked what kind of bird it was. The shepherd said, "This is a bird that has forgotten its name." The child touched the crow's feather and said, "It's cute, too!" " "

You need to have a comprehensive understanding of the material, but you can choose a side and an angle to conceive the composition. Independently determine the concept, style and title; Don't deviate from the meaning of the material, don't copy it, and don't copy it.

process analysis

The protagonist of this material is a crow, not an eagle.

Facing the behavior of "crow" involves two different evaluations of "shepherd" and "child".

① Blind imitation

② Lack of self-knowledge.

The shepherd "forgot his name"

(3) Blindly aim too high.

(4) cleverness is deceived by cleverness.

crow

Learning from the strong is worth encouraging.

(2) It's not bad to learn from others.

Children are "cute, too"

(3) There is a spirit of desperate pursuit.

④ Imitation is the foundation of innovation.

2. Examination method

First, the essence of refining methods

This method is to grasp the essential problems reflected by the material to do the thinking. This method is suitable for plain narrative materials. There is no obvious right or wrong in this kind of material, and the center of expression is not implicit. We have a responsibility to extract a philosophical point of view.

For example: 1987, 75 Nobel Prize winners gathered in Paris. Someone asked a Nobel Prize winner: In which school and laboratory did you learn the most valuable things? Surprisingly, the scholar said that it was in kindergarten. "What did you learn in kindergarten?" The scholar replied: "Give half of your own things to your friends, and don't take things that are not your own;" Things should be placed neatly; Wash your hands before eating; Apologize for doing something wrong; Have a rest after lunch; Observe nature carefully. This is what I learned fundamentally. " The scholar's words represent the general view of scientists.

When analyzing materials, we should grasp the essence of scholars' words. Give half things to friends: the quality of selflessness and friendliness. Don't take things that are not your own: the essence of not being greedy. Putting things in order: a strict habit. Apologize for doing something wrong: correcting the wrong quality. Wash your hands before eating and rest after lunch: good living habits. It can be seen that this old scholar learned some good qualities and habits in kindergarten, which made him successful and realized the value of life. Therefore, the essential problem of this material is that developing good quality and habits from an early age will benefit people for life. Taking this as an argument is profound and accurate.

Second, the truth sublimation method:

This method is suitable for more implicit figurative materials, fables and philosophical natural phenomena. 1990 The French fable The Little Girl and the Rose Garden and Naoko Suspicing Neighbors in 2003 all belong to this type. To analyze this kind of materials, we must reveal the "truth" contained in the materials, and then expand the application scope of this truth.

For example, there is a passage in Orion and Huainanzi, "I don't hide my group, I don't take it; Fishing without fatigue, hunting without burning wood. " Write an argumentative essay on this passage in combination with reality.

Some students talk about hunting on the matter, and some students talk about protecting small animals and are sympathetic; Some students talk about methods from the perspective of efficiency. None of this is relevant. Some students also talked about protecting the ecological balance and not destroying wild animals. It seems that it is irrelevant, but in fact it just made a mistake: it did not rise to the theoretical level and did not "overlook" the ecological balance under the guidance of theory.

Whether hunting or fishing, the essence of these practices is the same: they only care about immediate interests and ignore the future. This is the "principle" contained in materials. From this perspective, we can have a long-term vision and leave room for everything. If you use it to connect with real life, you will naturally think of something similar to this, such as abandoning school and doing business.

Comics are also often used. Such as 1996, this is the case. Comics generally use exaggeration, humor and irony to reflect reality, and most of them are obscure, so we should also reveal the truth contained in the picture and then sublimate it into reality, rather than draw lessons from it.

Third, the method of seeking differences and similarities.

This method is to put forward some similarities of several different materials and summarize them as the arguments of the article. This method is first suitable for multicomponent materials with similar arrangement.

If there is such a set of patterning materials:

The first material is a famous writer, who has been writing since he was injured and sick in his later years. The second material wrote that an old educator had gross negligence in the first half of his life, and in his later years, he could not bear foreign invasion, defended his honor and scolded his enemy for being killed; Chen Duxiu in the third material is the founder of Zhong * *, who made a serious mistake. He was laid off in his later years, poor and ill, but he still refused to give in to the enemy. The * * * similarity of the three materials is to observe the evening festival and see the sun, which is all his glory "sunny day on earth". This similarity should be the purpose of composition.

In addition, this "reciprocal method" is also suitable for seemingly contradictory multi-element materials.

For example, there are two kinds of synthetic materials:

(1) Ma Yuxiang, a volunteer hero, once said, "I am not a hero. I was a soldier in the Korean battlefield, and then I went back and forth to the place. I am a soldier, too. Now that I'm retired, I want to be a soldier. I have measured myself in this life, as long as I have enough weight to be a soldier. "

(2) Napoleon said that soldiers who don't want to be marshals are not good soldiers.

The contradiction between Ma Yuxiang and Napoleon's words is obvious. When refining an argument, the key is to analyze its unity. When I say uniform, I mean reasonable. Is it reasonable to be a good soldier? Do you rule out being a good soldier if you want to be a marshal? Is there a reasonable place to "want to be a marshal"? If both the former and the latter make sense, what are their similarities? If these problems are solved correctly, the refined views may conform to the dialectical unity view.

Fourth, the free comment method.

This method is suitable for non-type materials, and the authors of such materials have no clear opinions or clear tendencies. We need to analyze the merits and put forward our own views. Generally speaking, this kind of composition does not seek the consistency of conclusions, and different people have different opinions. If there is such a material:

It is difficult to determine a workshop director between rhubarb and Huang Xiao. The new director wants to test a person's character by playing chess. With rhubarb, rhubarb is slow, steady and sophisticated. He shook hands in three games, and was fierce and aggressive with Xiao Huang and Xiao Huang. He has three axes in the opening and one in the middle. The first two games directly killed the factory director, and the third game claimed that it must win the factory director, but only the next game.

It should be pointed out that some materials will express the emotions of love, hate and hatred explicitly or implicitly, which is the right and wrong tendency of materials, and we can't turn a blind eye. By identifying the tendentiousness in the material, we can judge whether the viewpoint we have extracted is correct or not. Such as the following materials:

When Venus with a broken arm appeared in front of people, countless kind people flocked to it. They put forward all kinds of strange ideas to connect the broken arm. Venus's broken arm is like an attractive trap, but so far no design has been universally appreciated.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) rebound pipa method

There was a native of Lu who was good at weaving, and his wife was good at weaving white silk. They wanted to live in Vietnam, so someone said to them, "You will be very poor." Lu asked him what he was talking about, and the man said, "Wear feet, Vietnamese walk barefoot, white silk makes hats, and Vietnamese wear hair." Your husband and wife's specialty is useless in Vietnam. How can you not be poor? "

We can think about and analyze the problems in the materials in turn, and question the raw materials from the opposite angle: Will Lu people be poor when they go to Vietnam? It may also be because Vietnamese wear hair barefoot, and shoes and hats have a big market, so it can be concluded that Lu people may not be poor. This conception is a kind of reverse thinking. If the dialectical questioning article is novel in angle, profound in conception and speculative, it can catch the eye of the marking teacher well.

The above five methods can't cover all the examination methods, and they are all on paper. To make it work, teachers and students need to work together, practice, explore and summarize in writing, and constantly improve their writing level.