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the Revolution of 1911

The Revolution of 1911 refers to the Han revival movement that took place in 19 1 1 year (the third year of the reign of Emperor Xuantong in Qing Dynasty), that is, from1year to 19 1 2, aiming at overthrowing the autocratic monarchy in Qing Dynasty. Slogan: "expel the Tatars, restore China, establish the Republic of China, and have equal land rights." In a narrow sense, the Revolution of 1911 refers to the revolutionary events that took place in China from the outbreak of Wuchang Uprising on1910 (the 19th day of the eighth lunar month) to 19 12 New Year's Day when Sun Yat-sen became the interim president of the Republic of China. In a broad sense, it can also refer to a series of revolutionary movements that successfully overthrew the Manchu rule in China from the end of 191at the end of1. As a democratic revolution, the Revolution of 1911 successfully overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty, ended the imperial system in China, opened a new democratic era, and infiltrated the concepts of * * * and * * into the minds of upper-middle class people. As a national revolution, the success of the Revolution of 1911 also had an important impact on the ethnic relations in China and the national liberation movements in other Asian countries at the same time. A series of events before and after the Revolution of 1911 not only ended the efforts of the constitutionalists to promote constitutional monarchy, but also played a key role in the development of China's constitutionalism and the rule of law, central and local politics, and the relationship between central and local governments. The Beiyang government, which came into being after the Revolution of 1911, has made great achievements in firmly safeguarding national unity and territorial integrity, abolishing unequal treaties and improving the status of the country. Its historical contribution is unprecedented: after the October Revolution, Soviet Russia issued two declarations, 19 1920, on July 25th, announcing the abolition of tsarist Russia and China. 3 1,1On May 30, 924, the then Central Government of China (Beiyang Government) and the Soviet Union signed the Sino-Russian Outline Agreement on Solving Outstanding Cases, also known as the Sino-Soviet Agreement. Main contents: 1. Abolish all unequal treaties between China and Russia; Second, the Soviet Union gave up all concessions and land lease rights of the Russian Empire in China; Third, the Soviet Union gave up the Russian part of boxer indemnity; Fourth, the Soviet Union abolished the extraterritoriality and consular jurisdiction of the Russian Empire in China; 5. The Middle East Railway agreed to be redeemed by China. 6. Recognize Outer Mongolia as the territory of China, and China has complete and permanent sovereignty in Outer Mongolia. Confirm that all unequal treaties involving China in the era of Russian Empire are invalid; Recognizing Outer Mongolia as a part of China; Give up all Russian privileges in China. 1925 On June 24th, the Beijing government officially sent a note to governments of all countries, demanding that the unequal treaties be amended and that a conference on tariffs and legal rights determined by the Washington Conference be held. 19191kloc-0/0 In October, the Beiyang government took advantage of the Russian October Revolution to send general Xu Shuzheng to send troops to recover Outer Mongolia. 1919165438+10/7. History will always remember this day. Outer Mongolia formally wrote to President Xu Shichang of the Republic of China, petitioning for the abolition of "autonomy" and all treaties and agreements between China and Russia. All the territory of Outer Mongolia will return to the embrace of China and the Republic of China! At the same time, in order to defend national sovereignty and territorial integrity, Xu Shuzheng stationed its troops in various parts of Outer Mongolia, such as Shangmao City (now Chatu), Ulyasutai, Cobudo and Tang Nuo and Liang Hai, and completed the recovery of Outer Mongolia! Liang Hai in the Tang Dynasty, in particular, was infiltrated by Russia for many years and finally returned to the embrace of the motherland! Xu Shuzheng totally denies the Sino-Russian statement. Sun Yat-sen's military government in the south also called to celebrate. 1October 22nd, 165438+ President China's proclamation ordered the cancellation of outer Mongolia's autonomy and the restoration of the old system. At the same time, the Sino-Russian Declaration and the Chekatu Agreement were abolished, and the Beijing government set up the "Northwest Frontier Mission Office of the Republic of China" in Kulun, and the Xu Shuzheng Department stationed in Mongolia. Therefore, Sun Wen praised Xu Shuzheng: "Xu's recovery of Mongolia is more important than Fu Jiezi and Chen Tang, and public opinion is indispensable!" Under the leadership of Beiyang government, China participated in the First World War with its allies and attended the Paris Peace Conference as a victorious country, which changed the history of corruption and humiliation in the late Qing Dynasty for more than 70 years. On June 24th, 1925, the Beijing government officially sent another note to all governments, demanding that the unequal treaties be amended and that a conference on tariffs and legal rights determined by the Washington Conference be held. In the same year1October 26th, 10 western countries *** 13 held a special tariff meeting in Beijing. At the meeting on 1 65438+1October 19, the second Committee adopted a resolution: "recognize China's tariff autonomy, allow it to lift the tariff bondage contained in the existing treaty between the country and China, and allow China's national tariff rate regulations to be set at1929 65438+. (The Beiyang government made great efforts to govern, and Chiang Kai-shek enjoyed the success) "19 17 The Beiyang government declared war on Germany and Austria-Hungary, abolished their extraterritorial jurisdiction, stopped paying them the boxer indemnity signed by the Qing Dynasty, and won a five-year suspension of paying boxer indemnity to the allies. The victory of World War I not only enabled China to participate in the 19 19 Paris Peace Conference as a victorious country, but also became a member of the League of Nations, and was later elected as one of the six non-permanent members of the Executive Yuan of the League of Nations. It became an important member of the international community when it first entered, which greatly improved China's international status! The Treaty of Versailles gave Germany's rights in Shandong to Japan. With the support of the people all over the country, the Beiyang government stubbornly refused to sign the peace treaty, and forced Japan to unconditionally return the rights and interests of Shandong and agreed to withdraw from Shandong at the 192 1- 1922 Washington conference. This is a great victory over Japan since the late Qing Dynasty.