Are phrases centered on body words all part-of-speech phrases? Are predicate-centered phrases all predicate phrases? Please give an example. . .

The syntactic function of idioms can be divided into two categories: predicate and body part of speech. The so-called predicate function means that the syntactic function of such idioms is equivalent to predicate; The function of body words means that the syntactic function of such idioms is equivalent to body words. Predicate idioms include verb idioms and adjective idioms, and their main functions in sentences are to act as predicates and adverbials; The main function of part-of-speech idioms in sentences is to act as subject and object.

The internal correspondence between the internal grammatical structure of idioms and their external syntactic functions is obvious. We list them as follows:

Structure type, function and energy category

① Predictability of subject-predicate types

② Predictability of predicate-object types

③ Predictability of predicate complement.

④ Chinese predicates

⑤ Set Chinese style or aspect part of speech or both predicate and aspect part of speech.

⑥ Predictability of linkage.

⑦ Predictability of concurrent languages.

⑧ Shrinkage predictability

Pet-name ruby combined type

Haplotype

A part of speech consisting of noun morphemes

Predictability of verb morphemes

Predictability of adjective morpheme formation

Subject-predicate predicate

C predicate-object predicate

D- complement predicate

E-shaped middle predicate

F is medium or predicative or body part of speech or predicative and body part of speech.

From the above comparison, we can know that the internal structure and external function of idioms generally have corresponding laws. However, some idioms think that it is not important to define the part of speech of idioms, but it is important to examine their grammatical functions in sentences, so they only emphasize that "in a sentence, no matter how the idiom itself is structured, it can act as a certain sentence component". Forgive me for disagreeing with this view. Since the syntactic functions of idioms (that is, "parts of speech") are closely related to their grammatical structures, we should reveal these laws.

The common usage of predicate idioms and habitual idioms is similar to that of general predicate idioms and habitual idioms, so I won't repeat them here. The following is a discussion on the characteristics of idioms in syntactic function and related issues.

The syntactic function of fixed and medium-sized joint idioms with nominal morphemes as the main component is quite special, so it is necessary to make a detailed analysis. In Chinese Grammar Analysis, Mr. Lv Shuxiang pointed out: "Four-character words with nouns as the main component are often not used as nouns: don't be so talkative, wait for him to say (like verbs) ∣ This person has thick eyebrows (like adjectives)." This view is very insightful.

There are three syntactic functions of definite and medium-sized joint idioms.

First, it conforms to its own grammatical structure and only has the function of body words. For example:

Example 1. But at this time, the situation is just the opposite. There are a pair of eyes behind dozens of windows in two buildings, staring straight at the "watchtower", what is the difference, what is the change, and what are the clues to guess. (Feng Jicai's "Into the Storm")

Example 1 "clue" as the object has only the function of aspect words. Another example is "an iron wall, a golden rule, an open gun in the back, a panacea, piecemeal simplification, obvious effectiveness, talent, redundant words" and so on. , all have only stylistic functions.

Second, it deviates from its own grammatical structure and only has the function of predicate. For example:

For important works, it is much better to read a book and fully understand and absorb it than to read three or five books and get a vague impression. (Qin Mu's "Learn to Eat Whales")

The first layer of "glimpses", as a guardian language, has only the function of predicate. Another example is "water, grandstanding, dense, intertwined, servile, too many cooks, anticlimactic, worse than animals" and so on. , have only predicate function.

Thirdly, in language practice, it has both predicate function and aspect function, and the use cases of predicate function are often more common. For example:

I think this place is nice. The furnishings are antique, but a cluster of semi-green and semi-yellow bamboos outside the window and the faintly audible pool water outside the window make it more comfortable and quiet. (Wu Zuxiang's Bamboo House)

Exodus 4. It was not until the car was replaced by steps that he was surprised to find that the ancient style of the small town was gracefully preserved around him. (Gu Hongchun at the turn of summer)

In Example 3, "ancient style" is used as the predicate, which is a predication to describe quaint colors and emotional appeal; Used as an object in example 4, it refers to quaint colors and emotional appeal. This idiom has two functions: predication and body part of speech. Another example is "take it for granted, do everything possible, be energetic, careless, sincere, filthy, extravagant and loyal". , have two functions: predicate and genre.

There are few Chinese idioms with nominal morphemes as the main components, which have both aspect function and predicate function. For example:

He thought the wording of the letter was pitiful and could touch a heart of stone. (Qian Zhongshu's Fortress Besieged)

Women are full of pity and sympathy, but this sympathy is conditional. Once her love is threatened, she will be more ruthless than men. (Aring Zhang's "The Story of horse thief")

The Chinese-defined "heart of stone", as the object in Example 5, is a part of speech, which means that the heart is like a stone and is not moved by feelings; As a predicate in Example 6, it is a predication, which describes a heart of stone and is not moved by feelings. This kind of deterministic Chinese idioms, which have both body parts of speech and syntactic functions of predicates, are also like "only one cup of water, one meal, dying, one Ma Pingchuan, one glaring king kong, one fragmented sand, one famous name" and so on.

2.4.3. There are still a few idioms in Chinese whose core morphemes are both predicates and aspect words, which determines that these idioms have two syntactic functions corresponding to their structural types. This idiom is called double formation. This proves the consistent relationship between the grammatical structure types of idioms and their syntactic functions from another side. For example:

I tell you, no matter how brazen you are, no matter how smart you are, there is no place for you here. (Sima Wensen's "Wind and Rain Crossing the River")

However, he doesn't stay out for a long time every time, and it seems that he used sweet words to trick his fifth aunt into staying at home. (Ba Jin's "Talking about the Garden")

The core morphemes "Yan" and "Yu" in Rhetoric contain two meanings: talking about peace talks. When they appear together with the meaning of "Shuo", "rhetoric" is a medium-sized combination and predicate, as in Example 7. When the word "Hua" appears, "rhetoric" is a medium-sized combination and part of speech, as in Example 8.

I guess his son and daughter may not want to listen to him. I guess he won't talk to his son and daughter all the time. (Liang's Mid-Autumn Festival Again)

10. I am too lazy to socialize. When I talk about it, I am tired of hearing the same old story. (Xia Yan's "Heart Defense")

The core morpheme of "platitudes" is "talk", one is a predicate and the other is "talk or discuss"; The second is the body word, "you said it." Obviously, when it is a predicate, "platitudes" are subject and predicate, as in Example 9, the first layer is a predicate; When it is an idiomatic word, "cliche" is Chinese-style and idiomatic, as used as an object in the example 10.

Common idioms with double-format structure include "sweet talk, gossiping, Kan Kan talking, foresight, long speech, wishful thinking, whispering, inculcating" and so on.

2.4.4. Some idioms come from the same etymology (such as fables, myths and legends, historical events and famous works). Because the structure of idioms directly determines its syntactic function, in order to meet the needs of language communication, many idioms with the same origin have two structural types with different syntactic functions: one is predicate and the other is part of speech. For example:

There is no doubt that the national war will not be won without relying on the people. Abyssinia's mistake is a warning. (Mao Zedong's policy, measures and future against Japanese attack)

Example 12. One of the main reasons for Chiang Kai-shek's failure is that everything depends on foreign aid, which is a "lesson from the past." (Zhou Enlai's report on peace talks)

"Lessons from the Past" and "Lessons from the Past" are all from Xunzi? Phase ". "Lessons from the past" is a subject and predicate, which is used as a predicate in the example 1 1; "Lessons from the past" is a Chinese part of speech, which is used as an object in the example 12. They have different structural types and different syntactic functions, so they can't replace each other (of course, there are also differences in semantics, so they are omitted, the same below).

However, today, they are not rich old horses, but running old horses. Old horses know the way, and people will never forget their contributions to the party and the country. (Zhang Qi Hot Flow)

Exodus 14. The painter Cai used to be an old horse who knew the way. He enthusiastically helped his painting friends and kept improving. (Zhou Shoujuan's Travels in Suzhou)

"Old horse knows the way" and "old horse knows the way" are all from Han Feizi? Say Lin. "An old horse knows the way" is a subject-predicate type, and in the case of 13, it is predicated and used as a clause; "Know the old horse" is a Chinese-style part of speech, which is used as the object in the example 14.

Common idioms that come down in one continuous line are "Worrying about the sky/worrying about the sky, complaining about others/complaining about others, hurting the weak country wall/weak country wall, advice when most needed is least heeded, mainstay/mainstay, Jiang Lang's lack of talent/pen, and Jiang Lang's brilliant pen".

These homologous idioms with the same etymology but different functions due to different structural relations not only further illustrate that the internal structure of idioms restricts their external functions, but also illustrate that the demand for syntactic functions can also promote the changes of internal structures.

To sum up, the internal structure of idioms is closely related to their syntactic functions. From the overall situation of idioms, grammatical structure restricts syntactic function; However, judging from some certain medium-sized joint forms and a few certain Chinese idioms, syntactic functions are sometimes relatively independent. Therefore, we might as well think that most idioms in Chinese have the same place as free phrases, that is, the structural type stipulates their functional categories, but idioms are stereotyped (especially the integrity of meaning and the solidification of structure); However, some definite combinations and a few definite patterns in idioms are closer to Chinese compound words, because the relationship between the structural types and functional categories of Chinese compound words is relatively far away, and the syntactic functions are more conventional.