What city is the place that the Maritime Silk Road passes through?

Quanzhou

Quanzhou has 22 world heritage sites.

"Fujian" provides an overview of the 22 heritage sites in "Quanzhou: China's World Marine Trade Center in the Song and Yuan Dynasties" Distribution map of 22 heritage sites in "Quanzhou: The World Marine Trade Center of Song and Yuan China"

The ancient city of Quanzhou was once the world maritime trade center of Song and Yuan China. In 2021, it will be titled "Quanzhou: The World Marine Trade Center of Song and Yuan China" The theme of "World Ocean Trade Center" was successfully applied for World Heritage and became my country's 56th World Heritage. This heritage includes 22 heritage sites, covering ancient temples, bridges, pagodas, administrative institutions, wharfs, iron smelting and porcelain kiln ruins from the Song and Yuan Dynasties, etc. These heritage sites are powerful witnesses to the prosperity of Quanzhou’s maritime trade during the Song and Yuan Dynasties

UNESCO’s evaluation of this heritage is as follows: This group of sites reflects Quanzhou’s vitality as a world maritime trade center during the Song and Yuan Dynasties (10th to 14th centuries AD) and its close connection with the hinterland of China. . Quanzhou flourished during this important period in Asia's maritime trade. The heritage site includes a number of religious buildings, such as the Qingjing Temple (one of the earliest Islamic buildings in China) built in the 11th century AD, Islamic holy tombs, as well as a large number of archaeological remains, such as administrative buildings, stone structures with important commercial and defensive significance. Piers, porcelain and iron smelting production sites, elements of the urban transportation network, ancient bridges, pagodas and inscriptions. In Arabic and Western documents from the 10th to 14th centuries AD, Quanzhou was called Erythrina. The site also includes a partially original Yuan Dynasty temple and the world's only remaining Mani statue. Mani was the founder of Manichaeism (also known as Zoroastrianism), which was introduced to China around the 6th and 7th centuries AD.

1. The Laojun Rock Statue The Laojun Rock Statue is a Taoist seated statue of Laozi. It was carved from natural rocks in the Song Dynasty. It has a dignified and kind sitting posture, several wrinkles on its forehead, a bald head, straight eyes, and a prominent nose bridge. , with enlarged ears and a long, fluttering beard under the chin. Wearing a long coat with clear and soft pleats, he puts on his boots with his feet bent and his hands flat on his knees. The statue is 5.1 meters high, with exquisite carvings and a kind expression. It is the tallest existing stone statue of Laozi in my country. 2. Shibosi Site

Quanzhou City Bosi Site is located northwest of the Xunmen (Shuimen) site in the south of Zhu Street, Shuimen Lane, Licheng District, bounded by Narcissus Palace in the west, Sanyi Temple in the east, and Masanka in the north. Lane Hongcuoshan. Quanzhou Port flourished in the Tang Dynasty, flourished in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and declined in the middle of the Ming Dynasty. In the second year of Yuanyou (1087) of the Northern Song Dynasty, the imperial court established the Fujian Shipping Department in Quanzhou. It was not moved to Fuzhou until the eighth year of Chenghua (1472) of the Ming Dynasty. During the four hundred years that the Fujian Shipping Department was here, it managed overseas trade and related affairs in Quanzhou ports. 3. Dejimen ruins In the third year of Shaoding in the Southern Song Dynasty (1230), the county governor You Jiugong built Quanzhou Yicheng and built a stone city along the south gate of Quanzhou Town along the river. The city base is 8 feet wide, 10 feet high, and 438 feet long. In the twelfth year of Zhizheng of the Yuan Dynasty (1352), Jianjun Shaoyu established the south gate of the town where Luocheng was abandoned, and the path to Yicheng was expanded. Both the inside and outside are made of stone, and the south gate is called "Deji". During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the city was repeatedly repaired. In the 1930s, Quanzhou municipal authorities demolished the city many times, but Deji Gate remained until it was destroyed by fire in 1948, and its ruins were buried underground. Nowadays, the Dejimen site has been unearthed by archaeological excavations. The location of the ancient city gate is staggered with the gate of Tianhou Palace, which is in line with the custom in southern Fujian that "the main door cannot face the small door". The total area of ??the site is about 2,500 square meters, which is divided into two parts: the city gate, city wall, and city wall foundation site, and the Yuecheng gate and city wall foundation site. The structure is complete and magnificent; moat and bridge ruins were also excavated. Tianhou Temple is located in Licheng District, Quanzhou. It was first built in the second year of Qingyuan of the Song Dynasty (1196) and was originally named "Shunji Temple". In the fifth year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (1407), Zheng He petitioned to rebuild Shunji Temple. In the thirteenth year of Yongle (1415), it was rebuilt again and renamed "Tianfei Palace". In the 24th year of the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (1685), the temple was renamed "Tianhou Palace" in memory of Mazu

helping the Qing troops to conquer Taiwan. Tianhou Palace currently contains Ming and Qing buildings such as the main hall and bedrooms, as well as some components from the Song Dynasty. The mountain gate is the relocated Xuelingxing Gate from Jinjiang County.

5. Quanzhou Zhenwu Temple Zhenwu Temple is located in Fengze District, Quanzhou. It is commonly known as the God's Palace. It was built in the Song Dynasty and is now rebuilt in the 22nd year of Daoguang of the Qing Dynasty (1842). It is dedicated to Emperor Zhenwu. The temple is built on the mountain, facing east and west. The main building consists of Zhenwu Hall, Four Corner Pavilion, Mountain Gate, etc., which preserves the architectural style of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The Zhenwu Hall has five rooms each in width and depth, with a bucket-style wooden frame, a single eaves resting on the top of the mountain, and corridors on the front, back, and left. 6. Nanwai Zongzhengsi Site

Nanwai Zongzhengsi Site is located southwest of Suqingmen, that is, south of Kaiyuan Temple. It was the management agency of the Song Dynasty royal group who moved to Quanzhou since 1130. This group is one of the influential components of Quanzhou’s diverse community. They not only increase Quanzhou’s consumption power, but also actively participate in maritime trade. The establishment of Nanwai Zongzhengsi further strengthened the state power's promotion of Quanzhou's maritime trade and reflected strong official management guarantee. 7. Quanzhou Prefecture Confucian Temple Quanzhou Prefecture Confucian Temple is located in Licheng District. It was first built in the late Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty. The Confucius Temple was moved here in the early years of Taiping and Xingguo in the Northern Song Dynasty. It was built as a prefecture school in the seventh year of Taiping and Xingguo (982), and later moved to another place. It was moved back in the third year of Daguan (1109) and rebuilt in the seventh year of Shaoxing (1137) in the Southern Song Dynasty. The main remaining buildings include Panchi, Dacheng Hall, Minglun Hall Courtyard, Zhuang Jichang Temple, Cai Qing Temple, and Li Tingji Temple. The buildings are large in scale and are a Confucius temple complex that integrates the architectural forms of the Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties. With a long history, complete regulations, grand momentum and rich cultural connotations, it is the largest and most complete Confucian temple complex in Fujian. Among them, Dacheng Hall is a Ming Dynasty building, with a width of 7 rooms of 35.3 meters and a depth of 5 rooms of 22.7 meters. It has a wooden structure with brackets and beams, supported by 48 white stone columns. There are 8 relief columns with dragon eaves on the front. It has a simple style and a strong Song style. 8. Quanzhou Kaiyuan Temple

Quanzhou Kaiyuan Temple is located on West Street, Licheng District. It is an important cultural relic on the southeast coast of my country and the largest Buddhist temple in Fujian Province. Kaiyuan Temple was built in the second year of Chui Gong of the Tang Dynasty (686 AD). The Main Hall, also known as the Ziyun Hall, is the main building of Kaiyuan Temple. After the disaster and reconstruction, the existing buildings are relics from the 10th year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty (1637). The main hall is nine rooms wide and six rooms deep, with a construction area of ??1,338 square meters, double eaves resting on the top of the mountain, and a total height of 20 meters. The five Buddha statues enshrined in the hall are solemn and are a rare Tantric system in Han Dynasty. Under the double eaves of the front eaves, there are four words "Sanglian Dharma Realm" written on the horizontal plaque. The hall is built with reduced columns. There are 86 large stone pillars in the Begonia style, supporting the wooden frame with raised beams. It is known as the "Hundred Pillars Hall". There are 76 brackets in the hall, which are distributed in the circumference and the front groove. Among them, there are two tweeds in the middle, middle and top, and only one in the middle. There are twenty-four "Flying Music Players" carved on the Dougong, which are exquisitely carved. There are 72 bluestone reliefs of sphinxes and faces on the Xumizuo on the platform in front of the temple. There are two stone pagodas from the Song Dynasty on the east and west sides of the worship pavilion in front of the Main Hall - the Zhenguo pagoda and the Renshou pagoda, commonly known as the East and West pagodas.

9. Jiuri Mountain Wind Prayer Stone Carvings Jiuri Mountain Cliff Stone Carvings are located on Jiuri Mountain. Among them, the wind-praying stone carvings from the Song Dynasty reflect the historical fact that ships plying Quanzhou Port relied on regularly alternating monsoons to engage in overseas trade and transportation, and are particularly valuable. The stone carving is more than 80 meters high and has three peaks (three peaks) in the east, west and north. On the cliffs of the east and west peaks, there are 75 cliff stone carvings from the 3rd year of Qiande in the Song Dynasty (963) to the 32nd year of Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty (1767), with 59 square meters in total, mainly from the Song Dynasty. In addition, there are 6 inscriptions from the Yuan Dynasty, 9 inscriptions from the Ming Dynasty, and 1 inscription from the Qing Dynasty. The number of people who have left their names reaches 250. The famous ones include Cai Xiang, Su Caiweng, Su Shen, Yu Zhongfang, etc. in the Song Dynasty. The content includes 15 inscriptions on scenic spots, 11 inscriptions on poems on boarding visits, 29 inscriptions on tours, 7 inscriptions on construction, and 13 inscriptions on stone inscriptions on wind prayers. The wind-praying stone carvings record how Quanzhou officials held wind-praying ceremonies for sailing ships from the third year of Chongning in the Northern Song Dynasty (1104) to the second year of Xianchun in the Southern Song Dynasty (1266). The ceremony was presided over by the Quanzhou County Sheriff or the envoy from Tiju City, who led his staff to offer sacrifices to King Tongyuan, the God of the Sea.

10. Qingjing Temple

Qingjing Temple, originally named Shengyou Temple, also known as Ai Suhab Mosque, was built in the second year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1009) in the Northern Song Dynasty. Qingjing Temple, Yangzhou Xianhe Temple, Guangzhou Huaisheng Temple, and Hangzhou Phoenix Temple are collectively known as the four ancient Islamic temples in China. The Qingjing Mosque covers an area of ??2,184 square meters. It is a stone building as a whole, imitating the architectural form of the Islamic house of worship in Damascus, Syria. It has the characteristics of an Islamic mosque with large decentralization and small concentration in functional space. The main remaining buildings are the gate tower, worship hall, Mingshan Hall and other parts. 11. The Holy Tomb of Islam The Holy Tomb of Islam is recorded in history as the tombs of the four sages of Muhammad who came to China to preach in the Wude period of Tang Dynasty (618-626). The Islamic Holy Tomb is the oldest and most intact Islamic holy site in my country. There are two existing tombs side by side. The tomb cover is carved with granite. A horseshoe-shaped cloister is built behind the tomb against the mountain. It has typical architectural features of the Tang Dynasty. There is a pavilion in the middle of the cemetery. There are two rectangular tomb cover stones carved in granite. The base of the tomb cover is engraved with a lotus petal pattern. It is simple and unpretentious, setting off the noble character of the two sages. Behind the tomb is a half-moon-shaped corridor surrounding the tomb, which is said to symbolize Islam as pure as the first moon. The Arabic stone inscription carved from green grass in the middle of the corridor records the process of a group of Arab Muslims crossing the ocean to Quanzhou to build tombs for saints in the third year of Zhizhi of the Yuan Dynasty (1323). There is also an incense stele commemorating the voyages of Zheng He, the Three Treasures eunuchs of the Ming Dynasty. In 1417 AD, before Zheng He's fifth voyage to the holy land of Mecca, he made a special trip to Quanzhou to pay a visit. This is the incense monument erected by Quanzhou local official Pu Rihe as a memorial to him. 12. Statue of Mani Guang Buddha in Cao'an Cao'an Temple is built on a high platform, with huge rocks as the wall behind it. On the natural stone of the main wall of the temple, there is a circular Buddha image carved in it, including a statue of Mani Guang Buddha, which was carved in 1339. Guangfo is 1.52 meters high and 0.83 meters wide. The stone is white granite, the face of the Buddha is green, the hands are pink, and the clothes are gray and white. It is a perfect match made in heaven. The Buddha statue has long hair shawl, a square face with arched eyebrows, large ears hanging down from the shoulders, and two long tufts of beard hanging down under the chin. Wearing a monk's robe with wide sleeves, no buttons, and a lapel knot hanging down in a butterfly shape, his hands are folded on the cross-legged legs, with the palms facing up. The background of the statue is engraved with wavy linear Buddha light, which is known as "Mani Light Buddha" in the world. 13. Cizao Kiln Site (Jinjiao Yishan Kiln Site)

Cizao Kiln Site is located in Cizao Town, Jinjiang City, an ancient town south of Quanzhou, Fujian Province. It was an important ceramic export kiln in Quanzhou during the Song and Yuan Dynasties. Discovered in 1956. A large number of porcelain and kiln furniture have been unearthed from each kiln site. The kiln sites are mostly distributed on both sides of Meixi River, with a total of 26 sites. Most of the kiln sites are distributed on both sides of Meixi River, including 1 kiln site from the Southern Dynasties, 6 kiln sites from the Tang and Five Dynasties, 12 kiln sites from the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and 7 kiln sites from the Qing Dynasty. The most representative Jinjiao Yishan kiln site dates from the Five Dynasties to the Southern Song Dynasty, and a variety of celadon and sauce-black wares were unearthed.

14 Dehua Kiln Site (Ancient Kiln Site of Qudou Palace) Dehua Kiln, more than 200 kiln sites have been discovered in Dehua County and Nan'an County, Fujian Province, mainly including Qudou Palace in Dehua County. Dougong Ancient Kiln Site, Longxun Kiln Site Group, Gade Kiln Site Group, Xunzhong Kiln Site Group, and Sanban Kiln Site Group. Founded and fired in the Song Dynasty, the Northern Song Dynasty mainly produced white porcelain, the Southern Song Dynasty mainly produced celadon porcelain, the Yuan Dynasty mainly produced white glazed porcelain, and in the Ming Dynasty it was famous for the production of "ivory white" and white porcelain with low aluminum and high silicon. In the world, it is one of the porcelain kilns with the largest number of export porcelain and the widest sales area in China. 15. Xiacaopu Iron Smelting Site in Qingyang, Anxi

Xiacaopu Iron Smelting Site is one of the official iron smelting sites in the Song Dynasty. It is an important iron smelting site in Quanzhou and even Fujian. The products are transported to Quanzhou via Xixi, a tributary of Jinjiang River. port. The Xiacaopu site covers an area of ??about 10,000 square meters, and iron-smelting remains and relics such as furnace bottoms, furnace walls, and iron-smelting slag were discovered. Part of the exploration has revealed the rusty hardened layer formed by slag, charcoal chips, clay, and stone, and it can be determined that the Xiacaopu site is an iron smelting site in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. So far, more than 10 ancient mining cave remains and 2 charcoal-burning remains have been discovered. The discovery of the Xiacaopu iron smelting site in Qingyang, Anxi, proves the historical development of iron smelting in Quanzhou, reflects the prosperity of Quanzhou's economy during the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and provides important physical basis for the study of the historical sites of ancient Quanzhou (Erythropium spp.).

16. Luoyang Bridge Luoyang Bridge was built under the leadership of Cai Xiang, the governor of Quanzhou in the fifth year of Emperor Huangyou of the Song Dynasty (1053). It is 834 meters long and 7 meters wide. It has 46 piers and a clear span of 8 meters. The bridge deck stone slab is 11 meters long and 1 meter wide. , 0.8 meters thick, with 6 or 7 stone slabs on top. There are 2 stone statues of generals in the round at each end of the bridge. There are 5 stone towers beside the bridge, 2 pavilions on both sides of the center of the bridge, and 500 railings on both sides of the bridge. There are 9 stone towers on both sides of the bridge and 7 stone pavilions on the bridge. The bridge adopted two major innovations: the raft foundation and the oyster foundation method, which enabled the ancient bridge to survive the turbulence of rivers and seas and remain intact to this day. 17. Anping Bridge Anping Bridge, also known as Wuli Bridge, is a bridge connecting Jinjiang City and Nan'an City in Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, China

It is the longest beam-type stone bridge in the Middle Ages in the world, and also the longest beam-type stone bridge in China. The longest existing stone bridge in the harbor is a masterpiece of ancient bridge architecture and enjoys the reputation of "no bridge is as long as this in the world". Anping Bridge was built in the eighth year of Shaoxing (1138) in the Southern Song Dynasty and was completed and put into use in the 22nd year of Shaoxing (1152). It was rebuilt many times in the Ming and Qing dynasties. The total length of the Anping Bridge is 2070 meters. The piers of the Anping Bridge are made of granite strips stacked horizontally and vertically. There are three different forms: rectangular, unilateral boat shape, and bilateral boat shape. One end of the unilateral boat shape is pointed and the other end is square. It is located at Slower harbors; bilateral boat-shaped piers with pointed ends to facilitate drainage. They are located in main harbors where the current is faster and wider. A resting pavilion is built on the bridge, with Shuixin Pavilion at the east end and Haichao Temple at the west end. Around the middle pavilion in the middle are preserved inscriptions of bridge construction in past dynasties. In front of the pavilion stands a general protecting the bridge, wearing a helmet and armor, holding a sword in his hand, and carving images. It is a majestic stone carving artwork of the Song Dynasty; there are two rain pavilions in the middle of the three pavilions; there are stone guardrails on both sides of the bridge deck, and the column heads are carved with images of lions, toads, etc.; there are symmetrical square stone towers built in the water on both sides of the bridge. There is a round tower. There is a white tower built at the entrance of the bridge, which is hexagonal and hollow in plan.

18. Shunji Bridge Ruins Shunji Bridge is located on the Jinjiang River in Licheng District, Quanzhou City. It was built in the fourth year of Jiading in the Southern Song Dynasty (1211). It is 500 meters long and 4.6 meters wide. The larger urban construction cultural relics of the Song Dynasty in the ancient city area are a microcosm of the history of Quanzhou's urban construction. In 1932, local warlord Chen Guohui sent funds to collect work and changed the stone beam bridge into a four-beam variable-section reinforced concrete continuous beam bridge. All the original stone bridge decks were demolished, and the ancient bridge was completely changed. 19. Jiangkou Wharf (Wenxingdu Site)

Jiangkou Wharf is located in Fashi Community, Fengze District, Quanzhou, and consists of Wenxing Wharf and Meishan Wharf. First built in the Southern Song Dynasty, it has been an important port for overseas trade in ancient Quanzhou through the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties.

Wenxingdu runs north-south, extending from top to bottom from the river bank to the river surface. There is a unique Song Dynasty Baoji Sutra Printing Tower on the shore of the pier. 20. Shihu Pier (Linluan Ferry) Shihu Pier (Linluan Ferry) is composed of Tongji trestle and natural reef wharf. During the Kaiyuan period of Tang Dynasty (713-741), the maritime merchant Lin Luan was on the slope facing the sea. Stone steps and cable holes were dug, and natural reefs were cleverly used to build wharves. Fu Jing, an official in the Northern Song Dynasty, built the Tongji trestle to connect the shore villages with the large reef wharf, forming a stone-structured flat-beam wharf along the coast. It is in the shape of a curved ruler, running from north to south, with a total length of 113.50 meters. The curved body is 70 meters long, 2.20 meters wide and 2.41 meters high. It is made of granite strips built along the coast. Scientifically constructed and durable, it is a treasure of early dock architecture. It was an important offshore terminal for trade and coastal defense in Citong Port during the Song and Yuan Dynasties. The terminal has been in use since its establishment. 21. Liusheng Pagoda

Liu Sheng Pagoda is located on Jinchai Mountain on the coast of Shihu Village, Kejiang Town, Shishi City, facing the waterway at the entrance and exit of Jinjiang River. It is far opposite to Wanshou Pagoda. It has been visited since the Song and Yuan Dynasties. Merchant ships in Quanzhou Port are regarded as navigation marks. It was first built in the first year of Zhenghe in the Northern Song Dynasty (1111), and most of it was destroyed by the Yuan army in the second year of Jingyan in the Southern Song Dynasty (1277). ) rebuilt. It is an octagonal five-level imitation wooden pavilion-style stone tower with a total height of 36.06 meters. The base of the tower is a double-layer Xumi base, with a strongman carved on each octagon to support it.

There are four doors and four niches on each floor of the tower body, with reliefs of Vajra and Bodhisattva statues; there is a large column at the corner with a lotus cup on top, relief birds on both sides, and the paving in the middle is double-overhang; Install a small sitting Buddha. Inside the tower, there are octagonal core pillars built with strips of stone, and an octagonal well is left at the upper end.

22. Wanshou Pagoda in Baogai Mountain. The Wanshou Pagoda is located in Baogai Mountain, Shishi City. It is also known as "Aunt's Tower" and "Guansuo Tower". It was built during the Shaoxing period of the Southern Song Dynasty and has a history of more than 800 years. Gusao Tower is backed by Quanzhou Bay and faces the Taiwan Strait. It has the momentum of locking water and guarding the southeast, so it is also called "Guansuo Tower". During the Southern Song Dynasty, Quanzhou Port was one of the largest trading ports in the world. Foreign trade was very prosperous and it had business dealings with more than 70 countries and regions. At that time, Gusao Tower became a beacon for ships sailing on the sea.