Send me an English grammar for the whole junior high school period.

Examples of situational composition pronunciation

In general, add -s 1. Clear consonants /s/ after reading; Map-map

2. The package after voiced consonants and vowels

read/z/； Automobile-automobile

There are s, sh, ch,

Words ending in X+es reading/iz/bus-bus.

Watch.-Watch

Use ce, se, ze,

General electric company, etc.

Add to read /iz/ license-licenses.

Change y to I with the consonant+y.

Add es at the end of the word. Reading /z/ baby-baby.

2 Rule changes of plural numbers of other nouns

1) When proper nouns ending in y or nouns ending in vowel +y become plural, directly add s to become plural:

For example: two Mary and Henry.

Monkey-Monkey Holiday-Holiday

Comparison: Floor: Story-Story-Story

2) nouns ending in o, when plural:

A. add s, for example: photo-photo piano-piano.

Radio Zoo Zoo;

B. add es, for example: potato-potato-tomato.

C. anything, such as zero-zero/zero.

3) When nouns ending in f or fe become plural:

A. add s, such as: believe-believe roof-roof.

Safe-safe bay-bay;

B. go to f, fe, ves, for example: half-half.

Knife-knife-leaf-leaf wolf-wolf

Wife-wife life-life thief-thief;

C. or, for example, a handkerchief:

A handkerchief/handkerchief

3 Irregular changes in the plural number of nouns

1) children-children's feet-feet-teeth-teeth

Mouse, mouse, man, man, woman, woman

Note: The plural forms of compound words with man and woman are also -men and -women.

For example, one Englishman and two Englishmen. But German is not a compound word, so the plural form is German; Bowman is a surname, and its plural is the Bowman family.

2) Simple isomorphism and complex isomorphism, such as:

Deer, sheep, fish, China, Japanese.

Li, Jin, Yuan, Er Li, San Mu, Si Jin

However, in addition to RMB yuan, cents and cents, USD, GBP and FRF all have plural forms. For example:

One dollar, two dollars; One meter, two meters

3) collective noun appears in singular form, but it is actually plural.

For example, the people's police cow itself is plural, so we can't say a people, a policeman and a cow, but we can say.

A person, a policeman, a cow, an Englishman, an Englishman, a Frenchman, a China, a Japanese, a Swiss and other nouns are all used in the plural when they are used to indicate the name of a country.

China people are hardworking and brave. The people of China are hardworking and brave.

4) nouns ending in s are still singular, such as:

A. The nouns in mathematics, politics, physics and other disciplines are uncountable nouns and singular.

B. News is an uncountable noun.

C. The United States and the United Nations should be considered unique.

Organized by the United Nations on 1945. The United Nations was founded in 1945.

D titles of books, plays, newspapers and magazines in plural form can also be regarded as singular.

Arabian Nights is a very interesting story book.

& lt& lt Arabian Nights >> This is a very interesting story book.

5) refers to things that consist of two parts, such as glasses, glasses and clothes.

If you represent a specific number, you should use a pair (double); Suit (set); A pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers

6) There are some nouns whose plural forms can sometimes express special meanings, such as goods, water and fish.

4 expression of uncountable nouns

1) material nouns

A. when material nouns are transformed into individual nouns.

Cake is a kind of food. Cake is a kind of food. (uncountable)

These cakes are sweet. These cakes are delicious. (countable)

B. When material nouns indicate the types of materials, nouns can be counted.

This factory produces steel. (uncountable)

We need all kinds of steel. (countable)

C. when the material noun indicates the number of copies, it can be counted.

Our country is famous for its tea.

Our country is famous for tea.

Two teas, please.

Two teas, please.

2) Abstract nouns are sometimes countable.

Four freedoms, four freedoms.

Four modernizations, four modernizations

Material nouns and abstract nouns can use a certain number of unit words.

For example:

A glass of water, a glass of water

A piece of advice, a piece of advice.

6 singular and plural people from different countries

Common appellations (plural predicates) are one person and two people.

China, China and China.

Swiss, one Swiss, two Swiss.

An Er in Australia

Australia, Australia and Australians

Russian, one Russian, two Russians

Italian, one Italian, two Italians.

Greek, one Greek, two Greeks.

French one, French two.

French

Japanese, one Japanese, two Japanese

Americans, one American, two Americans.

Indians, one Indian, two Indians

Canadian, one Canadian, two Canadians.

Germans, one German, two Germans.

One Englishman, two Englishmen.

British people

One Swede and two Swedes.

Case of 7 nouns

In English, some nouns can be added with "s" to express all relationships. Nouns with this suffix are called possessive cases of nouns, for example, a teacher's book. The rules of the possessive case of nouns are as follows:

1) Add "'s" to singular nouns and "'s" to plural nouns without S, such as schoolbags for boys and schoolbags for boys and men's toilets.

2) If a noun has a plural suffix -s, add "'",such as the struggle of workers.

3) Any noun without "s" can be represented by the structure of "noun +of+ noun", such as the name of a song title.

4) When expressing the name of a shop or church or someone, the noun it modifies often does not appear after the possessive case, such as the barber's barber's.

5) If two nouns are juxtaposed and have S respectively, it means "respectively"; Only one' s' means' * * * yes'.

John and Mary's room (two rooms) John and Mary's room (one room).

6) compound nouns or phrases, add, s at the end of the last word.

For example, an absence of one or two months

Articles and figures

2. 1 Usage of indefinite articles

Articles are function words, which cannot be used alone and have no meaning. Used before nouns to help express the meaning of nouns. There are three kinds of articles in English, one is definite, the other is indefinite and the other is zero.

The indefinite article a (an) is homologous to the numeral one, which means "one". A is generally pronounced as [e] before consonant phonemes, and an is generally pronounced as [en] before vowel phonemes.

1) means "one", meaning one; Refers to a person or thing, indicating a certain kind.

A gentleman named Ling is waiting for you.

2) Represents a class of people or things.

Knives are tools for cutting.

Mr Smith is an engineer.

3) phrases or idioms.

A little/a few/a lot/a kind/a lot/a lot/a lot/usually/in a hurry/for a minute/in a word/for a while/for a while/for a cold/for a try/for attention/suddenly.

2 usage of definite articles

The definite article the is homologous to the demonstrative pronoun this and that, which means "that (this) one", but it is weak and can be used with nouns to indicate one or several specific people or things.

1) refers to people or things that both parties know:

Take the medicine. Take the medicine.

2) The person or thing mentioned above:

He bought a house. I have been to that house.

He bought a house. I have been to that house.

3) refers to the only thing in the world:

The sun, the sky, the moon and the earth

4) singular nouns are used together to indicate a class of things, such as dollars;

Fox fox; Or used with adjectives or participles to indicate a class of people: the rich; The living.

5) Used before ordinal numbers and superlative adjectives, as well as adjectives only, very, same, etc.

Where do you live? I live on the second floor. Where do you live? I live on the second floor.

That's what I've been looking for. This is exactly what I want.

6) Used with plural nouns to refer to the whole group:

They are teachers in this school.

They are teachers in this school.

7) All, equivalent to possessive pronouns, used before nouns representing body parts:

She grabbed my arm. She grabbed my arm.

8) Used in front of some proper nouns such as country name, organization, group, class, etc. Consists of common nouns:

People's Republic of China (PRC), People's Republic of China (PRC)

America America

She plays the piano. She can play the piano.

10) is used before the plural nouns of surnames to indicate a family:

The Greens. The Greens.

1 1) is used in idioms:

During the day, in the morning (afternoon, evening) and the day after tomorrow.

The day before yesterday, the next morning,

In the sky (water, fields, countryside)

In the dark, in the rain, in the distance,

In the middle, finally,

Generally speaking, go to the theatre by the way.

3 the use of zero articles

1) country name, usually without definite article before the name: England, Mary; ;

2) General plural nouns, when expressing a class of people or things, do not need definite articles;

They are teachers. They are teachers.

3) When abstract nouns represent general concepts, generally no articles are added;

Failure is the mother of success. Failure is the mother of success.

4) When material nouns express general concepts, generally no articles are added; When they express a specific meaning, they need to add definite articles;

Without water, human beings can't live. Without water, people can't live.

5) No articles are added before nouns indicating time, such as season, month, festival, holiday, day and week;

We go to school from Monday to Friday. We have classes from Monday to Friday.

6) Don't put articles before nouns that address or represent official titles and positions;

The guards brought the American to General Lee.

The soldiers sent the American to General Lee.

7) Don't add articles before the names of three meals, ball games and recreational sports, such as eating breakfast and playing chess.

8) When two or more nouns are used together, articles are often omitted;

I can't write without a pen or pencil. I can't write without a pen and pencil.

9) When 9)by is used with trains and other means of transportation, there is no article in the middle; Take the bus and train;

10) Individual nouns do not use articles; For example:

Individual nouns such as school, college, prison, market, hospital, bed, desk, class, town, church, court, etc. Directly after prepositions to express the deep meaning of nouns;

Go to the hospital.

Go to the hospital (not to see a doctor, but for other purposes)

1 1) ordinal number without article;

A. possessive pronouns before ordinal numbers

B.he won the first place in the race.

C. In fixed phrases, first, first, from the first to the last.

Article and adjective+noun structure

1) both adjectives have articles, indicating two different meanings.

He keeps a black cat and a white cat. He has a black cat and a white cat.

The black cat and the white cat are hers. Both the black cat and the white cat are his.

2) If the last adjective has no article, it refers to something.

He keeps a black and white cat. He has a flower cat.

5 article location

1) indefinite article position

Indefinite articles usually precede nouns or noun modifiers. note:

A. after the following adjectives: so, what, many, half,

I have never seen such an animal.

Many people are suitable for this job.

B. When the adjective before the noun is modified by adverbs to, so, too, how, however, when sufficient, the indefinite article should be placed after the adjective:

This is the most enjoyable day I have ever spent.

Such a short time.

It's too far.

C. Used with singular nouns, followed by articles.

But there are adjectives before rather and quite, and the indefinite article can be placed before and after it. For example, quite a lot

D in the adverbial clause guided by as, when and slogan are adjectives, the indefinite article is followed by adjectives:

Brave as he is, he trembles at the sight of snakes. Brave as he is, he shivers at the sight of a snake.

When nouns are modified by comparative adjectives, indefinite articles are usually placed after comparative adjectives.

2) Positioning the article

The definite article usually comes before a noun or noun modifier, but it comes before both, double, half, two, three times and nouns after all.

All the students in the class went out. All the students in the class went out.

Six numbers

Words that indicate quantity or order are called numerals, which are divided into cardinal numbers and ordinal numbers. Numerals representing numbers are called cardinal words; The number indicating the order is called ordinal number.

First of all, cardinality

1) Writing and reading of cardinal words: 345,345; ;

2) The original word is generally singular, but in the following cases, the plural is often used:

A. Used with the phrase of, it means an approximate number and cannot be used with specific numbers. For example, fractional people refer to many people;

B in some phrases that mean "a row" or "a group";

They arrived in twos and threes. They arrived in twos and threes.

C. it means "dozens of years old";

D. To express "year", use in+the+ to count complex numbers;

E in a representation of multiplication, such as 3x5 = 15, three to five is (yes) five.

Second, ordinal number

Abbreviated form of ordinal number: the first-1st, the second-the second, the 31st-31st.

Third, the usage of numerals.

1) multiple representation

A. subject+predicate+multiple (or fraction) +as+ adjective +as

Mine is three times as big as yours. I have three times as much money as you.

B. The size (quantity, length …) of subject+predicate+multiple (fraction)

The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. The earth is 49 times as big as the moon.

C subject+predicate+multiple (score)+adjective (adverb) comparative degree+ratio …

The grain output this year is 8% higher than last year.

The grain output this year is 8% higher than last year.

D. you can also use by+ multiple to express how many times to increase.

Grain output has increased fourfold this year.

Grain output has increased fourfold this year.

2) Fractional representation

Composition: radix represents numerator and ordinal number represents denominator. When the numerator is greater than 1, the ordinal number of the numerator is singular and the ordinal number of the denominator is plural:

1/3 one third; 3/37 Three and three-sevenths.

3. Pronouns

Pronouns are parts of speech that replace nouns. Most pronouns have the functions of nouns and adjectives. Pronouns in English can be divided into personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, self pronouns, reciprocal pronoun, interrogative pronouns, relative pronouns and indefinite pronouns according to their meanings, characteristics and functions in sentences.