Review outline for the second grade of junior high school

Outline of Physics Review for the Second Year of Junior High School

1. Measurement of Length

1. Measurement of Length

Measurement of length is the most basic For measurement, the most commonly used tool is the scale.

2. Units and conversions of length

The international unit of length is meter (m). Commonly used units are kilometers (Km), decimeter (dm) and centimeters (cm). , millimeter (mm) micron (um) nanometer (nm)

1Km 103 m 10 m 10 dm 10 cm 10 mm 103um 103 nm

When converting units of length, small units change Use multiplication for large units, and division for large units to small units

3. Use the scale correctly

(1) Before use, pay attention to the zero scale line, range, and graduation value

(2) Pay attention when using it

① The ruler should be placed along the length to be measured, and the edge of the ruler should be aligned with the object being measured. It must be placed upright and overlap, and cannot be skewed.

② Do not use the worn zero scale line. If the zero scale line is worn and another whole scale line is used as the zero scale line, do not forget to subtract the replaced zero scale line from the final reading. value.

③ Thick rulers should be placed vertically

④ When reading, the line of sight should be perpendicular to the ruler surface

4. Record the measurement values ??correctly

The measurement results are composed of numbers and units

(1) Recording only numbers without units is meaningless

(2) When reading, it is necessary to estimate the graduation value of the scale. Next digit

5. Error

The difference between the measured value and the true value

The error cannot be avoided, but it can be minimized. If the error can be avoided, it is not This should happen

The basic method to reduce the error: take multiple measurements and find the average. In addition, using precision instruments and improving the measurement method can also reduce the error

6. Special method measurement

(1) Cumulative method

Such as measuring the diameter of a thin metal wire or measuring the thickness of a piece of paper

(2) Caliper method

(3) Substitution method

2. Simple motion

1. Mechanical motion

The change in the position of an object is called mechanical motion

All objects are in motion, and there are no absolutely motionless objects. This means that motion is absolute. The motion and rest we usually talk about are relative to another object (reference object). Therefore, for motion Description is relative

2. Reference object

The object selected as a standard when studying mechanical motion is called a reference object

(1) Not all reference objects It is an object that is stationary relative to the ground. Just which object is selected as the reference object, we assume that the object is stationary

(2) The reference object can be selected arbitrarily, but the selected reference objects are different. For the same object The description of the motion may be different

3. Relatively stationary

If two objects move at the same speed and in the same direction, or the position between them does not change, then the two objects will The object is relatively stationary.

4. Uniform linear motion

Movement that does not change speed and travels in a straight line is called uniform linear motion

Uniform linear motion is the simplest machine sports.

5. Speed ??

(1) Speed ??is a physical quantity that indicates how fast an object moves.

(2) In uniform linear motion, the speed is equal to the distance traveled by the moving object in unit time

(3) Speed ??formula: v= S t

(4) Unit of speed

International unit: m/s Common unit: km/h 1m/s = 3.6 km/h

6. Average speed

The ratio of the time it takes an object moving at variable speed to pass a certain distance and the time it takes to pass this distance is called the average speed of the object during this distance

To find the average speed, you must specify which distance it is. or the average speed within time

7. Measuring average speed

Principle: v = s / t

Measurement tools: scale, stop watch (or Other timers)

3. Sound phenomenon

1. Occurrence of sound

All objects that are making sound are vibrating. When the vibration stops, the sound will stop. .

Sound is produced by the vibration of objects, but not all vibrations will emit sound

2. Propagation of sound

Propagation of sound A medium is required, and sound cannot be transmitted in a vacuum

(1) Sound must be transmitted through all gases, liquids, and solids as media. These substances as transmission media are called media. Even if the astronauts on the moon talk face to face, they still need to rely on radio. That is because there is no air on the moon and sound cannot be transmitted in a vacuum

(2) Sound propagates at different speeds in different media

3. Echo

In the process of sound propagation, the sound that is reflected back by obstacles and heard again is called echo

(1) Conditions for distinguishing echo from original sound : The echo reaches the human ear more than 0.1 seconds later than the original sound.

(2) When it is less than 0.1 seconds, the reflected sound can only strengthen the original sound.

(3) The echo can be used to measure the depth of the sea or the distance between the sound-emitting body and the obstacle.

4. Pitch

The pitch of the sound is called pitch. Determined by the vibration frequency of the sounding body, the greater the frequency, the higher the pitch.

5. Loudness

The size of sound is called loudness. Loudness is related to the amplitude of the vibration of the sound source and the distance from the sound source to the human ear

6. Timbre

The quality of the sounds emitted by different sound emitters is called timbre

7. Noise and its sources

From a physical point of view, noise refers to The sound produced when the sound-emitting body vibrates in an irregular and chaotic manner. From an environmental perspective, any sound that interferes with people's normal rest, study and work is noise.

8. Classification of sound levels

People use decibels to divide sound levels. 30dB-40dB is an ideal quiet environment. If it exceeds 50dB, it will affect sleep. Above 70dB, it will affect sleep. It interferes with conversations and affects work efficiency. Living in a noise environment above 90dB for a long time will affect hearing.

9. Ways to reduce noise

It can be reduced at the sound source, during propagation and at the human ear

1. my country’s geographical location and its characteristics :

●Latitudinal location and advantages: Our country's territory spans a wide range of latitudes from north to south. Most of it is located in the mid-latitudes, belonging to the (north temperature) zone, a small part is in the (tropical zone), and there is no (cold zone). The climate difference is large, which provides favorable conditions for the development of (various agricultural economies

).

Rich, conducive to (agricultural) production; (2) With both land and sea, the eastern region is conducive to friendly exchanges with (overseas countries); the western region (deep into the interior of the Eurasian continent)

makes our country Land transportation can directly communicate with countries in (Central Asia, West Asia, and Europe), which facilitates external exchanges and cooperation. (3) There are many excellent harbors along the coast, which facilitates development (marine undertakings).

●my country’s territory area (9.6 million) square kilometers, ranks third in the world after (Russia) and (Canada). There are 14 neighboring countries on land. Counterclockwise: North Korea, (Russia), (Mongolia

), Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, (India), Nepal, Bhutan, (Myanmar), (Laos

), Vietnam. The land boundary is more than 20,000 kilometers. There are 6 countries facing each other across the sea: South Korea, (Japan), Philippines, (Malaysia), Brunei, (Indonesia).

2. my country’s population

● Total population: (1.295) billion in 2000.

●The outstanding characteristics of my country’s population are: large population base and rapid population growth.

●my country’s population distribution characteristics: population distribution (uneven), bounded by Heihe, Heilongjiang-Tengchong, Yunnan, the population density in the (eastern) region is high, and the population in the (western

) region is Less dense. (The western region of my country has a sparse population but rich resources. What issues should be paid attention to when developing the western region? The western region has resource advantages, but the natural environment is relatively fragile. Under the current conditions where the contradiction between people, land, water and soil is quite acute , the development of the western region must be based on environmental protection and cannot be developed first and then managed)

●National population policy: Implement family planning.

●Content: Control the population quantity and improve the quality of the population

3. my country’s ethnic groups

●There are *** (56) ethnic groups in our country, among which the population The largest population is the (Han) ethnic group, and the largest population among the ethnic minorities is the (Zhuang) ethnic group.

●Distribution characteristics of the Han nationality: The Han nationality is distributed throughout the country, with the highest concentrations in (central) and (eastern).

●Distribution characteristics of ethnic minorities: Mainly concentrated in (Northeast), (Northwest), (Southwest). The largest ethnic minority population is the Zhuang ethnic group. Distribution characteristics of ethnic groups: (large mixed settlements, small settlements).

●Ethnic minority customs:

The Naadam Convention of the (Mongolian) ethnic group

The Water Splashing Festival and Peacock Dance of the (Dai ethnic group),

(Tibetan) group dance, Tibetan New Year,

(Korean) long drum dance, etc.

4. my country’s terrain

●Characteristics of my country’s terrain: (complex and diverse terrain, vast mountainous area)

●Attention should be paid to the development and protection of mountainous areas What are the problems:

(1) The ground in mountainous areas is relatively rugged, (traffic) is inconvenient, and (infrastructure) construction is more difficult.

(2) When developing and utilizing mountainous areas, special attention must be paid to (ecological environment construction) to prevent and avoid mountain disasters (such as collapses, landslides, debris flows).

●my country’s terrain characteristics: (my country’s terrain is higher in the west and lower in the east, distributed in a ladder shape).

The dividing line of the ladder, altitude, main terrain type, main terrain area

The first and second steps of the ladder are Kunlun Mountains-Qilian Mountains-Hengduan Mountains; the second and third steps are Daxinganling - Taihang Mountains - Wushan - Xuefeng Mountain.

Plateau above 4000 meters Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Qaidam Basin

The second step is 1000-2000 meters plateau and basin Inner Mongolia Plateau, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Loess Plateau, Sichuan Basin, Tarim Basin, Junggar Basin

The hills, mountains, plains, and basins below 500 meters of the third ladder are alternately distributed in the southeastern hills, northeastern plains, North China Plains, and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Plains

●my country’s terrain is high in the west and low in the east, distributed in a ladder shape The impact of these characteristics on my country's climate, rivers, and transportation:

(1) Impact on climate: my country's terrain is high in the west and low in the east, sloping toward the ocean, which is conducive to the advancement of moist air from the sea to the inland of my country. Vast areas of our country bring abundant rainfall.

(2) Impact on rivers: The terrain is high in the west and low in the east, which will inevitably cause my country’s major rivers to flow from west to east into the sea; when rivers flow from a higher step to a lower step, the drop will be large. Generate huge water energy.

(3) Impact on transportation: The large river flowing eastward connects my country’s east-west transportation and facilitates the connection between the coast and the inland; the tall mountains at the junction of the stairs have become a huge obstacle to my country’s east-west transportation .

Topographic areas on both sides of the mountain range

West side and east side

①Daxingan Mountains, Inner Mongolia Plateau Northeast Plains

②Taihang Mountains, Loess Plateau, North China Plain

③Wushan, Sichuan Basin, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Plain

④Hengduan Mountains, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Sichuan Basin or Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau

Topography areas on both sides of the mountains

North side and south side

⑤Kunlun Mountains, Tarim Basin, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

⑥Tianshan Mountains, Junggar Basin, Tarim Basin

●Mountains form the terrain skeleton

●Four Plateaus

(Qinghai-Tibet Plateau) The highest and largest plateau in my country

(Inner Mongolia Plateau) The ground is broad and endless

(Loess Plateau) loess is widely distributed, and the surface has thousands of ravines

(The Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau has a rugged surface and significant karst landforms

●Four major basins

The largest basin is (Tarim Basin) Basin

The basin with the highest altitude is the (Qaidam) Basin

The basin with the highest latitude is the (Junggar) Basin

Conditions for developing agricultural production The most superior basin is the (Sichuan) Basin

●The main mountain range direction: east-west direction: Tianshan Mountains-Yinshan Mountains

Kunlun Mountains-Qinling Mountains

Nanling

Northeast-southwest direction: Greater Hinggan Ridge - Taihang Mountains - Wushan - Xuefeng Mountain

Changbai Mountains - Wuyi Mountains

Taiwan Mountains

South-north direction: Hengduan Mountains

Northwest-southeast direction: Qilian Mountains

Arc-shaped mountain range: Himalayas

5. my country Climate

●According to active accumulated temperature, my country can be divided into 5 temperature zones from north to south

. Cold temperate zone, mid-temperate zone, warm temperate zone, subtropical zone, tropical zone; in addition there are A higher plateau climate zone.

(1) Tropical subtropical warm temperate zone mid-temperate cold temperate zone plateau climate zone

(2) 0

(3 ) Warm temperate zone

(4) Qiongtai, Guangdong, Guiyun or Yunnan

(5) Yisan

(6) ②Subtropical zone ③Warm temperate zone

●Based on the relationship between precipitation and evaporation, my country can be divided into four dry and wet regions

(humid) region, (semi-humid) region, (semi-arid) region, (arid) Areas.

Dry and wet areas, humid areas, semi-humid areas, semi-arid areas, and arid areas.

Vegetation forests, grasslands, and deserts.

Agricultural types Cropping (paddy agriculture) Cropping (dryland agriculture) Animal husbandry

●The dividing line between monsoon and non-monsoon areas: (Daxingan Mountains), (Yinshan), ( Helan Mountain), (Bayan Hara Mountain, (Gangdise Mountain)).

●Name the reasons for the differences in the following geographical phenomena:

The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in my country have formed special The landscape of the "Land of Fish and Rice" benefits from the climate (monsoon with hot and rainy weather)

The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are at roughly the same latitude, but the reason for the huge climate difference is (topography). Factors such as the high altitude of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau);

The reason why the climate in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is roughly at the same latitude as the Arabian Peninsula is due to the (position of sea and land) and (summer monsoon

). Beijing and Urumqi are roughly at the same latitude, but their precipitation is very different (sea and land location, summer monsoon)

Different fruit trees grow in different temperature zones; different temperature zones. The internal ripening system is also different; the architectural structure of traditional dwellings in the north and south is also different. The reason is (latitude factor)

The vegetation in the east and west is different; the types of agriculture in the east and west are different, with farming being the main occupation in the east and animal husbandry in the west. ; The structures of roofs are different in the east and west. There are many roofed houses in the southeast and flat roofs in the northwest. (Precipitation is different)

Our country is extremely rich in crops and various animal and plant resources (climate). Complex and diverse)

②The formation of different natural resources and tourism resources (complex and diverse climate)

③People’s eating habits are also different, for example: Sichuan, Hunan and other places are relatively cold in winter People who are wet like to eat chili; southerners like to eat rice, and northerners like to eat pasta (the climate is complex and diverse)

④People’s clothes are also colorful because they adapt to the climate (the climate is complex and diverse)

, for example: Tibetan robes are designed to adapt to the climate characteristics (topography) of Tibet with large daily differences; ⑤ The architectural characteristics of different places are different. The roof slopes in the north are smaller and the walls are thicker, while the roofs in the south are sloped. The temperature is relatively large (temperature, precipitation); ⑥Yes...

(1) ①7; ②7, 8; ③4, 5, 6, 7, 8; ④4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

(2) More summer and autumn, less winter and spring

(3) Guangzhou and Harbin; the rain belt in my country advances from south to north

( 4) Because the rainy season in southern my country starts early, ends late, and has a long rainy season; in northern my country, the rainy season starts late, ends early, and has a short rainy season

●The monsoon climate brings disastrous weather (cold wave), (typhoon), ( Floods and droughts)

●Main characteristics of my country’s climate

(1) Read my country’s climate characteristics from the figure: climate characteristics (complex and diverse climate), (monsoon) climate is significant .

(2) Sanming has a (subtropical monsoon climate) climate.

●List comparison of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River

Project Yangtze River and Yellow River

The birthplace of the Tanggula Mountains on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Bayan Hara Mountains on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The source of the Tuotuo River is the Yuegu Zongli Canal

It flows through the provinces of Qingdao, Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan, Chongqing, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Qingdao, Sichuan, Gansu and Ningxia , Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan, and Shandong

It flows through the main terrain areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Sichuan Basin, and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Plains Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Loess Plateau, and North China Plain

Mainly The tributaries of the Jialing River, Han River, Gan River, Tao River, Huang River, Wei River, etc.

The basin range is located between Qinling and Nanling, between Yinshan and Qinling

Develop water energy (upstream ), shipping water energy (upstream)

Construction of protective forests in the middle and upper reaches (omitted, see the table below)

●Causes of disasters in various reaches of the Yellow River, and basic treatment plans.

The upper reaches, middle reaches and lower reaches of the river

The main disasters are grassland degradation and desertification. Severe water and soil erosion. Above-ground rivers

Causes of disasters. The climate tends to be arid. The middle reaches of the Yellow River There are many tributaries passing through the Loess Plateau. The soil layer of the Loess Plateau is loose and the vegetation is seriously damaged. When there is a heavy rain, a large amount of sediment and rainwater flow into the Yellow River.

As the Yellow River enters the lower reaches of the plain, the river channel becomes wider and the slope becomes gentler. The river flow slows down and the sediment carried by it is deposited, gradually raising the river bed.

Management Plant trees and grass and carry out comprehensive management of soil and water conservation. Reinforcement of the Yellow River embankment

8. Characteristics of my country's natural resources: (The total amount of resources is rich), (But insufficient per capita.)

Types of land resources Monsoon or non-monsoon dry and wet areas Main terrain types

Cultivated monsoon areas, humid and semi-humid areas, eastern plains, low hills and basins

Forest humid areas, mountains

Grasslands, non-monsoon areas, semi-arid areas District plateau

Unused land basins and plateaus in the western semi-arid area

●The basic national policy of my country’s land is to “treasure and rationally utilize every inch of land and effectively protect cultivated land.”

●The spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of my country’s water resources and their impact on social and economic development

●The freshwater resources currently used by humans are mainly rivers, lakes and shallow groundwater

●The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water resources in my country: temporally: more in summer and autumn, less in winter and spring; spatially: abundant in the south and scarce in the north.

●Methods to solve the uneven spatial and temporal distribution of water resources: Building reservoirs can effectively control seasonal changes in runoff and water volume. For example: Three Gorges and Xiaolangdi Water Conservancy Project.

●One of the effective ways to solve the uneven regional distribution of water resources: cross-basin water transfer. For example: South-to-North Water Diversion Project, Diversion Project from Luanzhou to Tianjin, Project from Diversion of Yellow River to Qingdao.

●One of the main ways to solve my country's water shortage problem: save water and protect water resources

9. my country's transportation

●my country's transportation network Rough distribution pattern: dense in the east and sparse in the west

●my country's main railway lines

①Lanzhou-Xinjiang Line ②Qinghai-Tibet Line (not completed) ③Baotou-Lanzhou Line ④Beijing-Kowloon Line

⑤Baocheng Line ⑥Chengkun Line

East-west direction: Beijing-Baotou Line (Beijing-Baotou)-Baotou-Lanzhou Line (Baotou-Lanzhou);

Longhai ( Lianyungang-Lanzhou)-Lanzhou-Xinjiang Line (Lanzhou-Urumqi);

Shanghai-Hangzhou (Shanghai-Hangzhou)-Zhejiang-Ganxi (Hangzhou-Zhuzhou)-Hunan-Guizhou (Zhuzhou-Guiyang)-Guiyang-Kunming (Guiyang- Kunming) Line

North-south direction: Beijing-Harbin Line (Beijing-Harbin); Beijing-Shanghai Line (Beijing-Shanghai);

Beijing-Guangzhou Line (Beijing-Guangzhou); Beijing-Kowloon Line (Beijing-Kowloon)

Jiaoliu Line (Jiaozuo-Liuzhou);

Baocheng Line (Baoji-Chengdu) - Chengdu-Kunming Line (Chengdu-Kunming)

my country's main transportation hubs and railway trunk lines passing through:

Beijing: (Beijing-Harbin Line), (Beijing-Baotou Line), (Beijing-Guangzhou Line), (Beijing-Shanghai Line), (Beijing-Kowloon Line) Wire).

Xuzhou: (Longhai Line), (Beijing-Shanghai Line).

Zhengzhou: (Longhai Line), (Beijing-Guangzhou Line).

Lanzhou: (Longhai Line), (Beijing-Baotou Line) (Baotou-Lanzhou Line).

●Reasonably choose transportation methods according to needs (omitted)

9. Agriculture in my country

●Regional distribution of agriculture:

Differences between the East and the West:

Western 400 mm equal precipitation line East

Planting, animal husbandry, planting, forestry and fishery

Plains and valleys with irrigation water sources and oases, the four major pastoral areas of Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Qinghai, and Tibet, the semi-humid and humid plains in the east, the natural forest areas in the northeast and southwest, and the artificial forest areas in the southeast

The eastern coast and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the south and north Differences in planting industry:

Regional cultivated land type, crop ripening (how many crops per year), main crops

Food crops, oil crops, sugar crops

Qinling-Huaihe River The dry land to the north has one crop a year, three crops every two years, and two crops a year of wheat, peanuts, sugar beets

The paddy fields south of Qinling-Huaihe River have two crops a year, three crops a year, rice, rape, sugarcane

●Three major cotton areas:

●Example the necessity of developing agriculture according to local conditions: (P102 Figure 4.16 fills album P32 5)

Use the advantages of local (natural conditions) It is one of the important contents of "adapting measures to local conditions" to arrange the agricultural production departments or crops to be developed in areas suitable for their own development and growth.

●Agricultural production is also restricted by local (social and economic conditions), which is also a factor that needs to be fully considered in the development of agriculture.

10. my country’s industry

●Industrial distribution characteristics: (coastal), (along rivers), (along transportation lines)

●Spatial distribution of industry :

(1) Nationally significant industrial bases along the Beijing-Guangzhou, Beijing-Harbin, Beijing-Shanghai and other railway lines.

(2) The (energy development) industrial belt of the Yellow River Basin.

(3) The economically developed zones along the Yangtze River centered on (Shanghai), (Nanjing), (Wuhan), and (Chongqing).

(4) The most industrially developed economic core areas in coastal areas such as (Yangtze River Delta), (Central and South Liaoning), (Beijing, Tianjin and Tangshan), and (Pearl River Delta).

●Develop high-tech industries:

(1) Characteristics: A large proportion of scientific and technological personnel are employed; a large proportion of development and research costs; rapid product updates.

(2) Distribution characteristics: Most of them are attached to big cities, with the characteristics of large dispersion and small concentration.

(3) Development focus: Coastal areas focus on (science and technology park type) high-tech industries; border areas focus on (trade-oriented) industries; inland areas focus on (defense and military) industries that are closely related industry.

●High-tech industrial development zones are attached to big cities, with distribution characteristics of (large dispersion) and (small concentration)

●Example the impact of high-tech industries on production and life :

Shanghai: Optimized and adjusted the industrial structure. (Changes in Shanghai's industry)

Beijing: The rapid growth rate has promoted and promoted economic development. (Zhongguancun’s contribution to Beijing’s economic development)

Internet: Internet technology has changed people’s lives and production methods.

(Online shopping, SOHO, online communities, etc.)

History review outline for the second grade of junior high school

1. The fundamental reason why Britain launched the Opium War: In the first half of the 19th century, in order to open up the Chinese market, sales Industrial products, plundering cheap industrial raw materials. The direct reason for smuggling opium into China: in order to reverse the trade deficit.

2. In 1839, Lin Zexu was sent to Guangzhou by Emperor Daoguang to ban smoking, conduct undercover investigations, and arrest cigarette dealers. , confiscated opium. The destruction of opium at Humen Beach in June was a great victory in the Chinese people's anti-smoking struggle and showed the Chinese nation's strong will to oppose foreign aggression. Lin Zexu, who led this struggle, became a national hero. This event became the Opium War The fuse.

3. From 1840 to 1842, the first Opium War broke out. After the Opium War, China began to gradually transform from a feudal society to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, which was the beginning of modern Chinese history.

4. From 1856 to 1860, the British and French forces launched the Second Opium War in order to further open up the Chinese market. After occupying Beijing, they burned the Old Summer Palace.

5. Before and after the Second Opium War, Russia Forcing the Qing government to sign a series of unequal treaties, the Qing annexed more than 1.5 million square kilometers of territory in northeastern and northwest China.* (Mastered by combining the table on page 8 and the picture on page 9)

6. Taiping Rebellion from 1851 to 1864. In 1853, Nanjing was occupied and renamed Tianjing, designated as the capital, and established a regime that confronted the Qing Dynasty. In order to overthrow the rule of the Qing Dynasty, troops were sent to the Northern Expedition and the Western Expedition.

7 .As the imperial envoy, Zuo Zongtang adopted the strategy of "moving north first, then south, and advancing slowly and urgently" to regain Xinjiang. In order to strengthen the management and defense of the northwest frontier, in 1884, the Qing government established a province in Xinjiang.

8.1894-1895, after the Qing government failed in the Sino-Japanese War, it signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki with Japan, which greatly deepened China's semi-colonialization.

9. In the spring of 1900, the Boxer Rebellion The target was pointed at the imperialist aggressive forces.

10. In 1901, the Qing government was forced to sign the "Xin Chou Treaty" with eight countries, which was humiliating and humiliating to the country. It added new student burdens to the Chinese people and seriously damaged China's Sovereignty, from then on, the Qing government completely became a tool for imperialism to rule China. China was completely reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

11. From the 1860s to the 1890s, the Westernization Movement of "learning from barbarians and developing skills" in the early stage With the slogan of "self-improvement" and the use of advanced Western production technology, a number of modern military industries such as the Anqing Ordnance Institute, Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau, and Fuzhou Shipping Bureau were founded. Later, with the slogan of "seeking wealth", some civilian industries were opened, such as The Steamship Investment Promotion Bureau founded by Li Hongzhang in Shanghai, Hanyang Iron Works founded by Zhang Zhidong, Hubei Weaving Layout, etc. From the 1970s to the 1980s, three navies of the South China Sea, Beiyang and Fujian were planned. The Jingshi Tongwen Museum founded in 1862 was a Westernizationist The first new school founded.

12. Evaluation of the Westernization Movement* (content on page 30, key points to grasp) During the Sino-Japanese War of Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War, the entire Beiyang Fleet was wiped out, and the Westernization Movement also went bankrupt. The Westernization Movement occurred in the special historical stage of modern Chinese society when the old and new changed. It was a failed self-rescue movement of feudal rulers.

…………

13. In the spring of 1895, Kang Youwei’s "public petition" kicked off the reform.

14.* From June to September 1898, Emperor Guangxu issued A series of reform laws were issued, content (P33): It requires mastery from five aspects: politics, economy, military, education, and ideology.

15. In 1894, Sun Yat-sen organized the revolutionary group Xingzhonghui. In 1905, he The Chinese Tongmenghui, a unified revolutionary organization, was established, with Sun Yat-sen as Prime Minister, and passed the revolutionary program of overthrowing the rule of the Qing Dynasty, abolishing the autocratic monarchy, establishing a democratic communist country, and reforming the land system. Its establishment greatly promoted the bourgeois democratic revolution across the country. Movement. Founded the official publication "Minbao". The Three People's Principles were the guiding ideology of Sun Yat-sen's leadership of the Revolution of 1911.

16. The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty and ended our country's two thousand years of feudal monarchy. , which made the democratic ideals and concepts deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. However, the fruits of the Revolution of 1911 were stolen by the Beiyang warlord Yuan Shikai, and failed to complete the task of anti-imperialism and anti-feudalism.

17. In 1915, intellectuals such as Chen Duxiu held high the slogan of "democracy" Using the two banners of "New Youth" and "Science" as the main front, the New Culture Movement was launched. With the Four Proposals and Four Oppositions as its main content, it attacked the countercurrent of respecting Confucius and the retrograde trend, thereby setting off a trend of ideological emancipation in society. .

18. In 1918, Li Dazhao published two articles, "The Victory of the Common People" and "The Victory of Bolshevism", to promote Marxism.

19. The New Culture Movement is An unprecedented ideological liberation movement in the history of our country. It inspired people to pursue democracy and science, explore the truth of saving the country and the people, and created conditions for the spread of Marxism in China. However, the New Culture Movement also absolutely negated or The bias of absolute certainty affected later.

20. On May 4, 1919, students from Peking University and other schools held demonstrations, demanding "struggle for sovereignty abroad and eliminate national traitors at home" and cancel the "Twenty-one Articles". He opposed the signing of the "peace treaty" with Germany and demanded punishment of traitors, but was suppressed by the Beiyang warlord government. In early June, Shanghai workers went on strike and merchants went on strike to support the student struggle. The working class played a huge role, and the government was forced to release students, dismissed Cao Rulin and other traitors from their posts, and refused to sign the peace treaty. The May Fourth Movement achieved an initial victory. The May Fourth Patriotic Movement was a thorough patriotic movement against imperialism and feudalism, and was the beginning of China's new democratic revolution. .

21. The National Congress of the Communist Party of China held in Shanghai in July 1921 adopted the party’s program and determined that the party’s goals are: to overthrow the bourgeois regime, establish the dictatorship of the proletariat, and realize communist rule. Doctrine. The central task is: leading the workers’ movement.

22. The Second National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 1922 determined the party’s democratic revolutionary program as: overthrowing the warlords, overthrowing imperialist oppression, and establishing a democratic *** and national .This was the first time in China that a thorough anti-imperialist and anti-feudal democratic revolutionary program was proposed.

23. The Whampoa Military Academy founded in 1924, with Zhou Enlai as director of the political department, trained a large number of military and political talents.

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24. In 1926, the Guangdong National Government launched the Northern Expedition. The purpose was to overthrow the rule of the Beiyang warlords and unify the country; targets: Wu Peifu, Sun Chuanfang, Zhang Zuolin; main battlefields: Hunan, Hubei; main battles: Tingsi Bridge, Hesheng Bridge; in the two lakes The main force of Wu Peifu was wiped out on the battlefield; less than half a year after its launch, the Northern Expeditionary Army fought from the Pearl River Basin to the Yangtze River Basin, and the Nationalist Government moved from Guangzhou to Wuhan.

25. In April 1927, Chiang Kai-shek rebelled against the revolution and established the "Nationalist Party" in Nanjing "The government" represents the interests of the big landlords and the big bourgeoisie. It surrenders to imperialism externally and suppresses the people's revolutionary movement internally.

Midterm exam content

Haha, three subjects

It’s impossible not to give points