Chapter Introduction to Amateur Radio in China

"Technology"

Experts start here

Radio technology has a long history of more than a hundred years, but it is also the fastest-refreshing technology today. Starting from bit by bit, learning and studying radio technology, which is as vast as smoke and as deep as the ocean, and mastering the secrets unknown to ordinary people is as happy and exciting as traveling around the world with radio waves.

The main characteristics of "amateur radio" are "purely based on personal interest in radio technology" and "not profitable." But in terms of radio technology, there is no essential difference between amateur radio and radio in other services. The discoveries, creations and experiences of amateur radio enthusiasts today will continue to be used by other businesses tomorrow, and the radio applications developed today by other businesses will continue to be transplanted and adopted by the amateur radio community tomorrow. Moreover, the radio administrative departments of our country allocate to the amateur business The total width of the spectrum is greater than 23GHz, but the total width of the frequency bands currently recorded by amateur radio enthusiasts in my country is less than 1%. From the perspective of amateur frequency resource utilization, there is still huge room for development, and there is still a long way to go. There are no limits or limits to the techniques that amateurs learn to develop themselves.

As the content of radio technology becomes more and more abundant, ham will more or less involve knowledge of low-frequency analog circuits, radio-frequency analog circuits, digital circuits, electromagnetic field theory, etc. It is not a small topic like this article. Books have the ability to cover everything. Fortunately, there are as many domestic and foreign websites about radio technology as stars. As my country has rapidly become the world's largest mobile wireless communications market, domestic radio technology books and periodicals focusing on mainstream commercial radio services such as mobile and broadband are increasing rapidly. In addition, some bookstores in my country have Over the past decades, magazines and magazines have successively published some special books, circuit encyclopedias, production collections and other materials. In particular, there are a large number of experience exchange articles on specific content on the Internet. These have provided amateur radio enthusiasts with the opportunity to acquire knowledge. An important source, but in comparison, the basic information that systematically introduces the perceptual knowledge of radio frequency technology is not sufficient. The purpose of this article is just to provide some reference in this regard.

The rapid replacement of components has led to the continuous updating of practical topics, tools and technical details of amateur radio. However, the basic knowledge of radio as the underlying support is relatively stable. Only by laying a solid foundation can we learn more freely and deeply, effectively extract useful nutrients from a wide range of information sources, and achieve "knowing what is going on" and "knowing it". "Why?", draw inferences from one instance and make rapid improvements. Therefore, the focus of this article is neither to capture and freeze the latest developments that are changing rapidly, nor to provide detailed guidance on specific practices. Rather, it is an attempt to introduce the most common phenomena and the most basic principles from a broader perspective, hoping that amateurs with different experiences will Radio enthusiasts can find some of their own points of interest in this article so that they can search for more specific practical guidance from other information sources. After encountering problems in practice, you can return to this article to look for clues that can help further understanding.

In order to facilitate readers' in-depth search of relevant Chinese and foreign materials, this book uses brackets to give the corresponding English words when some commonly used terms appear for the first time. In order to help readers personally contact the different expressions common in the amateur radio world, some technical illustrations from different periods and sources retain the original style. Although the image quality of some of the original historical pictures is not ideal, they intuitively reflect different periods. Radio technology as it was. Our country has a long history of radio application, but very little physical data is left behind. As a kind of technical culture, it cannot but be said to be a pity. For this reason, this article also introduces some early amateur radio equipment and wartime equipment in my country in a small amount of space. The outline of the famous domestic machine is intended to arouse research.

Many of the contents of this article were found by the author through long-term study. Many of them come from vague memories and individual messy notes. It is difficult to check and indicate the exact source of the original text. Please forgive me.

"Operation Chapter"

Opening Statement

The first to the fourth chapters of this article are the first half of the Operation Chapter. This part of the chapter is It is written for those who want to get started and those who are just getting started, so it is just a beginner's chapter.

Recall that in 1993, the Beijing Radio Sports Association conducted training for the first batch of more than 40 new members on Sunday afternoons. At that time, there was only one day off every week on Sunday.

After more than ten intensive trainings in the past three months, everyone listened to lectures and had discussions on general radio technology, amateur radio communication-related knowledge, regulations, communication skills, etc. At home in the evening, they also practiced copying the teacher's 7M low-end Morse code broadcast. The Level 4 operation certificate obtained at that time was only for listening level. Only those who pass the examination one year later can obtain the Level 3 operation certificate with the qualification to launch.

But it is different. After joining some associations, the intensive training and examination last for more than two hours... Due to the low threshold and the skipping of the listening level, for most enthusiasts holding a Level 4 operating certificate, it is necessary to take some make-up lessons, be led by a master, and practice on an individual basis. The first half of this article gives a brief introduction to basic issues such as amateur radio, amateur business, amateur frequency bands, amateurs, as well as amateur radio call signs, zones, universal time, geographical location reports and other related knowledge for friends to self-study. This article provides a general introduction to the use of transceivers, the erection and installation of antenna systems, the maintenance of power systems, as well as specific communication terms and operating procedures, for reference in practical operations.

Previous regulations stipulated that enthusiasts holding Level 3 or Level 4 operating certificates were not allowed to conduct data communications in RTTY, PSK31 and other modes and SSTV slow scan television communications. These regulations were abolished in 2001. Therefore, other communication modes besides voice communication are also introduced here to enthusiasts holding Level 4 operating certificates for friends to choose and use, in order to increase everyone's interest in playing amateur radio and make some preparations for shortwave in the future.

Since I am a liberal arts major, I am also learning, practicing, and writing at the same time. Due to the limitation of my level, there must be many errors in the article. I also ask my friends to correct me while studying and practicing.

The opening sentence of the second half (Chapter 5 to Chapter 9) of "Operation"

The second half of "Operation" (Chapter 5 to Chapter 9) is a An upgrade to amateur radio operations. After amateur radio enthusiasts understand the basic procedures and operation methods of calling, how can they go further in the field of amateur radio and understand and enter the more colorful world of amateur radio operations. This chapter starts with the rules of propagation, IARU game rules, DXCC, card chasing, amateur radio competition, certificates, expeditions, logging software, various auxiliary tools, extremely low frequency band and ultra high frequency band operations, QRP, space communication operations, EME, radio Relevant elaborations and explanations on astronomy and other aspects are provided, along with specific examples, in an effort to enable readers to understand and master many wonderful parts of the mysterious world of amateur radio communications. For reasons of length, this book is not an encyclopedia. It is impossible to explain every point in detail, but each part will provide at least an introductory introduction and links to relevant resources on the Internet to facilitate readers to study more deeply.

During the writing process of this book, we received support and help from many amateur radio enthusiasts at home and abroad. BD6CR assisted in writing the chapter "Green Communication-QRP", and BD4OS assisted in writing the chapter "Sprinting to Space". "For most of the content in the chapter, BA7IA and BA4RF provided a large amount of information for this book and supplemented the content of some chapters. In addition, during the writing process of this book, I have contacted the following amateur radio operators: BA1HAM, BA7NQ, BD7OH, BA4EG, BD0AAI, BA1AA, BA1EO, BD1WC, BA1AAX, BD1BYV, BA4ALC, BA3CE, BG1DO, BG1MW, BD1ES, BD5RV , BA5TT, DL3MBG, K5SF and other enthusiasts on the website, they have provided a lot of help in the preparation of this book. I would like to express my gratitude to all colleagues who care about this book.

Due to the limited level of the author, omissions in the book are inevitable. Readers are kindly requested to correct them so that they can be corrected and improved in future editions.

"Historical Records"

Written in front

Amateur radio has a bumpy and tortuous history in China, leaving us with many rumors and inspirations. It is reasonable to collect the chapters into a volume and leave them to future generations. It is also the author's long-cherished wish for many years. The exploration and progress of the older generation of amateur radio scientists have made indispensable contributions to the development of China's radio industry, and have left us with a lot of precious information.

These materials vividly record the rise and fall of the development of amateur radio in China. They are also a vivid reflection of China’s social style and value orientation at that time, especially the aspirations and feelings of scientific and technological personnel. I benefit a lot every time I read them. The author has been fortunate enough to have been exposed to the amateur radio industry since the 1950s, and due to work needs, he has visited a group of outstanding and accomplished old amateur radio operators in the history of Chinese amateur radio. Some of them were celebrities, national elites or industrialists, and many of them were initiators and organizers of amateur radio groups or activities in China. They were well-known and highly respected by society and admired by enthusiasts. The visit to them was I laid the foundation and created the conditions for compiling and writing the history of amateur radio during the Republic of China.

The author has visited the following veteran amateurs from the early 1960s to the present: the deceased include: Zhu Qiqing, Meng Zhaoying, Zhao Zhende, Zhang Zongji, Pan Renyong (Pan Renrong), Chen Ren Mu, Shen Minggang, Xie Dihua, Li Shilin (Li Ouru), Zheng Guansen, Zheng Guangzu, Chen Shixin, Zhu Yuemin, Zhao Chaochen, etc. Those who are still alive include: Zhou Haiying, Wang Chuanshan, Qian Gaoyun, Xu Daotong, Zhang Jiaqi, Han Zhuwen, Xu Shuzi, Gao Changrong, Zhu Tiantian, Feng Guoxiang, Huang Yaozeng, Xu Yujia, Guo Dewen, Zhang Zhicheng, Jin Xianzao, Gu Yuanzhuang, Wang Gengjie, etc. All the veteran amateurs interviewed introduced their personal history to the author without reservation, and some even wrote it down and provided it to the author, which became a solid evidence for compiling the history of amateur radio in China. Some seniors also generously contributed historical documents that they had collected for more than half a century. When using these documents, the author noted the name of the provider to show the source and attribution of the data. The author also often checks the situation with veteran amateurs who are still alive. They take the trouble to answer all questions and even refine and revise it themselves. I admire these octogenarians for their faith in their duty and their high sense of responsibility for history. It should be said that the completion of this historical record is also due to the contributions of their predecessors. I will always be grateful to these predecessors and pay them my deep respect. .

In the process of writing, in addition to consulting some relevant newspapers and periodicals and publications of amateur radio groups before liberation, the author also referred to the "People's Posts and Telecommunications News" published by the People's Posts and Telecommunications News Agency, and the "People's Posts and Telecommunications News" published by the China Electronic News Agency. Documents such as "China Electronic News", "Radio World" published by China Taiwan's "Radio World" magazine, Shanghai local chronicles, Zhejiang provincial local chronicles, Hankou local chronicles and other documents.

In particular, the author received great help from the China Radio Sports Association, Shanghai Radio Sports Association, China Civil Aviation Communications Equipment Repair and Manufacturing Factory and other units as well as teacher Wang Xiujuan, wife of senior Zhang Zongji, during the writing process. With permission, The author consulted and used the files and materials they saved. In addition, there are enthusiasts or association staff from Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Hubei, Fujian, Jiangsu and other places across the country who assisted the author in accessing, copying materials or verifying historical facts. I would like to express my gratitude!

This time I was asked to write a historical chapter in the book "Amateur Radio in China". It was also an opportunity for me to learn and systematically understand the history of the development of amateur radio in our country. I wanted to collect the information more completely and comprehensively, and verify the existing information in more detail, but unfortunately the five chapters of "Chinese Amateur Radio" must be published at the same time. "Historical Records" is only one of them, and the other chapters have been published. It was completed. The publisher had urged the manuscript several times. In order not to delay the publication for too long because of me, I had to submit the paper in a hurry and make a draft for soliciting opinions before sending it to the press. At the same time, the history of the development of amateur radio in my country after the founding of the People's Republic of China and the founding of the People's Republic of China was originally planned to be written. Because it required a lot of historical materials and documents, and there were many units and departments involved, the procedures for checking files and verifying the situation were extremely complicated and required It is impossible to catch up with the publication date of this book, so I can only make a very simple summary of this period of history and describe it in detail. I can only choose an opportunity to write and publish it separately in the future.

For the completed part, it is only compiled based on the situation I have and the information at hand. It is inevitable that there will be many omissions, inaccuracies, and even errors. I would like to ask seniors and insiders to add more. , corrections, and I also hope that readers can provide valuable opinions so that they can be improved in the future

"Exchange"

Since my country resumed the opening of personal amateur radio stations in 1992 for more than ten years, amateur radio stations in various places have The team of radio amateurs has grown rapidly and is actively learning and exchanging technology through air contacts. Their experiences, experiences and insights are also reflected in some publications and articles on the Internet.

In order to help more people participate in sharing, and to leave some live records reflecting the exchanges in my country’s amateur radio community during this period, this article randomly collects some representative or inspiring articles. Some of the articles are unsigned, and some have been rewritten and reprinted. It is difficult to contact the original author, and it is impossible to correctly sign the book when printing. We apologize for your understanding, and ask the original author to contact the publisher. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all authors of this article. Sincere thanks.

"Equipment"

Equipment 522-666

Radio transceiver equipment is a must-have equipment for amateur radio enthusiasts, as well as aerial communication and communication equipment. main communication tool. From the early days when radio amateurs made all kinds of transmitters and receivers by hand, to the dazzling array of amateur radio communication machines of all levels produced by professional manufacturers on the market, after a hundred years of evolution, commercial amateur radios have appeared on the market. There are more than a thousand models of this equipment, and the varieties of self-made equipment can only be described as "countless". They have left a long historical footprint. Tracing this footprint will undoubtedly help deepen our understanding of the progress of radio technology at various stages and explore the reasons why today's radio equipment adopts many new technologies. In order to help my country's amateur radio enthusiasts understand the development of amateur radio communication equipment, the "Equipment" of this book includes some simple information on amateur radio transceiver equipment for readers to use as an index for further understanding in the future.

Limited by the collection capabilities and sources of information, the content in this article is relatively concentrated on foreign commercial models during the heyday of commercial amateur radio equipment. Some of them have become the main models in the world's amateur radio industry, and some have become the main models in the world's amateur radio industry. It has not become a popular product, and there are a few models that are universal models. Some other equipment that has been used by amateur radio enthusiasts in my country in history has not been included due to lack of accurate data. For this reason, readers are kindly requested to understand and correct me.

"Appendix"

Appendix 1. Radio Management Regulations of the People's Republic of China

Appendix 2. Radio Regulations of the International Telecommunication Union regarding Amateur Radio Excerpt

Appendix 3. ITU international call sign sequence allocation table Appendix 4. DXCC entity call sign prefix and partition comparison table

Appendix 5. Amateur radio frequency usage plan recommended by CRSA

Appendix 6. IOTA numbering table of my country’s islands Appendix 7. BASIC program for calculating communication azimuth and great circle distance

Appendix 8. my country (centered on Beijing) and some cities or countries in the world Azimuth angle and great circle distance

Appendix 9. Excerpt from CQ-World-Wide WPX Competition Rules

Amateur Radio Etiquette...

This Amateur Radio The family etiquette has been used for nearly seventy years, but the spirit of amateur radio operators described in it is still vivid and has long been regarded as the standard for amateur radio operators. It is a pity that this spiritual standard is not implemented on every amateur wireless expert. I have never heard anyone advocate it in the past, and I can’t learn it based on these slogans. Therefore, I will discuss this amateur radio etiquette in the spirit of the ancient sage Zengzi: three times a day. The following are some rules based on Paul. Amateur Radio Etiquette, developed self-examination questions, hope to be helpful to the cultivation of amateur radio operators.

Mutual understanding - I will not do anything that makes people uncomfortable:

Before making a CQ call or fulfilling an agreed communication, do you need to be prepared to listen for a while? Make sure no one is using the frequency before making a call.

When encountering disputes over frequency usage rights, can we try to make things as convenient as possible for the other party? Instead of talking eloquently, responding with words such as "no one has the right to own the frequency", or simply insisting that you are the priority user.

If a friendly channel points out that it has technical flaws, should it stop operations immediately and resolve these problems first? Instead of continuing to operate as if nothing happened.

When using a repeater, have you considered that someone may need to use it at any time, or have you clung to the repeater?

If the other party proposes to exchange QSL cards, should it be implemented as soon as possible?

When radio frequency interference problems occur, can we thoroughly reflect on ourselves, even if we know that the radio frequency interference problems have nothing to do with our communication equipment?

When faced with an expedition radio signal, should we fully cooperate with the other party's call instructions? Or should we just be impatient because we lack communication in this country and region, or should we respond with "jungle tactics"?

Noble friendship--support and encourage amateur radio enthusiasts, local and national amateur radio societies with noble sentiments:

Have I already joined the local amateur radio community? A club, or a solo career?

If I use public *** resources (such as repeaters, OSL card services), do I want to give back?

If you have opinions or dissatisfaction with your association, should you express it through appropriate channels, or should you just vent your emotions and dissatisfaction freely in the air?

Are you aware that radio waves reach far and wide? Your every move may be monitored by people all over the world. Whether it is ordinary people or amateur specific listening stations, it may affect the industry. The image of a radiologist?

New and updated every day - integrating excellent scientific literacy, efficient radio equipment and operating habits, and an amateur spirit above the standard:

Whether you try your best to learn radio well Equipment operating techniques? Or I have no interest at all and just think that the technical issues are too deep for me to learn.

Considering the interference problem in crowded frequencies, should we proactively turn off the linear amplifier? Do you have the bad habit of turning on the linear amplifier when turning on the desk lighting?

Should we try to obtain the maintenance manual for radio equipment and study it ourselves or seek help from others? In order to thoroughly understand the circuit principles of using the equipment.

Reflecting on your amateur radio career in the past few years, have you made any simple amateur radio equipment by yourself? Such as antenna, etc.

How long has it been since the last time you took a closer look at a technical article in an amateur radio magazine?

Have you ever asked a friend to monitor your reporting ability and make provocative criticism?

Are you familiar with communication programs or commonly used Q codes? It's best to memorize it backwards and forwards.

If you were temporarily invited to guest control the network, would you be confident in your communication skills? Have you ever used "not familiar with communication procedures" or other excuses?

Be friendly and helpful - if necessary, treat newcomers slowly and patiently, and deal with them in a gentle and courteous manner. Being eager to help others, fully cooperative, and considerate of others are the skills of an amateur radio operator:

Do you often report to the frequency where novices gather? They need encouragement, guidance, and a sense of belonging, and you can provide that.

If you accidentally overhear that a friendly station violates laws or regulations, or that its operating procedures do not comply with the agreement, you should try to provide corrections and advice in private, instead of imagining yourself as an air policeman and correcting or teaching you a lesson on the spot.

It is very constructive to encourage novices to upgrade in technology. It should be induced by the fact that improved technology can provide richer communication enjoyment, so that novices will naturally yearn for upgrading, rather than being cynicism.

Jokes related to race, ethnicity, or pornography should be strictly prohibited, even if they are directed at people you know very well. Try not to get involved in on-air squabbles, and especially don't join in anything that singles out minority groups.

When you hear an unfamiliar call sign in the air, you should politely take the opportunity to say hello, and do not ignore it because of the thought that "he is not one of our group".

If you learn that a nearby amateur radio fellow is hospitalized for some reason, or has lost a loved one, is it enough to just express condolences during communication? You should consider taking the time to bring a bouquet of flowers or a condolence card to express your concern in person.

When talking to people in the air, do you remember that "when three people are walking together, there must be one who is my teacher"? Don’t forget that any time is a good opportunity to ask others for advice. You should value and cherish other people’s views or opinions.

When you meet a first-class and perfect operator, don’t forget to give him a few compliments.

Balanced development - For individuals, amateur radio is a pastime and hobby, and should not affect family, work, schoolwork, or participation in social activities:

Every day is divided into work, Time for sleep, and amateur radio activity? Have you ever noticed that your family needs you; in addition to ham radio, you also need friends.

Do I have any close friends who are not amateur radio? Do I participate in activities involving non-amateur radio groups?

How long has it been since you traveled with your family for reasons other than amateur radio activities?

Should be able to take a break from amateur radio to spend time with family. When can we discuss year-end bonuses without mentioning plans to purchase amateur radio equipment?

When traveling, bowling, or at any gathering with friends or family, can you completely put aside your own interesting amateur radio and care about other people's hobbies?

You are willing to spend tens of thousands of dollars on your own amateur radio equipment, but your family members have to spend it because of their hobbies.

Love hometown and patriotism - Radio equipment and operating skills are always prepared for the hometown and the country:

Have you ever voluntarily helped with charity or public welfare club activities?

Have you formally submitted your views or comments on regulations to the relevant authorities? Or just complain negatively to others?

Do you really know when the state has the right to draft your amateur radio station?