English grammar! ! 200 points

1. Present tense:

1. Concept: frequent, recurring actions or behaviors and a certain current situation.

2. Time adverbials: Always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week (day, year, month…), on Sundays,

3. Basic structure: verb base form (if the subject is third person singular, the verb should be changed to third person singular form)

4. Negative form: subject + am/is/are +not + other ; If the predicate verb in this tense is an action verb, add don't before it. If the subject is the third person singular, use doesn't and restore the action verb.

5. General questions: Put the verb be at the beginning of the sentence; use the auxiliary verb do to ask the question. If the subject is the third person singular, use does, and at the same time, restore the action verb.

6. Example:. It rarely snows here.

He is always ready to help others.

Action speaks louder than words..

2. Simple past tense

1. Concept: an action or state that occurred at a certain time in the past; habitual and regular actions and behaviors in the past.

2. Time adverbials: ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.

3. Basic structure: subject + verb or past tense of be + noun

4. Negative form: subject + was/were + not+other; add didn't before the action verb and restore the action verb at the same time.

5. General questions: put was or were at the beginning of the sentence; use the past tense did of the auxiliary verb do to ask questions, and restore the action verb at the same time.

6. Example: She often came to help us in those days.

I didn't know you were so busy.

3. Present continuous tense :

1. Concept: Indicates actions and behaviors that are ongoing at the current stage or when speaking.

2. Time adverbials: Now, at this time, days, etc. look. listen

3. Basic structure: subject + be + doing + other

4. Negative form: subject + be + not + doing + other

5. General questions: Put the verb be at the beginning of the sentence.

6. Example: How are you feeling today?

He is doing well in his lessons.

4. Past continuous tense:

< p> 1. Concept: Indicates a behavior or action that is happening or taking place at a certain time or moment in the past.

2. Time adverbials: at this time yesterday, at that time or predicate verbs introduced by when are time adverbials in the past tense, etc.

3. Basic structure subject + was/were + doing + other

4. Negative form: subject + was/were + not +doing + other

5 .General questions: put was or were at the beginning of the sentence. (The first letter is capitalized)

6. Example: At that time she was working in a PLA unit.

When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.

5. Present perfect tense:

1. Concept: The impact or result of actions that occurred or completed in the past on the present, or actions or states that have started in the past and continue to the present.

2. Time adverbials: yet, already, just, never, ever, so far, by now, since + time point, for + time period, recently, lately, in the past few years, etc.

p>

3. Basic structure: subject + have/has + p.p (past participle) + others

4. Negative form: subject + have/has + not +p.p (past participle) + others

5. General questions: have or has.

6. Example: I've written an article.

The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years.

6. Past perfect tense:

1. Concept: Taking a certain time in the past as the standard, the actions or behaviors that occurred before that time, or the behaviors that were completed before an action in the past, are the "past of the past".

2. Time adverbial: Before, by the end of last year (term, month…), etc.

3. Basic structure: subject + had + p.p (past participle) + Others

4. Negative form: subject + had + not +p.p (past participle) + others

5. General questions: had is placed at the beginning of the sentence.

6. Example: As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.

By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books

Basic structure: subject+had+p.p (past participle)+others

①Affirmative sentence: subject+had+p.p (past participle)+others

②Negative sentence: subject+ had+ not+p.p (past participle) + other

③General question: Had+subject+p.p (past participle)+other

④Special question: special question + general question

p>

7. Simple future tense:

1. Concept: Indicates an action that will happen or a state of existence and an intention, plan or preparation to do something.

2. Time adverbials: Tomorrow, next day (week, month, year…), soon, in a few minutes, by…, the day after tomorrow, etc.

3 .Basic structure: subject + am/is/are + going to + do + other; subject + will/shall + do + other

4. Negative form: subject + am/is/are not going to do; Subject+will/shall not do+others

5. General questions: be is placed at the beginning of the sentence; will/shall is mentioned at the beginning of the sentence.

6. Example: They are going to have a competition with us in studies.

It is going to rain.

8. Past future tense: < /p>

1. Concept: Based on a certain moment in the past, looking at the future from the past, often used in object clauses.

2. Time adverbials: The next day (morning, year…), the following month (week…), etc.

3. Basic structure: subject + was/were + going to + do + other; subject + would/should + do + other

4. Negative form: subject + was/were/not + going to + do; subject + would/should + not + do. < /p>

5. General questions: was or were are placed at the beginning of the sentence; would/should are mentioned at the beginning of the sentence.

6. Example: He said he would go to Beijing the next day.

I asked who was going there.

9. Future perfect tense: < /p>

1. Concept: an action or state that begins before a certain moment in the future

2. Time adverbial: by the time of; by the end of + time phrase (future); by the time+clause (future)

3. Basic structure: subject+be going to/will/shall + have+p.p (past participle)+others

4. Example: By the time you get back, great changes will have taken place in this area.

10. Present perfect continuous tense:

1. Concept: expresses something that started at a certain time in the past and continues to the present action. This action may have just begun, may still be ongoing, and may extend into the future.

2. Basic structure: subject + have/has + been + doing + other

3. Time adverbials: since + time point, for + time period, etc.

4. Example: I have been sitting here for an hour.

The children have been watching TV since six o'clock.

[Edit this paragraph ] Verb modality

1. Active voice:

The subject is the causative agent of the predicate action. That is to say, the action of the predicate originates from the subject and is imposed on the object. On the contrary, in the passive voice, the subject is the passive party of the predicate action. If there is an object, the object is often the agent of the predicate action.

In terms of grammatical structure, the main difference between active voice and passive voice is that active voice directly uses the verb prototype as the predicate, and then imposes tense and other grammar on the basis of the verb prototype; The passive voice uses a copula + the past participle of the verb as the predicate, and various tenses and other grammar are also imposed on the copula.

2. Passive voice:

The passive voice in English is used more and more commonly than in Chinese. This issue is often involved in many textbooks, examinations and even practical applications. . Generally speaking, when emphasizing the recipient of the action without naming the executor or the ambiguous executor, the passive tense is often used. It should be noted that many places are different from Chinese. Note that there is no meaning of "being..." in Chinese, but the passive tense should be used in English. Also note that the passive in English is often introduced by "by", and phrases with the preposition "by" are often not passive, but have a table structure. There are also some special phenomena, such as: known to man (known to mankind), walking on foot (Americans sometimes use by foot), in carraige (riding in a four-wheeled carriage), etc. There are also more than a dozen commonly used words such as false active and true passive, as well as idioms such as so heavy to carry instead of so heavy to be carried. Regarding this kind of situation, it is very important to have a good idea of ??the passive part to fully grasp the passive part and answer the exercises accurately. The passive part must involve the various tense changes of the verb. The tenses in English are very complicated. How do you remember the passive forms? First of all, we must make it clear that "there is no passive in the future continuous, and the same in the present perfect continuous". There is no passive form in these two tenses.

In addition, intransitive verbs with cognate objects, verbs with reflexive pronouns and copulas have no passive form. Even so, there are also the passive forms of infinitives, gerunds, participles, and their compound structures), plus modal verbs, auxiliary verbs, and their interrogatives and negatives, which are really headache-inducing and dizzying. The following formula takes the verb do as an example, that is, do did past tense done past participle. It summarizes the passive tenses of various tenses in the form of formula, which will definitely give you some inspiration.

[Edit this paragraph] Subjunctive mood

Mood is a verb form used to express the speaker's intention or attitude. The subjunctive mood indicates that what is said is only a subjective wish, assumption or suggestion. The subjunctive mood can be used in unreal conditionals, subject clauses, object clauses, predicative clauses, appositive clauses and attributive clauses. This unit requires students to master the basic form and usage of the subjunctive mood; master the use of modal verbs in the subjunctive mood; understand implicit conditional sentences; master the relationship between subjunctive tense and predicate verb tense, etc.

[Edit this paragraph]Basic sentence structure

Sentences can be divided into simple sentences, parallel sentences and compound sentences according to their structure.

1. Simple Sentence:

Basic form: The basic form of a simple sentence is composed of a subject plus a predicate. Various other sentence forms are developed from this sentence pattern, such as the five basic sentence patterns:

1. Subject + predicate:

This sentence pattern is referred to as the subject-predicate structure. , its predicates are generally intransitive verbs, for example:

Things change. Things change.

Nobody went.

--Did you go by sea? Did you take the sea route?

--NO, we flew. No, we flew.

2. Subject + linking verb + predicative:

This sentence pattern is called the subject list structure. In fact, the linking verb is also a predicate verb in form, but In essence, the predicate becomes the predicate, for example:

Mr. Turner is an artist. Mr. Turner is an artist.

The milk turned sour. The milk turned sour.

She became a lawyer. She became a lawyer.

3. Subject + predicate + object:

This sentence pattern can be called a subject-predicate-object structure, and its predicates are generally transitive verbs, for example:

We never beat children. We never beat children.

My sister will fix everything. My sister will fix everything.

4. Subject + predicate + object + object:

This sentence pattern can be called a subject-predicate-object structure, and its predicate should be a transitive verb that can have double objects. One of the two objects is an indirect object and the other is a direct object. For example:

He gave the book to his sister. He gave the book to his sister.

I'll write you a long letter. I'll write you a long letter.

5. Subject + predicate + object + object complement:

This sentence pattern can be referred to as the subject-predicate-object complement structure. Its complement is the object complement, which together with the object forms a compound Object, example:

I found the book easy. I found the book easy. (The adjective easy is used as a complement)

I'll let him go. I will let him go. (The infinitive go is used as a complement)

Note: Sometimes two or more co-ordinated subjects have the same predicate, or even two subjects and two predicates are co-ordinated. Such a sentence is still It is a simple sentence, for example:

China and other countries in the east Asia are developing rapidly. China and other countries in East Asia are developing rapidly. (China and other countries are co-subjects)

Mr. Wang and I often work together and help each other. Mr. Wang and I often work together and help each other.

It introductory structure:

It is both a pronoun and a quotation. When used as a pronoun, it can be used as a personal pronoun, demonstrative pronoun, or impersonal pronoun, and is used in pre-referent, non-specific reference or idioms. When used as a quotation, it itself has no real meaning and only serves as a guide. It can be used as a formal subject or a formal object. The real subject or object is an infinitive, a gerund or a noun clause, and they are placed at the end. It is also used to emphasize sentence structure. If you want to emphasize a certain word or part, you can use the emphasis structure of it is (was) + the emphasized part (subject, object or adverbial) + that (who)... This chapter requires understanding the various uses of the pronoun it and the introductory word it, focusing on mastering the use of it to refer to front or back; the introductory word it is used to emphasize the structure.

2. Parallel sentences:

A sentence composed of two or more simple sentences connected together with a coordinating conjunction is called a parallel sentence. Its basic structure is "simple sentence + Coordinating conjunction + simple sentence". Coordinating conjunctions include: and, but, or, so, etc. A compound sentence is composed of two or more simple sentences connected together. The meanings of each simple sentence in a parallel sentence are equally important and have no subordinate relationship with each other. They are parallel and juxtaposed. They are connected with conjunctions.

3. Complex Sentence:

A complex sentence consists of a main clause (Principal Clause) and one or more subordinate clauses (Subordinate Clause).

The main clause is the main body of the sentence and can usually exist independently; the subordinate clause is a sentence component and cannot exist independently.

A clause cannot stand alone as a sentence, but it also has a subject part and a predicate part, just like a sentence. The difference is that the clause must be introduced by a connective.

1. Noun Clauses:

Sentences that function as nouns in a sentence are called Noun Clauses (Noun Clauses).

The function of a noun clause is equivalent to a noun phrase. It can serve as subject, object, predicate, appositive, preposition object, etc. in a compound sentence. Therefore, according to its different grammatical functions in the sentence, noun clauses can also be called Subject clause, object clause, predicative clause and appositive clause.

1) Subject clause:

The clause that is the subject of a sentence is called a subject clause. The subject clause is usually introduced by the subordinating conjunctions that, whether, if and the connecting pronouns what, who, which, whatever, whoever and connecting adverbs such as how, when, where, why and other words. That has no word meaning in the sentence and only plays a connecting role; connecting pronouns and connecting adverbs retain their interrogative meanings and play a connecting role in the sentence, and serve as components of the subordinate clause. For example:

What he wants to tell us is not clear. What he wants to tell us is not clear.

Who will win the match is still unknown. Who will win the match is still unknown.

It is known to us how he became a writer.

Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.

Sometimes in order to avoid a top-heavy sentence, the formal subject it is often used instead of the subject clause as the formal subject at the beginning of the sentence, and the subject clause is placed at the end of the sentence. The predicate verb after the subject clause is generally in the singular form. Commonly used sentence patterns are as follows:

(1) It + be + noun + that clause

(2) It + be + adjective + that clause

(3 ) It + be + past participle of verb + that clause

(4) It + intransitive verb + that clause

Also note that it is used to express surprise and disapproval in subject clauses When using the moods such as believe, regret, and should, the predicate verb should use the subjunctive mood "(should) + do". Commonly used sentence patterns are:

It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that…

It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that…

2) Object clause:

A noun sentence is used as an object clause It's called an object clause. The correlative words that guide the object clause are roughly the same as the correlative words that guide the predicate clause of the subject clause. They can be used as the objects of predicate verbs or prepositions and non-predicate verbs in the sentence.

1. Object clause introduced by the connective that

When the object clause is introduced by the connective that, that does not serve as any component in the sentence. It is often used in spoken or informal styles. is omitted, but if the clause is a compound sentence, the "that" before the second clause cannot be omitted. For example:

He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.

We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing.

Note: After demand, order, suggest, decide, insist, desire, request, command, doubt and other verbs expressing requirements, commands, suggestions, decisions, etc., the object clause is often "(should) + verb base form". For example:

I insist that she (should) do her work alone. I insist that she (should) do her work alone.

The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once.

2. Object clauses introduced with related words such as who, whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever are equivalent to special interrogative sentences. Pay attention to the word order of the sentences. Declarative word order. For example:

I want to know what he has told you. I want to know what he has told you.

She always thinks of how she can work well. She always thinks of how she can work well.

She will give whoever needs help a warm support.

3. For object clauses introduced with whether or if, the order of the subject and predicate cannot be reversed, and the order of the declarative sentence is still maintained. In addition, when using whether and if to mean "whether", generally only whether can be used instead of if in the following situations:

a. When introducing the subject clause and at the beginning of the sentence; b. When introducing the predicate When a clause is used; c. When the introductory clause is used as the object of a preposition; d. When there is "or not" after the clause; e. When it is followed by the infinitive of the verb. For example:

Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.

The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test? The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test?

Everything depends on whether we have enough money. Everything depends on whether we have enough money.

I wonder whether he will come or not. I wonder whether he will come or not.

Can you tell me whether to go or to stay?

4. Pay attention to the tense echo in the object clause. When the verb of the main clause is in the present tense, the clause uses

different tenses according to its own sentence situation.

For example:

he studies English every day. (The clause uses the present tense)

he studied English last term. (The clause uses the past tense)

I know (that) he will study English next year. (The clause uses the future simple tense)

he has studied English since 1998. (The clause uses the present perfect tense)

When the verb of the main clause is In the past tense (except could, would), the clause must use the corresponding past tense, such as simple past tense, past continuous tense, past future tense, etc.; when the clause expresses objective truth, scientific principles, and natural phenomena, the clause Still in present tense. For example:

The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America.

5. In negative object clauses caused by verbs such as think, believe, imagine, suppose, etc., the verb in the above main clause should be changed into the negative form. That is, move the negative form in the subordinate clause to the main clause. For example:

We don’t think you are here. We don’t think you are here.

I don’t believe he will do so. I believe he will not do so.

3) Predicative clause:

The clause used as a predicative in a sentence is called a predicative clause. The correlative words that introduce predicative clauses are roughly the same as those that introduce subject clauses. The predicative clause is located after the linking verb and is sometimes introduced as if. Its basic structure is: subject + linking verb + that clause. For example:

The fact is that we have lost the game. The fact is that we have lost the game.

That’s just what I want.

This is where our problem lies.

That is why he didn’t come to the meeting.

It looks as if it is going to rain.

It should be noted that when the subject is reason, the predicative clause should be introduced with that instead of because. For example:

The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning.

Note that whether can introduce an predicative clause, but the synonymous if can Usually not used to introduce predicative clauses.

4) Appositive clause:

An appositive clause explains the specific content of the noun before it. Appositive clauses are usually introduced by that. Nouns that can be used in appositive clauses include advice, demand, doubt, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, order, problem, promise, question, request, suggestion, truth, wish, word etc. For example:

The news that we won the game is exciting. The news that we won the game is exciting.

I have no idea when he will come back home. I have no idea when he will come back home.

The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.

The difference between appositive clause and attributive clause:

That, as a relative pronoun, can guide the attributive clause and act as a sentence component. It can be omitted when it is used as an object in the clause; that guides the appositive clause When a clause is used, it functions as a conjunction, has no actual meaning, does not serve as a sentence component, and generally cannot be omitted.

Compare the following two examples:

I had no idea that you were here. (that introduces an appositive clause and cannot be omitted)

Have you got the idea (that) this book gives you of life in ancient Greece? (that introduces an attributive clause, serves as an object, and can be omitted)

5) Noun that-clause:

1) The clause introduced by the subordinating conjunction that is called a nominal that-clause. That only plays the role of connecting the main clause and the subordinate clause. It does not serve as any component in the subordinate clause and has no meaning in itself. The noun that-clause can serve as subject, object, predicate, appositive and adjective object in the sentence, for example:

Subject: That she is still alive is her luck. He is still alive because of luck.

Object: John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday. John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.

Expression: The fact is that he has not been seen recently. The fact is that no one has seen him recently.

Appositive: The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.

No one has seen him recently, this fact disturbs everyone in the office.

Adjective object: I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.

I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.

2) When that-clause is the subject, it is usually used as the antecedent, and the that-clause is placed at the end of the sentence, for example:

It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. It was clear that the entire plan was destined to fail.

It's a pity that you should have to leave. It's a pity that you should have to leave.

The that-clause with it as the formal subject has the following four different collocation relationships:

a. It + be + adjective + that-clause

It is necessary that… It is necessary…

It is important that… It is important…

It is obvious that… It is obvious…

b . It + be + -ed participle + that-clause

It is believed that... People believe...

It is known to all that...

< p> It has been decided that… has been decided…

c. It + be + noun + that-clause

It is common knowledge that… ……is common sense

It is a surprise that… It is surprising that…

It is a fact that… The fact is…

d. It + intransitive verb + that-clause

It appears that... It seems...

It happens that... By chance...

It occurred to me that... I suddenly remembered...< /p>

6) Noun wh-clause:

1) A noun clause introduced by a wh-word is called a nominal wh-clause. Wh-words include connecting pronouns such as who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever and connecting adverbs such as where, when, how, why and so on. In addition to the same grammatical function as that-clause, the Wh-clause can also serve as preposition object, object complement, indirect object, etc., for example: