Comprehensive nursing knowledge to take care of the needs of the elderly

As my mother’s age has increased over the years, and the frequency and difficulty of care have increased, I slowly remembered to collect a set of information and provide it to everyone in case of emergency.

First of all, I divide it into two categories. Personally, I feel that if you have time, it is best to spend more time with her (the elderly). It is very important to have a full and healthy spirit every day.

1. Classification of elderly care:

1. Spiritual care: chat more with the elderly, read or read more books, newspapers, magazines to the elderly; try to watch TV with the elderly; You should respond immediately, answer all questions, take the trouble, and listen patiently. If she likes to walk around, exercise, and bask in the sun, try to go out with her and stay within sight.

2. Daily care: keep the indoor air fresh (seasonally), open windows frequently, but avoid convection wind, go to bed early and get up early, eat on time, and defecate on time. Appropriate light music can make the elderly relaxed and happy, and they can insist on moderate exercise every day.

3. Food, clothing, housing and transportation care: well-fitting clothes, balanced diet, regular daily life, and suitable activities.

2. Key learning points for elderly care

1. Dietary care for the elderly: Dietary principles: less quantity, better quality, more vegetables, lighter dishes, more variety, The food should be more fragrant, the food should be rotten, the food should be hotter, the food should be thinner, eat slower, have a better breakfast, and have an earlier dinner

Diet characteristics of the elderly: soft and rotten food, light and delicious, and diverse food , eat in moderation

Common sense of diet preparation for the elderly: pay attention to color, aroma, taste and shape, ensure rich protein, ensure the supplement of trace elements such as iron and calcium, ensure high-vitamin foods, and limit fat and calories. Intake

Common foods that are generally not suitable for the elderly: fried foods, butter, ice cream, whole milk, margarine, cheese, animal fat, bread made with butter or eggs, meat with fat products, skin-on chicken and duck meat, offal, egg yolks, fish eggs, crab roe, lunch meat, sausages, etc., as well as biscuits made with butter, eggs, olive oil or coconut oil.

Warm reminder: It is not advisable to choose round, slippery or sticky food. The food should be boneless, cut into fine pieces, and cooked until soft. If necessary, use a grinder to beat the food into a paste.

Dietary care does not allow everyone to form a complete diet chart. You can make reference adjustments based on the daily habits and tastes of the elderly.

2. Daily care for the elderly:

Principles of daily care: meet the daily needs of the elderly, increase their self-care ability, prevent complications and ensure safety

Take care of the elderly to wash themselves : The texture of the face towel should be fine, and water stains on the face should be removed by patting it dry instead of rubbing the face directly with the towel to reduce skin irritation. The frequency of face washing is determined by factors such as personal skin type, environment, climate, and the presence or absence of makeup. Towels for different purposes cannot be mixed and must be used by dedicated personnel. Pay attention to keeping your feet warm after washing your feet, and do not wear shoes barefoot for a long time in cold seasons.

Bathing the elderly: Prepare bathing utensils, such as towels, bath towels, neutral soap, shampoo, 35-40% bath water, change of clothes, etc. After the old man enters the bathroom, the procedure to help the old man take a bath is to wash his face, body and hair. After washing your face, open the water valve, wet your whole body with appropriate warm water, and then close the water valve. Apply the soap evenly to the elderly person's body, and then scrub gently with a towel. After scrubbing, open the water valve, adjust the water temperature, and rinse your body. Wet your hair, turn off the water valve, apply the shampoo evenly on your hair and rub it gently, massaging your scalp while rubbing it. Scrub your hair clean, open the water valve, adjust the water temperature, rinse your hair and body, and dry the hair and body with a bath towel. If your skin is dry, apply moisturizer appropriately. Put on clean clothes and get out of the bath.

Warm reminder: Bathing times should not be too frequent, once every 3-4 days in winter, and each bathing time should not be too long, preferably 15-30 minutes. Avoid taking a bath on an empty stomach or immediately after a meal. Avoid squatting or standing suddenly while taking a bath.

3. Out-of-home care for the elderly: Warm reminder: Arrange your outing time reasonably, avoid nights or busy traffic hours, and do not go out for too long. Pay attention to traffic safety, sit (stand, support) firmly when riding in the car, do not walk too fast, and try not to wear slippers when going out. Elderly people with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases or chronic diseases should bring relevant medications with them when going out.

4. Treatment of abnormal situations in the elderly

1) Constipation:

The first step is to establish a reasonable diet structure and eat more whole grains and fresh fruits in the diet and vegetables, and drink plenty of water.

The second step is to encourage the elderly to exercise more and appropriately increase outdoor activities and activity volume.

The third step is to carry out targeted drug treatment or use laxative methods under the guidance of a doctor.

The fourth step is to develop the habit of regular bowel movements.

2) Urinary retention:

The first step is to apply hot compress to the lower abdomen of the elderly or give massage. The massage method is: first assist the elderly to lie down on his back, bend the knees with both feet, and then put the index finger, Place the middle finger and ring finger on the left side of the old man's abdomen parallel to the navel, and massage from top to bottom in a spiral and clockwise direction for 5-10 minutes. After massaging, ask the old man to rest for a while before urinating.

In the second step, let the elderly listen to running water or run warm water through the perineum to induce a micturition reflex and induce the elderly to urinate.

3) Pressure ulcers:

The first step is to keep the bed flat, wrinkle-free, clean, dry and free of debris.

The second step is to change the lying position frequently and turn over every 23 hours.

In the third step, sponges, soft pillows, cotton pads, and cotton rings can be placed on the pressured areas or bone protrusions.

The fourth step is to take a bath with warm water, rub your back or do a local massage.

The fifth step is to check the compressed areas and regularly massage the entire back or compressed areas with 50% alcohol or safflower oil.

The sixth step is to raise the buttocks, assist the elderly to use the bedpan, clean the area with warm water, and change the diaper.

4) Alzheimer’s disease: Create a clean, warm, comfortable and safe living environment as much as possible, and talk to the elderly more often. Strengthen the care of the elderly's daily life, arrange their lives regularly, and encourage the elderly to take care of themselves. Pay attention to safety and do not let the elderly go out alone. Do not let the elderly come into contact with dangerous equipment and items such as switches, power supplies, and gas stoves. Encourage the elderly to exercise, participate in some outdoor sports and intellectual activities, and have more contact with others. Elderly people suffering from Alzheimer's disease should always carry a card with their name, age, address, and phone number to prevent them from getting lost. 5) Bedridden elderly:

Comb your hair in bed: Prepare a comb, a large towel, and rubber bands if necessary. Explain your intention to the elderly and obtain their cooperation. Place a towel on the pillow to help the elderly person lie on their side or turn their head to one side. Divide your hair into two strands, comb the exposed strand first, and braid the longer hair into a tight braid. Help the old man turn his head to the other side and comb the other strand in the same way. Remove the big towel, remove dandruff, put away supplies, make the bed, and let the elderly lie down and have a good rest.

Bed bath: Prepare a bucket, clean clothes, a large towel, alcohol with a concentration of 50, small scissors, cotton swabs, face towels, bath towels, soap, combs, washbasins, etc., and a kettle containing 47 -50 hot water and have a bedpan ready if necessary. Take a basin and pour an appropriate amount of hot water into it. Put a large towel around the old man's neck, first wipe the face and neck with a soapy towel, then wipe it with a wrung wet towel, and finally dry it with a large towel. Take off the old man's shirt and scrub his upper limbs and armpits. Assist the elderly person to lie on his side, facing himself, put a large towel underneath, and wash his hands for the elderly person. Change the water and bath towel, and scrub the chest and abdomen. Assist the elderly person to turn over, face away from him, scrub the back of his neck, back, buttocks, and finally massage. Put on a clean top, take off the old man's pants, put the bedpan in place, change the water and then scrub your lower body. Dry the water with a small towel, remove the bedpan, and wash your hands. Assist the old man to bend his knees, spread his feet, and cover his legs and perineum with a quilt. Put a large towel under your feet, move the basin to the middle of your feet and fix it, soak the old man's feet in the basin, dry them, remove the basin, and then help the old man put on clean clothes.

6) Warm reminder: You should do the "five diligences" in daily life, that is, turn over frequently, scrub frequently, massage frequently, tidy up frequently, and change frequently. When turning over, try to lift the elderly person's body and avoid dragging, pulling, pushing, etc. to prevent skin abrasions. When using the splint, the tightness should be adjusted appropriately and padded, and local skin conditions should be observed at any time. Do not use a potty with chipped porcelain to prevent skin abrasions. In addition, remember to wash your hair before going to bed and do not blow dry it. Sleeping with wet hair can cause many diseases. Women should pay special attention