Technical ability of ppq

PPQ has strong technical ability, including: plant health project group, western regional group, central regional group, eastern regional group, plant health science and technology center, career development center, fund management and analysis group, trade service liaison group, etc. PPQ's plant health project team also includes policy planning and emergency handling, project data management and analysis, biotechnology affairs management, license and risk assessment, invasive species and pest management, port law enforcement, regulatory coordination, quarantine dispute management and cotton pest control.

The establishment of animal and plant health and quarantine institutions in the United States is relatively complete, with clear division of labor and perfect cooperation and coordination mechanism. PPQ cooperated with the states to carry out the cooperative investigation project of agricultural pests, and the data obtained from the investigation were processed and input into the national agricultural pest information system for the use of relevant state departments and units. Mainland quarantine and port quarantine cooperate with each other to monitor and control pests in a unified way. The quarantine certificate of export agricultural products should be signed by PPQ officials or qualified state government departments. States in the United States are also segregated, but the focus is on States with isolated objects. Interstate quarantine is mainly carried out by people who are qualified to issue quarantine certificates determined by each state. These people are not all from the agricultural departments of the state government, but most of them are from accredited universities or research institutions. The control of major quarantine pests and diseases is jointly implemented by the federal and state governments and the Ministry of Agriculture. The law enforcement officers of American quarantine agencies are all civil servants.

Plant quarantine management system in the United States

Plant quarantine in the United States is managed by the Department of Agriculture of the United States federal government, and the executing agency is the American Animal and Plant Quarantine Bureau (APHIS) under its jurisdiction. There are plant protection and quarantine department, regulation and public affairs department, international affairs department, policy and project formulation department, organization and professional development department, management and budget department. The main responsibilities are: (1) to carry out plant quarantine tasks in the border areas of the United States to prevent the introduction of foreign agricultural pests; (2) Investigate and monitor agricultural pests; (3) Take emergency quarantine measures against imported agricultural pests; ④ Adopting scientific plant quarantine standards to promote the export of agricultural products; (5) Reducing the threat of wild animals to agriculture and protecting wild and endangered animals and plants; (six) to ensure the safety of genetically engineered plants and other agricultural biotechnology products; (7) Providing relevant scientific and technological services.

According to the port setting, the import situation of plants and their products and the size of quarantine tasks, USDA has set up plant quarantine institutions all over the country, with new york in the northeast, Florida in the southeast, Louisiana and Texas in the middle and Arizona, California, Hawaii and Washington in the west. * * * 65,438+05 entry plant quarantine stations have been set up to carry out quarantine tasks in their respective regions. In addition, the Ministry of Agriculture has established a large-scale National Plant Species Isolation and Quarantine Center (NPGQC) with modern equipment in Maryland, in which the plant germplasm inspection station includes five main parts: plant germplasm import customs clearance, plant germplasm export inspection and certification, seed testing facilities, quarantine facilities and transit quarantine projects.

Quarantine management of imported seedlings in the United States

The import of seeds and seedlings is strictly controlled in the United States. The National Center for Isolation and Quarantine of Imported Germplasm Resources (NPGQC) was jointly established by the American Animal and Plant Quarantine Bureau and the Agricultural Research Institute in Maryland, which specializes in isolation and trial planting quarantine of imported drupe crops such as apples, pears and peaches, and cereal crops such as rice. The seedlings planted in this isolation experiment are planted in an isolation greenhouse with strict pest control conditions. In addition to symptom observation and indicator plant inspection, a series of laboratory tests can be carried out. In addition to isolation and quarantine centers, there are 10 similar isolation and quarantine centers in the United States, which are responsible for trial planting and quarantine of sugarcane, grapes, plums and other fruit trees. In the United States, imported seedlings are managed according to risk categories. It is generally forbidden to import high-risk seedlings such as the above fruit trees. If they must be imported as germplasm resources, they must be isolated in an isolation and quarantine center similar to NPGQC for a period of time before they can be delivered to the research producers after quarantine. Some medium-risk seedlings can be planted in isolated places approved by the Animal and Plant Quarantine Bureau. There are also some low-risk vegetable seeds that are directly used for production after passing the port quarantine.

Plant quarantine research

The American Center for Research on Exotic Diseases and Weeds specializes in exotic quarantine diseases and weeds. Its main responsibilities are to develop accurate and routine detection methods for exotic or sudden fungi, germs and bacteria, to study the control methods after exotic diseases are introduced into the United States, to study and develop exotic pathogens to control weed hazards, and to provide basic information for risk analysis and quarantine decision-making. The research center can safely study plant pathogens in any area and under any conditions under artificially controlled isolation conditions, and can also produce, collect and store strains, and carry out inoculation tests and comparative tests under isolation conditions to study the relevant quantitative parameters of disease development and its impact on yield.

Quarantine of imported plants

One of the main duties of the American Animal and Plant Quarantine Bureau is to ensure that healthy plants and plant products enter the United States. The Plant Protection and Plant Quarantine Office, the International Affairs Office and its quarantine personnel are responsible for the specific implementation, and provide quarantine suggestions and information (including regulations, policies and procedures), pest risk analysis, quarantine requirements, quarantine certificate management, plant protection and quarantine project implementation, pre-inspection of imported goods, and strengthening international and regional cooperation for importers. To prevent the introduction of foreign dangerous pests and promote the export of American agricultural products.

1. Quarantine license

Plants and plant products that need quarantine license are mainly divided into five categories: plants, seeds and propagation materials, fruits and vegetables, logs and wood, specially approved wheat and rice, soil, cotton, cut flowers and corn prohibited by laws and regulations. Before plants and plant products are shipped to the United States, importers must obtain import quarantine licenses. For some plants and plant products, it is also required to attach the quarantine certificate of the exporting country to prove that there are no specified pests and diseases such as Asian gypsy moth and chrysanthemum white rust. Some plants and plant products cannot enter the country without quarantine treatment.

4. Quarantine of origin

The American Animal and Plant Quarantine Bureau conducts quarantine cooperation with exporting countries to ensure the introduction of new healthy plants and plant products. The quarantine officers in the Office of International Affairs are specially responsible for strengthening cooperation with international and regional organizations, maintaining close ties with foreign countries, and setting up quarantine projects for plants and plant products (pre-import quarantine) to provide technical support when import is needed. The American Animal and Plant Quarantine Bureau cooperates with exporting countries. Before exporting plants and plant products, the quarantine officers of the Office of International Affairs conduct quarantine inspection in the exporting countries to promote the smooth trade of agricultural products and enter the American market. Since 195 1, the quarantine officers of the International Affairs Office have been conducting quarantine on tulips, daffodils and other flower bulbs in the Netherlands. Since 198 1, it has also been conducting quarantine inspection on fruits and vegetables designated by the United States in Chile.

The Office of International Affairs of the American Animal and Plant Quarantine Bureau has a risk analysis working group, which specializes in evaluating the harm of pests and diseases of foreign plants and plant products to American agriculture and natural resources. If plants and plant products have high potential risks, the quarantine officials of the Office of International Affairs will try their best to cooperate with the country of origin to set up quarantine projects or establish a pest-free zone in the country of origin, and provide scientific and technological support for the import and export trade of plants and plant products.

export quarantine

The United States is the largest exporter of agricultural products in the world, and exporting plants and plant products accounts for a large part of the American economy. The plant protection and plant quarantine personnel of the American Animal and Plant Quarantine Bureau are responsible for the quarantine inspection of exported plants and plant products to ensure that the exported agricultural products are free from pests and diseases. And through bilateral talks with foreign countries to expand the export market of American agricultural products, for example, after bilateral talks with Japanese officials in recent years, an agreement was reached on American fruits such as apples, cherries, nectarines and walnuts that Japan banned from importing, allowing imports. In recent years, bilateral talks between plant protection and plant quarantine officials of the American Animal and Plant Quarantine Bureau and China reached an agreement on exporting agricultural products such as apples, oranges, grapes and cherries to Chinese mainland, allowing these products to be conditionally imported.

1. Export quarantine inspection

The United States Department of Agriculture has established uniform quarantine standards for export plants and plant products that need to be imported. Plant protection and plant quarantine personnel inspect all kinds of plants and plant products to ensure that they are free from pests and diseases before leaving the coast, and provide exporters with plant quarantine certificates. When the importing country has specific quarantine requirements, the plant protection and plant quarantine personnel shall be responsible for quarantine and issue certificates. Plant protection and plant quarantine personnel issue two kinds of plant quarantine certificates: domestic plant and plant products quarantine certificate and foreign plant and plant products re-export quarantine certificate. Congress authorized plant protection and plant quarantine personnel to collect quarantine fees from shippers in advance.

4. Export "Abstract Project"

Every year, the United States cooperates with States to issue phytosanitary certificates to more than 200,000 export ships. In order to provide better service, help exporters find export markets and understand a country's possible quarantine requirements for agricultural products, federal and state plant protection and plant quarantine personnel track and collect quarantine certificate requirements of each country, and establish a database of "abstract projects" for exported plants and plant products. The database also includes wild rare plant species, imported plant quarantine requirements for goods exchanged with other countries that are not suitable for export from specific countries, and provides plant protection and plant quarantine personnel and exporters.

pest risk analysis

Pest risk assessment in the United States is basically carried out in accordance with the steps and requirements of the Pest Risk Analysis Standard (International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures), which specifically includes nine steps: (1) record and analyze the reasons; (2) Determine the possibility of commercial plants becoming weeds; (3) Understand the previous assessment and current input and interception; (4) List the potential quarantine pests; 5] Determine quarantine pests; [6] Determine the possibility of quarantine pests spreading along the transmission route; (7) Analysis of consequences after introduction; Be introduced into possibility analysis; (9) Analysis and conclusion of quarantine measures.

PRA in the United States can be divided into conventional analysis methods (qualitative methods) and unconventional analysis methods (quantitative methods). Both methods need to identify quarantine pests, evaluate the consequences after introduction, evaluate the possibility of introduction, and use qualitative methods to express them. The plant protection and plant quarantine office is mainly responsible for the plant quarantine of commodities. The office of plant protection and plant quarantine must sign 5000 import licenses for plants and plant products every year, which involve many new products and products from new areas. According to the requirements of international agreements, its decision must be based on PRA. Because of the heavy task of PRA, APHIS can't meet the social needs, so APHIS also supports scientific and technological research and teaching units to participate in or carry out PRA independently, and APHIS gives necessary technical assistance, but the process and results of PRA must be supervised and recognized by APHIS.

Pest monitoring and control

In order to effectively monitor the plant pests in China, the US Department of Agriculture established the "Agricultural Pest Investigation and Monitoring Project", which was jointly implemented by federal and state plant protection and plant quarantine personnel, and compiled the information of pest investigation into a national database: the National Agricultural Pest Information System, which provided a scientific basis for domestic and foreign agricultural products trade and effectively blocked, controlled and eliminated major pests and diseases. The Plant Protection and Plant Quarantine Department of the American Animal and Plant Quarantine Bureau has set up a "rapid response team" composed of a group of qualified personnel to deal with exotic (newly introduced from abroad and newly discovered in China) plant pests. The team has participated in the blockade, control and eradication of Mediterranean fruit flies in California and Florida, the newly discovered destructive citrus canker "A" strain in Florida citrus orchards, and the blockade, control and eradication of wheat smut in Arizona.

Regulations on fruit quarantine

The United States is one of the first countries to implement quarantine management on imported fruits based on pest risk assessment. Foreign fruits need to go through certain procedures to enter the American market. The perfection of American quarantine laws and regulations is that the import terms and requirements of all bilateral agreements or protocols signed by the US government on fruit import will be finalized in the form of American law. There are two main documents for the quarantine management of imported fruits in the United States. One is the list of American fruit and vegetable licenses by country. How many kinds of fruits are allowed to enter the American market in each country, what special quarantine requirements are required for these fruits, what quarantine treatment is needed and which port to enter from are clearly listed on the table; But all fruits and vegetables are not allowed to enter Florida. Another document is USDA-Aphis Plant Protection and Quarantine Treatment Manual, which includes almost all quarantine treatment methods in the world at present: physical methods (cold treatment, heat treatment, steam treatment, etc. ), chemical methods (fumigation of various chemicals), irradiation methods and different combined treatment methods of these methods, and each treatment method indicates its application scope. On the list of fruits allowed to be imported, only three kinds of fruits in Taiwan Province Province can enter the American market: carambola, litchi and mango.

According to American quarantine regulations, all foreign fruits must complete specific quarantine treatment before entering American territory. The United States also implements an import license system for most fruits. Before importing fruits, importers must apply for import licenses from American quarantine agencies. The purpose of implementing import license is to ensure that the specific quarantine measures for each batch of imported fruits can be implemented.