Factory guard (the reconnaissance agency of the imperial palace in the Ming Dynasty). ) Detailed data collection

Reconnaissance agencies in the imperial palace in the Ming Dynasty. Factories refer to east factories, west factories and domestic factories; Wei refers to the Royal Guards. Collectively known as the Factory Guard, in the 18th year of Yongle (1420), the East Factory was established in Dong 'anmen North, Beijing. West Factory is located in the old ash factory in the 13th year of Chenghua (1477). The internal factory is located in the old warehouse in Fu Rong in the early years of Zheng Dechu. The Royal Guards were originally the pro-imperial army and the emperor's guard. Established in the 15th year of Hongwu (1382).

Factory guards were anti-corruption bureaus, national security bureaus and intelligence bureaus in the Ming Dynasty. Like the pecking order system, it was an important link used by the Ming emperors to suppress the folk forces in the Ming Dynasty. After the Civil War, the honor system of Ming Dynasty withered, and the factories and health system suffered serious losses, so it was no longer able to suppress the growing civil service interest groups. Although several emperors in the Ming Dynasty tried to restore factories and health, due to the lack of honor system, civil service groups could not be closely monitored as before, which led to civil service interest groups constantly undermining state affairs. By the time the Apocalypse Emperor died, the newly appointed Emperor Chongzhen, egged on by the civil servants, brought down the famous eunuch Wei Zhongxian, and at the same time almost completely destroyed the factory guard system, resulting in the emperor having no power to monitor and suppress the civil servants' group, and the factory guard became a "big fellow general", almost completely losing all functions such as anti-corruption, supervision and intelligence gathering, until the demise of Nanming. Factory guards were the tools of secret service politics in Ming Dynasty, the main components of domestic and foreign intelligence systems, and the institutions for the emperor to rectify bureaucracy and prevent corruption. Generation after generation has always existed.

Basic Introduction Chinese Name: Factory Guard Dynasty: Ming Dynasty Nature: The role of reconnaissance agency: the tool function of spy politics in Ming Dynasty, national security, surveillance and anti-corruption, in charge of court aides, word meaning, brief introduction of the Royal Guards, brief introduction of the factory, the functions of the factory, and the functions of the National Security Factory Guard, especially the Royal Guards, were set up to collect all kinds of intelligence, especially military intelligence, and defend national security. Before the factory guard system was completely destroyed, the factory guard played the role of domestic and foreign intelligence. For example, during the "Three Great Expeditions of Wanli", the intelligence systems at all levels of the Royal Guards made great contributions in intelligence collection. They fought in the frozen Korean anti-Japanese battlefield or the southwest tropical rain forest, and all kinds of information collected provided a strong guarantee for the victory of the Ming army. Later Manchu rulers and Ming civil servants who surrendered to the Qing Dynasty slandered the factory guards out of the need of rule and reputation, saying that they were dark forces that attacked upright people and persecuted the people, which was of no benefit to the country and the people. In fact, the East and West Factories did persecute the people in the Ming Dynasty, but in the end, the Royal Guards only collected all kinds of information to attack the civilian gentry, but did not attack the ordinary people. And the civil servants who vilify them are the murderers who really persecute the people. For example, tens of thousands of acres of land in Jeff's home in Yan Song were taken away by villagers who defected or their families. These civil servants are often the chief culprit in leaking state secrets and information. Supervision and Anti-Corruption The first two generations of Ming emperors Zhu Yuanzhang and Judy, because of their special origins, had a deep understanding of the corruption of civil servants in the Song Dynasty and had a strong desire to safeguard imperial power and suppress civil servants that other dynasties did not have. This makes the "anti-corruption" and "monitoring" functions of factory guards infinitely expanded. Generally speaking, the work of factory guards is limited to detecting all kinds of information and handling cases assigned by the emperor. However, as the factory guards were the servants of the emperor, whenever the emperor needed them, he would crack down on the civilian population and curb their corruption under the emperor's explicit or implicit instructions. Therefore, civil servants hated the factory guards, and most of the commanders of the Royal Guards and the factory guards died in the political struggle between the Ming Dynasty and civil interest groups. Factory guards can act directly according to the imperial edict without the approval of the Ministry of Justice, and arrest officials and people at will, but the expansion of power is also easy to breed corruption, and factory guards will also create troubles and crack down on dissidents by taking advantage of their positions. Ji Gang, Ying Zong and Qian Ning. When they were in power, they rode horses everywhere and closely monitored the clansmen and civilian groups of the captaincy, so they were hated by these two forces. Civil servants who were suppressed by the factory guards and mastered the right of public opinion spared no effort to retaliate and attack the factory guards. They also vilified the factory guard in the propaganda, saying that "the country was defeated by the factory guard" and so on. In fact, although factory guards, especially Jin Yiwei, have also cracked down on dissidents, most of them have cracked down on almost all civil servants who are corrupt in state affairs and corruption, and rarely hit ordinary people. Moreover, the civil service interest groups in the Ming Dynasty, especially the Lindong Party, were unparalleled in corruption, ruining state affairs and cracking down on dissidents. Another famous function of Royal Guards is "to be in charge of the court aides". Zhang Ting system began in Ming Dynasty, which was a kind of torture used by the emperor to educate disobedient scholar-officials. Once an unlucky official angered the emperor and was declared a scepter. He was immediately stripped of his official clothes, and his hands were tied behind his back and taken to the noon gate of the execution place. The executioner is the captain of the Royal Guards. They are well-trained and skilled, and can accurately grasp the life and death of prisoners according to the tips of eunuch Li Si and commander of the Royal Guards. If the feet of these two people are splayed, it means that the staff can live; On the other hand, if the toes move inward, the person under the staff will only die. After the staff is finished, lift the four corners of the cloth wrapped around the prisoner, and then fall heavily after lifting it. At this time, even if the man in cloth is not dead, he will be half dead. In the early days, the punishment of court aides was a weapon for the emperor to shock civil servants, but in the middle and late period, it became a weapon for civil servants to deceive their reputation. After a court worker, he immediately became a "righteous person in the DPRK" and became famous all over the world. Therefore, in order to gain fame quickly, civil servants almost tried their best to annoy the emperor (even insult the emperor and his family) and strongly oppose what the emperor supported (whether it is beneficial to the country or the people) to deceive the court staff. The word factory refers to the east factory, the west factory and the inner factory. Most of the leaders of East Factory, West Factory or Inner Factory are eunuchs. Wu Zongshi and Ma Yongcheng, one of the "Eight Tigers" at that time, jointly took charge of the East Factory; Weiwei refers to the Royal Guards. Commander Royal Guards is the emperor's confidant. Under its jurisdiction, there are 17 prefectures and offices in Nanbei Town, with thousands of households, 100 households, general flags and small flags. In addition to the guards holding halogen books for etiquette, they specialize in reconnaissance and are called "gas riding". Introduction of the Royal Guards In chronological order, let's start with the Royal Guards established by Zhu Yuanzhang. In the early Ming Dynasty, the military system was relatively simple. Its basic unit is the Health and Welfare Institute, and each unit has about 5,000 official non-commissioned officers. Its subordinate units are divided into 1000 households and 100 households, and there are 48 guards in Beijing. In the fifteenth year of Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang decided to reform the Guards and set up twelve Sineitai, the most important of which was the "Royal Guards". The leader of the Royal Guards is called the Commander-in-Chief (or Commander-in-Chief), usually a military commander close to the emperor, and rarely a eunuch. Its function is: "directly drive the guards, patrol and arrest", and basically divide the Royal Guards into two completely different departments. The Royal Guards, who are in charge of the Guards, show ceremonial ceremonies and accompany the emperor on patrol, are basically no different from the traditional Guards, among which the famous one is General Han. Although these people are called "generals", they are actually only responsible for standing in the temple, conveying the emperor's orders and doing security work. To put it bluntly, they are the stakes in the palace hall. Of course, these "bets" are not idle people. They are generally tall and powerful, full of enthusiasm and loud voices. From the appearance, they are quite dignified and have a certain deterrent effect on people who don't know the details of the Ming court. General Dahan formed his own camp in the Royal Guard. At the beginning, there were about 1.5 million people. By the end of the Ming Dynasty, due to the expansion of the bureaucracy, General Dahan had once increased to more than 5,000 people. As for the "patrol", it is the special feature of the Royal Guards that distinguishes them from the guards in other dynasties, and it is also the reason why it can be firmly remembered by people. In fact, the original intention of Zhu Yuanzhang to establish the Royal Guards was only to pay tribute to the books, but later, because of the wanton slaughter of heroes, he felt that traditional judicial institutions, such as the punishments department, Dali Temple and Duchayuan, were no longer useful. So the security function of the Royal Guards was upgraded and became the emperor's private police. The security agency in charge of criminal investigation is the North and South Town Magistrate's Office, in which the North Town Magistrate's Office has its own prison (Royal Prison), which can arrest, torture and execute on its own without going through the general judicial institutions. There are five guards in Nanbei Town of Royal Guards. Their commanders are called Qianhu, Baihu, Jiangjun Flag and Xiaoqi, and ordinary soldiers are called a captain and Lux. A captain and Lux are called "Qi-lifting" when they perform the task of catching thieves and rapists (this term must be familiar to everyone). Twist varies from minimum 1000 to maximum 60000. The official school of Royal Guards generally selects good citizens who are powerful and have no bad records from the people (so Royal Guards rarely oppress ordinary people), and then promotes them step by step according to their abilities and qualifications. At the same time, the official position of the Royal Guards is also allowed to be hereditary. The introduction of the factory, the leadership of the east factory, the west factory or the inner factory, is mostly served by the eunuch of Silijian (see the eunuch of the Ming Dynasty). Dongchang officials have always called eunuch Li Si the patriarch. The eunuchs in charge of the East Factory are called "overseers". They often serve as eunuchs in charge of writing or as other eunuchs. It consists of thousands of households and hundreds of households. In the 13th year of Chenghua (1477), the West Factory was established and led by Wang Zhi. Wu Zongshi and Ma Yongcheng, one of the "Eight Tigers" at that time, jointly took charge of the East Factory; Gu Dayong, another member of Eight Tigers, is in charge of the western factory. At that time, Liu Jin, the eunuch of sili prison, had a contradiction with them, and set up another factory, which was self-contained. His power was above that of the eastern and western factories, and his punishment was particularly cruel. In the first year of Qin Long (1567), Feng Bao was the prefect of the East Factory and also the supervisor of the Royal Horse. At the beginning of Wanli, the East Factory was supervised by courtesy. In the thirty-third year of Wanli (1605), Chen Ju also supervised Lidong Factory together with Li Si. Wei Zhongxian has been in charge of the East Factory since the third year of the Apocalypse (1623). There is basically no difference between the functions and powers of factories and health departments. However, because the Royal Guards belong to foreign officials, they should play with them, and Xun Qi and their children should also participate. They are not as close as eunuchs in the East Factory, so the power of the factory is always greater than that of Wei. In this way, the Royal Guards monitored all the officials and people, and the factory monitored the officials and people. The west factory sometimes monitors the east factory and the inner factory to monitor officials and factory guards, while the emperor directly leads and supervises all reconnaissance agencies, forming a reconnaissance agent system. Factory guards can act directly according to orders, accept petitions and arbitrarily arrest officials and people without going through the judiciary. There are 150,000 eunuchs in Dongchang, all over the country, and most of them are "light". The person in charge of its service is called the "leader" and the person who works below is called the "son". If you get a tip-off, you will be arrested by the stall owner first, and then by the stall owner. If the victim can pay bribes in time, things will turn around. Directly executed if you are slightly dissatisfied, the pain is ten times that of official punishment. At this time, if the victims can no longer satisfy their blackmail, they will be sent to the town sheriff's prison and immediately executed. The East Factory began in the Ming Dynasty, and it was originally an organization that bought eunuchs to spy on him. Its spy nature is more obvious, so after it was formally established, it was specially responsible for eunuchs, "making visits to rebel, spreading rumors, and so on." Later, Ming Xianzong added the West Factory, and a group of directors were employed under the East and West Factory. "The capital is desperate and the money is blackmailed (personal grievances). The function of the factory is that the punishment of the factory guards is very cruel. One is the court staff, nominally the emperor punished officials in the court, Li Si supervised the punishment, and a captain executed the punishment. One person for every five sticks. At the beginning, the punishment stopped when the number of battles was full, and in the end, he was killed. During the years of Zheng De and Jiajing, 280 officials were punished and 28 people died on the spot. When Liu Jin was in power, he used a flail weighing 300 Jin. In a few days, the prisoner would be trampled to death. The Five Poisons of Criminal Law made by the Royal Guards Department of Nanbei Town Government is a prison imperial edict. Later, eunuchs were also responsible. When I arrived in Wei Zhongxian, my spine was broken, my fingers fell off, my heart was pricked, and my pipa played. During the apocalypse (162 1 ~ 1627), all six gentlemen of Lindong Party died in the secret work of factory guards. Factory guards also sent people to monitor officials. Dongchang also has some fields, which collect seeds every year, and some of them are used to repair torture devices. In the Ming Dynasty, autocratic eunuchs such as Liu Jin and Wei Zhongxian mostly relied on special supervision institutions with the nature of special agents, such as Royal Guards, Dongchang and Si Prison. , and constantly framed, framed honest minister, using torture. When Wei Zhongxian's lackeys robbed Yang Lian, Zuo Guangdou and other honest bureaucrats, they used machinery, shackles, sticks, shackles and sticks, and all the five poisons were used. This also eclipsed the politics of the late Ming Dynasty in the history of China.