Tips on cultural relic protection

1. Little knowledge on protecting cultural relics

To protect movable cultural relics, we should first pay attention to moisture-proof, shock-proof, mildew-proof and other protective measures in museum warehouses and showrooms, and then proceed to different Various cultural relics of different textures are protected separately, such as rust-proofing of copper and ironware, weathering of cultural relics of masonry texture, and mildew-proofing, moth-proofing, and aging-proofing of silk paper.

The restoration of movable cultural relics can adopt a method that combines traditional skills with modern technology. For example, if copperware is rusted, it can be removed mechanically or by electrolytic reduction; dehydration of bamboo and lacquerware can be done by Natural drying method, or alcohol-ether joint immersion, freeze sublimation, polymer material penetration polymerization method; damaged paintings and calligraphy are mostly repaired by traditional peeling and mounting method; modern books and periodicals can be reinforced with silk screen; ancient silk screen silk can be sterilized by fumigation method ; Fragile textiles can be reinforced with wire mesh or traditional mounting methods; broken ceramics can be bonded with polymer materials such as shellac or epoxy resin.

2. Little knowledge on protecting cultural relics

1. Cultural relics are different from works of art

Nowadays, there is a craze for collecting in society, including both cultural relics and works of art. Works of art, but works of art are not equal to cultural relics, so what are cultural relics? According to Article 2 of the "Cultural Relics Law of the People's Republic of China", within the territory of the People's Republic of China, the following cultural relics are protected by the state: (1) Ancient cultural sites, ancient tombs, ancient buildings, cave temples, stone carvings, and murals with historical, artistic, and scientific value; (2) Relics related to major historical events, revolutionary movements, or famous figures and with important commemorative and educational significance Modern times with significance or historical data value; Important modern historical sites, objects, and representative buildings; (3) Precious artworks and arts and crafts from various eras in history; (4) Important documents and materials from various eras in history, as well as historical, artistic, and Manuscripts and books of scientific value, etc.; (5) Representative objects that reflect the social systems, social production and social life of various eras and ethnic groups in history. The standards and methods for identifying cultural relics are formulated by the cultural relics administrative department of the State Council and submitted to the State Council for approval (the cultural relics administrative department generally considers those that meet the cultural relics conditions before 1966 to be cultural relics - the brackets are added by the author). Vertebrate paleontology fossils and ancient human fossils with scientific value are protected by the state like cultural relics.

Our country has a cultural relics law and implementation regulations, but there is no law on artworks. This has brought confusion to transactions in the market, causing many collectors to be deceived by so-called auction companies. However, the cultural relics management department has no management authority over works of art, which makes those who exploit them rampant.

2. Conditions for establishing a cultural relics store

To establish a cultural relics store, the following conditions must be met:

(1) Have a registered capital of more than 2 million yuan;

(2) There are more than 5 personnel who have obtained intermediate and above professional and technical positions in cultural relics and museums;

(3) There are places, facilities and technical conditions for the preservation of cultural relics;

(4) Other conditions stipulated by laws and administrative regulations.

3. Cultural Relics Administrative Department

Article 8 of the "Cultural Relics Law of the People's Republic of China" The cultural relics administrative department of the State Council is responsible for the protection of cultural relics nationwide. Local people's governments at all levels are responsible for the protection of cultural relics within their respective administrative regions. Local people *** at or above the county level and the departments responsible for the protection of cultural relics shall supervise and manage the protection of cultural relics within their administrative areas. The relevant administrative departments of the people's government at or above the county level are responsible for the protection of relevant cultural relics within the scope of their respective responsibilities.

3. Little knowledge on protecting cultural relics, urgent

First of all, you have to make it clear what kind of cultural relics it is!

To protect movable cultural relics, we should first pay attention to moisture-proof, shock-proof, mildew-proof and other protective measures in museum warehouses and showrooms, and then protect various types of cultural relics of different textures, such as copper and iron. Anti-rust, anti-weathering of masonry cultural relics, anti-mildew, anti-moth, anti-aging of silk paper, etc.

The restoration of movable cultural relics can adopt a method that combines traditional skills with modern technology. For example, if copperware is rusted, it can be removed mechanically or by electrolytic reduction; dehydration of bamboo and lacquerware can be done by Natural drying method, or alcohol-ether joint immersion, freeze sublimation, polymer material penetration polymerization method; damaged paintings and calligraphy are mostly repaired by traditional peeling and mounting method; modern books and periodicals can be reinforced with silk screen; ancient silk screen silk can be sterilized by fumigation method ; Fragile textiles can be reinforced with wire mesh or traditional mounting methods; broken ceramics can be bonded with polymer materials such as shellac or epoxy resin.

4. Little knowledge on protecting cultural relics, urgent

First, cultural relics are different from works of art. There is now a collection craze in society, including both cultural relics and works of art, but Artworks are not equal to cultural relics, so what are cultural relics? According to Article 2 of the Cultural Relics Law of the People's Republic of China, within the territory of the People's Republic of China, the following cultural relics are protected by the state: (1) Having Ancient cultural sites, ancient tombs, ancient buildings, cave temples, stone carvings, and murals with historical, artistic, and scientific value; (2) Those related to major historical events, revolutionary movements, or famous figures, and have important commemorative significance, educational significance, or historical material value modern times; important modern historical sites, objects, and representative buildings; (3) precious artworks and arts and crafts from various eras in history; (4) important documents and materials of various eras in history, as well as manuscripts with historical, artistic, and scientific value and books and materials, etc.; (5) Representative objects that reflect the social systems, social production, and social life of various eras and ethnic groups in history.

The standards and methods for identification of cultural relics are formulated by the cultural relics administrative department of the State Council and submitted to the State Council for approval (the cultural relics administrative department generally considers those that meet the cultural relics conditions before 1966 to be cultural relics - the brackets are added by the author). Vertebrate paleontology fossils and ancient human fossils with scientific value are protected by the state like cultural relics.

Our country has a cultural relics law and implementation regulations, but there is no law on artworks. This has brought confusion to transactions in the market, causing many collectors to be deceived by so-called auction companies. However, the cultural relics management department has no management authority over works of art, which makes those who exploit them rampant.

2. Conditions for establishing a cultural relics store To establish a cultural relics store, the following conditions must be met: (1) Have a registered capital of more than 2 million yuan; (2) Have more than 5 people with intermediate or above professional skills in cultural relics and museums Personnel holding official positions; (3) Having places, facilities and technical conditions for the preservation of cultural relics; (4) Other conditions stipulated by laws and administrative regulations. 3. Cultural Relics Administrative Department Article 8 of the "Cultural Relics Law of the People's Republic of China" The cultural relics administrative department of the State Council is responsible for the protection of cultural relics nationwide.

Local people *** at all levels are responsible for the protection of cultural relics within their own administrative regions. The local people's government departments at or above the county level responsible for the protection of cultural relics shall supervise and manage the protection of cultural relics within their respective administrative regions.

People at or above the county level *** Relevant administrative departments are responsible for relevant cultural relics protection within the scope of their respective responsibilities.

5. Tips on protecting cultural relics must be brief

First of all, you have to make it clear what kind of cultural relics they are! To protect movable cultural relics, we should first pay attention to moisture-proof, shock-proof, mildew-proof and other protective measures in museum warehouses and showrooms, and then separately protect various types of cultural relics of different textures, such as the rust prevention of copper and iron, and the anti-rust of masonry cultural relics. Anti-weathering, silk paper anti-mildew, anti-moth, anti-aging, etc. The restoration of movable cultural relics can adopt a method that combines traditional skills with modern technology. For example, if copperware is rusted, it can be removed mechanically or by electrolytic reduction. Removal; dehydration of bamboo and wood lacquerware can be done by natural drying, or alcohol-ether joint immersion, freezing sublimation, or polymer material penetration polymerization. Damaged paintings and calligraphy are mostly repaired by the traditional peeling and mounting method; modern books and periodicals can be reinforced with wire mesh ; Ancient silk mesh can be sterilized by fumigation; fragile textiles can be reinforced with silk mesh or traditional mounting methods; broken ceramics can be bonded with polymer materials such as shellac or epoxy resin.

6. How do primary school students protect cultural relics

1. Don’t carve “XX came here for a visit” everywhere.

2. Learn more about cultural relics protection.

3. Learn more about the value of cultural relics and the significance of their existence.

4. Promote relevant knowledge on the protection of cultural relics to the public.

5. Fight against illegal acts that destroy and steal cultural relics.

1. Start with me and be a civilized tourist.

2. Call on the Young Pioneers to stop those who litter the Great Wall.

3. Remind citizens not to charge fees at the Great Wall to make the Great Wall more beautiful.

4. Hold those who destroyed the Great Wall accountable.

5. Add placards to protect the Great Wall.

6. Do not carry dangerous items or throw cigarette butts.

7. If you see rubbish on the Great Wall, you should pick it up.

8. Don’t throw garbage down from the Great Wall to protect the environment around the Great Wall.

9. Do not graffiti on the Great Wall.

10. Don’t make loud noises on the Great Wall and ruin the good mood of other tourists.

7. What is the knowledge about the protection of cultural relics?

1. What are cultural relics? Cultural relics are relics and relics with historical, artistic, and scientific value left over from human social life.

It can also be said that it is a relic of material and spiritual culture in history, a historical, artistic and scientific value, and an important cultural heritage. 2. What are the classifications of movable cultural relics? Movable cultural relics are divided into the following 26 categories: bronzes, jade, ceramics, gold and silverware, coins, sculptures, calligraphy and painting, lacquerware, furniture, scientific and technological cultural relics, bronze mirrors, rare ancient books, seals, bamboo and wood bone angle carvings, weaving and embroidery, Oracle bones, four treasures of the study, purple clay ware, antique clocks, cloisonne, snuff bottles, Xuande stoves, bricks, gems, fans, and miscellaneous items.

3. What are the ancient cultural sites? Ancient cultural sites refer to the architectural ruins of ancient people and the traces left after the transformation and utilization of the natural environment. Ancient cultural sites mainly include ancient castles, palaces, villages, residences, workshops, and temple sites.

In addition, it also includes the remains of economic buildings such as mines, quarry pits, cellars, warehouses, water canals, wells, and cellar sites at that time, as well as defenses such as trenches, fences, walls, frontier beacons, the Great Wall, and boundary trenches. Remains of sexual facilities. 4. What are the immovable cultural relics? Immovable cultural relics include ancient cultural sites, ancient tombs, ancient buildings, cave temples, stone carvings, murals, important modern and contemporary historical sites and representative buildings, etc.

5. What are the ancient cultural sites? Ancient cultural sites refer to the architectural ruins of ancient people and the traces left after the transformation and utilization of the natural environment. Ancient cultural sites mainly include ancient castles, palaces, villages, residences, workshops, and temple sites.

In addition, it also includes the remains of economic buildings such as mines, quarry pits, kilns, warehouses, water canals, wells, and kiln sites, as well as defenses such as trenches, fences, walls, frontier beacons, the Great Wall, and boundary trenches. Remains of sexual facilities. 6. What are ancient tombs? Ancient tombs are tombs where ancient people buried their bodies.

When humans place the body of the deceased or its remnants in a specific place in a specific way, it is called "burial", and the specific facility where the body or its remnants are placed is called "tomb". Chinese archeology often refers to the two together. For "tomb". 7. What are ancestral cultural relics? Ancestral cultural relics, also known as handed down cultural relics, refer to those that were owned by individuals or their families before the founding of the People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949. Cultural relics that later continue to be owned by that individual or passed down to his or her heirs.

8. What are the types of ancient buildings? Ancient buildings refer to houses, bridges, dams, tunnels, and other buildings from various ancient periods that have been preserved to this day. They can be divided into four categories according to their functions: (1) Royal palaces, mausoleums, temples, palaces, government offices, etc.; (2) Private gardens, former residences of celebrities, residents and ancestral halls, guild halls, pavilions, academies, stages, etc. for collective activities buildings; (3) buildings for ancient production and scientific and technological activities, such as Dujiangyan, Zhaozhou Bridge, ancient observatory, etc.

(4) Ancient temples, pagodas, Taoist temples, Buddhist temples and other religious buildings.

9. Why should we protect ancient vertebrate fossils and ancient human fossils? Because vertebrate paleontological fossils are of great scientific value for studying the history of the earth during the prosperous era of vertebrate paleontology and the ecological environment on the earth at that time; ancient human fossils are the most important material for studying scientific issues such as the origin of human beings and their evolution.

10. Which cultural relics are state-owned cultural relics? All cultural relics unearthed within the territory of the People's Republic of China are state-owned cultural relics, except for cultural relics unearthed before the founding of the People's Republic of China and which have been handed down from generation to generation and have been privately owned. 11. What is archaeological excavation? Archeology stipulated in the "Cultural Relics Protection Law of the People's Republic of China" refers to all field archaeological excavations and underwater archaeological activities conducted underground, inland waters and territorial waters within China.

UNESCO defines "Archaeological excavation as any study in which physical objects with archaeological characteristics are discovered, whether such research involves excavation of land or systematic exploration of the ground, and whether such research is on or under underwater formations in the interior or territorial sea of ??a Member State'. 12. What is a cultural relic collection unit? The cultural relics collection unit referred to in the "Cultural Relics Protection Law of the People's Republic of China" refers to a non-profit organization open to the public that undertakes the functions of cultural relics research, publicity, and education by collecting, collecting, and exhibiting cultural relics. Sexual institutions, including museums, libraries, memorial halls, etc., are commonly known as museums internationally.

13. What are the departments in charge of cultural relics protection? The State Cultural Relics Administration is in charge of national cultural relics protection; the Yunnan Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau is in charge of cultural relics protection in Yunnan Province; the cultural relics administrative departments of the People's Government of various states, cities, counties (cities) are responsible for local cultural relics protection. 14. Which cultural relics can be copied? What are the requirements for copying? Cultural relics that are seriously damaged, difficult to preserve for a long time, are on the verge of damage and have precious value; cultural relics that have not been treated with protective technology and are urgently needed for the audience to appreciate; cultural relics that are displayed in a poor environment to avoid damage; cultural relics that are displayed in order to enrich the content of the display Cultural relics not exhibited in the museum; cultural relics donated to the museum collection by private collectors for commemoration.

The reproduction must be faithful to the original condition of the collection and should be authentic. Ordinary copies are required to be consistent with the original in terms of shape, specifications, decoration, text, color, texture, style, and completeness.

Replicas that require high standards must be basically the same as the original in terms of material texture, chemical composition, physical properties, weight, hardness, sound, feel, etc. Copies should be marked with logos to avoid confusion between authenticity and authenticity.

15. What is looting of state-owned cultural relics? Looting state-owned cultural relics mainly refers to the act of gathering a large number of people to openly seize state-owned cultural relics in a relatively large amount. The act of looting state-owned cultural relics not only usurps the country's property ownership, but also violates the normal management order of society.

To constitute a crime, the following conditions must be met: First, the criminal subject is the ringleader and other active participants in looting state-owned cultural relics. 2. The objective aspect of the behavior is the main characteristics of gathering many people to openly seize state-owned cultural relics by making noise, nuisance or other means, and gathering many people to loot.

The third is that the perpetrator’s subjective aspect is intentional and has the purpose of illegally possessing public and private property. 16. How to define the protection scope of cultural relics protection units? The protection scope of a cultural relics protection unit refers to the area where key protection is implemented on the body of the cultural relics protection unit and a certain range around it to protect the safety of the cultural relics protection unit.

8. Handwritten information on the protection of cultural relics~

Preservation Techniques of Cultural Relics Cultural relics protection technology is a comprehensive professional knowledge, including the production and protection of cultural relics As well as prevention-related science and technology, material properties, operating techniques and various surveys and inspections, etc.

During the preservation process, cultural relics are damaged by two factors, namely: ① Man-made damage.

For example, ancient buildings, cave temples, and ancient tombs were burned by war, demolished, or improperly repaired and lost their original appearance; copper and ironware, calligraphy and painting, bamboo and wood lacquerware, ceramics, etc. were damaged due to improper protection and transportation.

② Damage to cultural relics caused by natural factors such as wind, rain, thunder, electricity, fire, earthquake, light, insect damage, mold, etc. China's cultural relic protection skills have a long history. In the Tang Dynasty (618~907), there were records of using wooden wedges to straighten the crooked beams of ancient buildings. According to Huang Xiufu's "Yizhou Famous Paintings", Chengdu was moved three times The murals blocking the wall are still intact after more than 200 years.

The mounting technology for protecting calligraphy and paintings was quite mature by the Tang Dynasty. "Lacquer sticks to stone, swim bladder sticks to wood" is a long-standing traditional technique for repairing stone cultural relics and wooden cultural relics.

In the future, with the advancement of science and technology, polymer materials and physical detection technology will gradually be introduced into the protection of cultural relics. Around the 18th century, some European countries used the traditional technique of using cosaine mixed with milk and lime water to repair murals, which has been passed down to this day.

Protection technology The protection of cultural relics should follow the principle of prevention first and maintenance secondarily. Moisture-proof, leak-proof, fire-proof, lightning-proof, earthquake-proof, etc. of immovable cultural relics mainly rely on engineering technology, while the prevention of insect damage, bird damage, etc. mainly adopts a combination of engineering technology and chemical treatment.

When the pollution of cultural relics caused by dust, sulfur dioxide and sulfur-containing compounds in the atmosphere exceeds national standards, the source of pollution should be eliminated. If it is within the scope of national standards, the environment should be greened, pollution should be reduced, and strict control should be carried out. New sources of pollution added. To protect movable cultural relics, we should first pay attention to moisture-proof, shock-proof, mildew-proof and other protective measures in museum warehouses and showrooms, and then separately protect various types of cultural relics of different textures, such as the rust prevention of copper and iron, and the anti-rust of masonry cultural relics. Anti-weathering, silk paper anti-mildew, anti-moth, anti-aging, etc.

Restoration technology: The entire wooden building is crooked, and it needs to be straightened and then reinforced. Partial damage to components should be repaired and pierced.

If the large components are corroded and hollow, they can be reinforced with polymer materials such as unsaturated polyester resin. If the components are severely corroded, replace them with the original ones. For ancient buildings with masonry structures that are crooked as a whole, fixed-point and regular observations should be made first. If they are stabilized after reinforcement, foundation treatment will not be required.

Cracks can be reinforced by adding hoops and grouting, and any defects in the masonry can be repaired. If it cannot be repaired, it can be partially or completely dismantled and rebuilt as it is. The cracks in the mountain of the Grotto Temple should be reinforced with spray riveting or grouting, and water seepage and leakage should be channeled and intercepted.

The surface weathering of stone cultural relics such as stone carvings and stone carvings should be sealed with silicone-based polymer materials. The restoration of ancient buildings should be done so that minor repairs can be made without major repairs, and parts that can be partially demolished should not be completely demolished. The original components should be retained as much as possible to preserve the historical value of the ancient buildings.

For artistic components such as carved tiles, wood carvings, brick carvings, and stone carvings in ancient buildings, we must handle them with caution and try not to replace them or replace them as little as possible. Statues, murals, paintings and other ancillary works of art cannot be repaired at will.

The restoration of movable cultural relics can adopt a method that combines traditional skills with modern technology. For example, if copperware is rusted, it can be removed mechanically or by electrolytic reduction; dehydration of bamboo and lacquerware can be done by Natural drying method, or alcohol-ether joint immersion, freeze sublimation, polymer material penetration polymerization method; damaged paintings and calligraphy are mostly repaired by traditional peeling and mounting method; modern books and periodicals can be reinforced with silk screen; ancient silk screen silk can be sterilized by fumigation method ; Fragile textiles can be reinforced with wire mesh or traditional mounting methods; broken ceramics can be bonded with polymer materials such as shellac or epoxy resin. The new materials and new processes used in the restoration of cultural relics must ensure that they do not damage the historical value of the cultural relics, including the shape, material, color, strength, etc. of the cultural relics, and must also be reversible.

New materials used in the repair of ancient building components should also abide by the principle that they can only strengthen but not replace. Detection technology is mainly used to detect traces of damage to cultural relics, analyze the chemical composition of texture and structure, and determine the age.

X-rays, ultrasonics, etc. are commonly used for flaw detection; electron microscopes and metallographic microscopes are commonly used for texture and structure analysis; spectrum and mass spectrometry are commonly used for chemical composition analysis of cultural relics; blurred and low-contrast ink paintings, etc. , infrared photography can be used; carbon-containing materials such as wood can be dated by carbon 14; ceramic tiles and other materials can be dated by thermoluminescence. Preservation Techniques of Stone Cultural Relics Stone cultural relics will undergo powdering, discoloration, mildew, and mold formation due to the influence of natural forces such as sunlight, water erosion, and earthquakes, as well as environmental pollution, microclimate changes, and other factors. , crisp alkali, splitting, hollowing, slurry, collapse, overturning and other damage forms.

Cave Temple Protection Techniques The disease should be investigated first. The investigation work has the following steps: ① Surveying and mapping topographic maps, cave area plans, elevations, vertical and horizontal sections, etc.

The mapping methods include theodolite wire measurement, control network measurement, and small flatbed measurement. When conducting facade measurements and surveying and mapping of stone carvings and artworks in caves, the method of close-range photogrammetry can be used.

②Environmental quality assessment. Including the stratigraphy, lithology, structure, hydrogeological conditions, meteorological, hydrological and seismic data of the mountain where the cultural relics are located, pollution sources and hazards caused, etc.

The main hazards to cultural relics and treatment measures should be pointed out. ③Geophysical exploration.

It is used to solve a special purpose and can only be effective if it meets the physical prerequisites and necessary working conditions. Currently used geophysical methods include: DC resistivity method to find water seepage pathways, microelectrode system method to detect the thickness of the weathered layer on the surface of the grotto, acoustic wave method to measure the weathering degree of the grotto, seismic survey to conduct archeology in front of the cave, etc.

④Stability analysis. Many grottoes are located on steep slopes and are three-dimensional spaces that combine steep slopes and cave chambers.

To analyze its stability, we should study the lithology, cracks, deformation and failure process, mechanical analysis and calculation of the mountain where the cultural relics are located, and predict its deformation and failure rules. For large and dangerous rock masses, structural plane analysis and calculations should also be carried out.

Preventive measures refer to improving the environment in which cultural relics are located to avoid further damage from various weathering stresses. The main measure is to work on the top of the grotto cliff.

9. Handwritten information on the protection of cultural relics~

Preservation Techniques of Cultural Relics Cultural relics protection technology is a comprehensive professional knowledge, including the production and protection of cultural relics As well as prevention-related science and technology, material properties, operating techniques and various surveys and inspections, etc.

During the preservation process, cultural relics are damaged by two factors, namely: ① Man-made damage. For example, ancient buildings, cave temples, and ancient tombs were burned by war, demolished, or improperly repaired and lost their original appearance; copper and ironware, calligraphy and painting, bamboo and wood lacquerware, ceramics, etc. were damaged due to improper protection and transportation.

② Damage to cultural relics caused by natural factors such as wind, rain, thunder, electricity, fire, earthquake, light, insect damage, mold, etc. China's cultural relic protection skills have a long history. In the Tang Dynasty (618~907), there were records of using wooden wedges to straighten the crooked beams of ancient buildings. According to Huang Xiufu's "Yizhou Famous Paintings", Chengdu was moved three times The murals blocking the wall are still intact after more than 200 years.

The mounting technology for protecting calligraphy and paintings was quite mature by the Tang Dynasty. "Lacquer sticks to stone, swim bladder sticks to wood" is a long-standing traditional technique for repairing stone cultural relics and wooden cultural relics.

In the future, with the advancement of science and technology, polymer materials and physical detection technology will gradually be introduced into the protection of cultural relics. Around the 18th century, some European countries used the traditional technique of using cosaine mixed with milk and lime water to repair murals, which has been passed down to this day.

Protection technology The protection of cultural relics should follow the principle of prevention first and maintenance secondarily. Moisture-proof, leak-proof, fire-proof, lightning-proof, earthquake-proof, etc. of immovable cultural relics mainly rely on engineering technology, while the prevention of insect damage, bird damage, etc. mainly adopts a combination of engineering technology and chemical treatment.

When the pollution of cultural relics caused by dust, sulfur dioxide and sulfur-containing compounds in the atmosphere exceeds national standards, the source of pollution should be eliminated. If it is within the scope of national standards, the environment should be greened, pollution should be reduced, and strict control should be carried out. New sources of pollution added. To protect movable cultural relics, we should first pay attention to moisture-proof, shock-proof, mildew-proof and other protective measures in museum warehouses and showrooms, and then separately protect various types of cultural relics of different textures, such as the rust prevention of copper and ironware, and the protection of cultural relics made of masonry. Anti-weathering, silk paper anti-mildew, anti-moth, anti-aging, etc.

Restoration technology: The entire wooden building is crooked, and it needs to be straightened and then reinforced. Partial damage to components should be repaired and pierced.

If the large components are corroded and hollow, they can be reinforced with unsaturated polyester resin and other polymer materials. If the components are severely corroded, they should be replaced according to the original ones. For ancient buildings with masonry structures that are crooked as a whole, fixed-point and regular observations should be made first. If they are stabilized after reinforcement, foundation treatment will not be required.

Cracks can be reinforced by adding hoops and grouting, and any damaged masonry can be repaired. If it cannot be repaired, it can be partially or completely dismantled and rebuilt as it is. The cracks in the mountain of the Grotto Temple should be reinforced with spray riveting or grouting, and water seepage and leakage should be channeled and intercepted.

The surface weathering of stone cultural relics such as stone carvings and carvings should be sealed with silicone-based polymer materials. The restoration of ancient buildings should be done so that minor repairs can be done without major repairs, and parts that can be partially demolished should not be completely demolished. The original components should be retained as much as possible to preserve the historical value of the ancient buildings.

For artistic components such as carved tiles, wood carvings, brick carvings, and stone carvings in ancient buildings, we must handle them with caution and try not to replace them or replace them as little as possible. Statues, murals, paintings and other ancillary works of art cannot be repaired at will.

The restoration of movable cultural relics can adopt a method that combines traditional skills with modern technology. For example, if copperware is rusted, it can be removed mechanically or by electrolytic reduction; dehydration of bamboo and lacquerware can be done by Natural drying method, or alcohol-ether joint immersion, freeze sublimation, polymer material penetration polymerization method; damaged calligraphy and painting are mostly repaired by traditional peeling and mounting method; modern books and periodicals can be reinforced with silk screen; ancient silk screen silk can be sterilized by fumigation method ; Fragile textiles can be reinforced with wire mesh or traditional mounting methods; broken ceramics can be bonded with polymer materials such as shellac or epoxy resin. The new materials and new processes used in the restoration of cultural relics must ensure that they do not damage the historical value of the cultural relics, including the shape, material, color, strength, etc. of the cultural relics, and must also be reversible.

New materials used in the repair of ancient building components should also abide by the principle that they can only strengthen but not replace. Detection technology is mainly used to detect traces of damage to cultural relics, analyze the chemical composition of texture and structure, and determine the age.

X-rays, ultrasonics, etc. are commonly used for flaw detection; electron microscopes and metallographic microscopes are commonly used for texture and structure analysis; spectrum and mass spectrometry are commonly used for chemical composition analysis of cultural relics; blurred and low-contrast ink paintings, etc. , infrared photography can be used; carbon-containing materials such as wood can be dated by carbon 14; ceramic tiles and other materials can be dated by thermoluminescence. Preservation Techniques of Stone Cultural Relics Stone cultural relics will undergo powdering, discoloration, mildew, and mold formation due to the influence of natural forces such as sunlight, water erosion, and earthquakes, as well as environmental pollution, microclimate changes, and other factors. , crisp alkali, splitting, hollowing, slurry, collapse, overturning and other damage forms.

Cave Temple Protection Techniques Diseases should be investigated first. The investigation work has the following steps: ① Surveying and mapping topographic maps, cave area plans, elevations, vertical and horizontal sections, etc.

The mapping methods include theodolite wire measurement, control network measurement, and small flatbed measurement. When conducting facade measurements and surveying and mapping of stone carvings and artworks in caves, close-range photogrammetry can be used.

②Environmental quality assessment. Including the stratigraphy, lithology, structure, hydrogeological conditions, meteorological, hydrological and seismic data of the mountain where the cultural relics are located, pollution sources and hazards caused, etc.

The main hazards to cultural relics and treatment measures should be pointed out. ③Geophysical exploration.

It is used to solve a special purpose and can only be effective if it meets the physical prerequisites and necessary working conditions. Currently used geophysical methods include: DC resistivity method to find water seepage pathways, microelectrode system method to detect the thickness of the weathered layer on the surface of the grotto, acoustic wave method to measure the weathering degree of the grotto, seismic survey to conduct archeology in front of the cave, etc.

④Stability analysis. Many grottoes are located on steep slopes and are three-dimensional spaces that combine steep slopes and cave chambers.

To analyze its stability, we should study the lithology, cracks, deformation and failure process, mechanical analysis and calculation of the mountain where the cultural relics are located, and predict its deformation and failure rules. For large and dangerous rock masses, structural plane analysis and calculations should also be carried out.

Preventive measures refer to improving the environment in which cultural relics are located to avoid further damage from various weathering stresses. The main measure is to work on the top of the grotto cliff.