Ask the master of Chinese for rhetorical methods! !

"Farewell to the Long Pavilion" shows Cui Yingying and Zhang Junrui's parting from sorrow and parting from hate, and reflects the farewell theme of "gathering a glass of wine through joys and sorrows, and traveling thousands of miles from north to south, east to west". The plot is not complicated. Cui Yingying, the lead singer of the whole folding play, consists of three scenes: the road in the pavilion, the middle of the banquet and the time of parting. With the transformation of the drama scene, the author deliberately arranged three landscape pictures, so that the combined images depicting autumn scenery one by one merged into the drama space. Readers appreciate the beautiful lyrics, just like accompanying the people in the play in the picturesque scenery, and enter a poetic realm. The following design plays down the plot of the drama, highlighting the grasp of the characters' psychology, the perception of the artistic conception of the lyrics and the appreciation of the language of the drama.

1. Delicate description of the character's psychology

The character's psychology

Don't hate if you leave sorrow: you can only get married after going through difficulties. You were allowed to get married last night, but you are leaving today.

Worried: the rain and dew in deserted villages and the wind and frost in wild shops are the most difficult to nurse without support. Anxious: flowers and plants in a foreign land will stay late again, stop their wives and remarry, and be ungrateful. Complain about dissatisfaction: it's hard to complain about breaking up Yuanyang and forcing her to go on the road. Who knows this hatred?

Delicate description

Express one's mind directly, such as "But getting a lotus with the same head is as strong as the top scholar" and

Use the scenery to express feelings, such as "Whoever gets drunk in the frost forest at dawn always leaves people with tears".

Set off feelings with scenery: For example, "There is no language in the ancient sunset road, and listening to Ma Si in the autumn wind".

clever use of rhetoric: such as using allusions, metaphors, antithesis and exaggeration. (Examples omitted)

2. Vivid description of the parting scene

1. The combined image of autumn scenery described in the lyrics

[ Correct and Good] On Changting Road-Twilight Frost Forest Map: Blue sky and white clouds, yellow flowers piled up, autumn wind bursts, flying in the north and flying in the south

[ undressed] during the banquet-sketch of yellow leaves fading: rustling autumn wind. Example:

One day in late autumn, a few white clouds were floating in the blue sky, and chrysanthemums were scattered all over the ground. The bleak autumn wind seemed to be tight for a while, and the wild geese flew to the south in formation to avoid the cold. The grass is haggard, the fog is cold and the frost is cold, the maple forest turns red after frost, and leaves branches in succession in the autumn wind and falls to the ground.

An oil-wall fragrant car drove out from Pujiu Temple, crossed the sparse forest and headed for Shili Pavilion. Cui Yingying, the daughter of Xiangfu, and the maid matchmaker were sitting on the bus. In the evening, the cold sunshine slanted on Yingying's face covered with tears, and there was something charming in her sorrow. On the left front side of the light bus, Zhang Sheng rode on a horse, walking slowly. The autumn wind lifted a corner of the curtain of the carriage, and the matchmaker looked pleasing to the eye, just to see Zhang Sheng cast an affectionate glance at the carriage, with a sad face and tears in her eyes.

A dilapidated pavilion stands alone by the road at the foot of the mountain. The sound of horses and chariots alarmed the crows on the pavilion to fly. Yingying was helped out of the car by matchmaker, and when she saw this scene, she gasped. Is this the place to break up? "open the seat!" The old lady's cold voice told Yingying: This is an irresistible reality. Zhang Sheng and Yingying looked at each other, though they had a thousand words to say, but they couldn't talk about it. Looking at the geese flying south, Yingying said to Zhang Sheng in her heart, trust the affectionate geese, and the news of peace will come. 1

3. Using imagination, with the theme of "leaving", the song [playing with children] was rewritten into a drama fragment. Example:

Yingying (raises a glass and looks miserable) says goodbye today, and drinks this cup! I don't know when we will meet (tears fall into the cup), and we will be public again.

don't worry, miss Zhang sheng (taking the cup), she will definitely win fame and return as soon as possible! (drinking)

[ Matchmaker sees that Zhang Sheng is conceited and chuckles]

Matchmaker to be no.1 should be careful about her husband.

Zhang Sheng (speechless) This ... Matchmaker knows my mind. (throwing a cup) is against love, just like this cup!

Yingying and his wife are congenial, just like lotus flowers, which is better than the first place. Why do you have to travel thousands of miles to get a false reputation? Come back early, whether you are an official or not.

miss Zhang sheng (moved and tearful) knows me. It's getting late. I have to get ready to go.

Yingying, wait. Your trip has nothing to give you, but there is something for you. (Zhanpa, softly chanting) Where is the present? At that time, I was close to myself. I will return the old purpose and pity the present.

miss Zhang sheng (listen carefully and take a closer look at pa) don't worry too much! I would like to give you a unique skill to cut your heart. (Poetry) Who is the closest relative in life? If you don't meet a bosom friend, who will pity and sigh?

matchmaker (sighs) Lao Yan flies apart, and a pair of people in bad karma 1

4. With the theme of "disappointment", the two songs [Yisha] and [Ending] are rewritten into modern poems, and the images in the first song are used as much as possible to express the feelings of parting from Yingying's perspective. Example:

As soon as I ride the dust, the mountain cage is light smoke/turns the hillside, and wears the sparse forest, and the familiar figure is faintly visible/says peace, says treasure, accompanied by a clear setting sun/autumn wind passing over the millet, and the sound of Ma Si wafts, and the neighing of horses hits Yingying's heart/Lao Yan flies away. Who is in charge? Don't hate suffering/talk about fame and career, just ask where to return and when to return to the year/the mountains and rivers are unforgettable, the sunset is connected with the old roads/under the green hills, in the autumn wind, people cry, and their hearts are upset/then they are sad, as long as water and as heavy as lead/a car, how can they afford it? How to drag forward?

3. In-depth taste of the language of traditional Chinese opera

1. In Farewell to the Changting, which lyrics are Yingying's anti-feudal consciousness embodied in?

① dissatisfaction with breaking up Yuanyang. Yingying "saw the Shili Pavilion from a distance, and lost her muscles", "Seeing the arrangement of cars and horses, people can't help but feel angry". (2) contempt for fame and wealth. Yingying advised Zhang Sheng not to worry about "uneven literary style and good fortune", and not to mention that "the golden list is nameless and never returns", thinking that "getting a lotus with the same head is as strong as being the first scholar", and fame and wealth are just "a hollow reputation and a small profit".

2. The lyrics of "Farewell to Changting" are distinguished by their elegant diction. Take [Correct and Good] as an example to illustrate this language feature.

[ Correct and Good] is a song inspired by scenery, which can be called the swan song of Yuan Dynasty. Its beauty lies in the combination of images, elegance and beauty; First, the expression of emotions is euphemistic and implicit; First, the use of verbs is just right: a word "dye" not only writes the abrupt change of scenery color, but also makes this change bring strong sadness to the people in the play. Zhu Quan's "Taihe Zhengyin Spectrum" said: "Wang Shifu's words are like a beauty among flowers. It is euphemistic to tell the story, which has won the interest of poets. There are very good sentences, such as Yuhuan's bath and Huaqing, and the green pearl's picking lotus Lop. " It's for judging.

3. [Yisha] wrote "Don't worry", using four images: "Castle Peak", "Ancient Road", "Sunset" and "Misty Clouds". Try to find famous sentences that use these images to write "sorrow" from Tang poetry and Song poetry. Example:

Castle Peak: Pedestrians miss the autumn wind infinitely, and Castle Peak across the water looks like hometown. (Dai Shulun's "The Landscape of Zhichuan")

The green hills on both sides of the strait greet each other, but who knows the feeling of parting? (Lin Bu's "Sauvignon Blanc Wu Shanqing")

Ancient road: I advise you to drink more wine, and there is no reason to go to Yangguan in the west. (Wang Wei (Send the Second Envoy of Yuan Dynasty to Anxi)

A thousand miles away, heartbroken, closing the ancient mountain road, looking back on the high city is like a heavenly apricot. (Zhao Qi's "Appreciating the Emperor's Love")

Sunset: can I trace your footprint in the autumn grass, or only slanting sunlight through the bleak woods?. (Liu Changqing's "Changsha Wang Jia Yi Zhai")

Outside the setting sun, Western jackdaw is dotted with flowing water around the lonely village. (Qin Guan's Man Ting Fang Shan Mo weiyun)

Haze: but I look toward home, and twilight grows dark? There was a mist hanging over the river, bringing deep melancholy to the people. (Cui Hao's Yellow Crane Tower)

When I think about it, it's a thousand miles away, and the dusk is heavy. (Liu Yong's "Yulinling Chilling")

IV. Discussion

The fifth book of "The Romance of the West Chamber" writes that Zhang Sheng is the top student in high school, and Yi Jin is honored, and Yingying is "the golden crown" and "the five flowers are official". All shall be well, jack shall have Jill. Jin Shengtan, who was popular since the Ming Dynasty, criticized the Sixth Talented Man's Book The West Chamber and cut off the fifth happy ending of The West Chamber. Cui and Zhang broke up, that is, the ending of the script, which turned the West Chamber from comedy to tragedy. Talk about your opinion on the ending of the golden criticism of the West Chamber. (Example)

The first view: In the era when the protagonist lived in the play, feudal ethics were rock solid, and the happy ending was originally lacking in life basis, but with a strong idealistic color. It was a logical result that Cui and Zhang's love was destroyed. The top scholar and being ordered to get married are even more conventional, which makes people feel that Cui's previous difficulties are so "reasonable". The golden criticism of the West Chamber made Cui Zhang's love end in sadness, exposing the destruction of feudal ethics on beautiful love, which has shocking power. The popularity of Jin's criticism of The West Chamber is a historical choice.

the second view: the extreme of love is the end of disillusionment, which is not in line with the author's good wish of "making all sentient beings in the world become well-connected" and the audience's aesthetic psychology of "having a good moon". From love at first sight to two of a kind, Cui and Zhang have experienced many difficulties and twists. At least, in Wang Shifu's view, a happy ending is the best ending for looking for a marriage. The feudal factors in the fifth book are caused by the limitations of the times and should not be demanding of the ancients. It's unreasonable to criticize The West Chamber with the golden criticism of Wang Shifu's The West Chamber.

-materials for preparing lessons-

1. knowledge of zaju

tune: seven tones of music, namely palace, business, horn, change sign, emblem, feather and change palace. The mode dominated by palace is called "palace", and the rest is called "tune", which is collectively called "palace tune". Five palaces and four tunes are commonly used in Yuan Zaju, namely Zhenggong, Zhonglv Palace, Nanlu Palace, Huangzhong Palace, Xianlv Palace, Dashi Tune, Shuangdiao, Shangdiao and Yuediao, which are collectively called "Jiugong". "Farewell to the Pavilion" uses the main palace, and its voice and feelings are "magnificent". The forms of official palace couplet are [correct], [rolling hydrangea], [babbling], [undressing], [Xiaoliangzhou], [articles], [Happy Three], [giving to the sky], [ending] and so on.

(According to Wang Li's "The Rhythm of Chinese Poetry")

Quci: rhyming, flat and even, rhyme to the end, rhyme is dense. The antithesis is often used in antithesis, regardless of the level, and has various forms. There are many interlinings in the quwen. (According to Wang Li's "The Law of Chinese Poetry" and Tu Zongtao's "Outline of the Rules of Poetry and Music", etc.)

Bin Bai: "Singing is the main thing, white is the guest, so it is called Bin Bai, and it is clear and smooth." "There are all guests and all whites in Beiqu. Two people say "guest" to each other, and one person says "white". "

(Xu Wei's Narration of Southern Ci, Shan Yu's Jupo Conghua)

Scientific introductions: "Meeting, bowing, worshiping, dancing, sitting and kneeling are all called subjects", "Taking scientific words as introductions, there are differences among non-scientific introductions".

(Xu refers to "The Narrative of Nanci")

2. Important items

① Meeting in Buddhist temples: During the reign of Tang Zhenyuan, Zhang Junrui, a talented scholar from Luoyang, happened to meet Cui Jue, the late daughter of Cui Yingying, the prime minister, in the Buddhist temple of Pujiu Temple in Hezhongfu (now Yongji, Shanxi). Yingying was merciful at the corner of her eyes, and she looked back. Zhang Sheng thought that he was going to make a turn at the eye, so she borrowed a room in the west wing on the side of the tower yard to "review the classics".

(Zhang Junrui's Dojo Zaju)

② Corner couplet: Yingying goes down to the garden on the west wing to burn incense, and Zhang Sheng sings in the corner: "The moonlight melts into the night, and the flowers are silent and spring; How to meet the soul and not see the man in the moon y "Yingying is moved, and according to the rhyme, she said:" Lan Min has been lonely for a long time, and nothing has happened to spend her spring; Those who are expected to sing should be pitied. " Yingying's talent further touched Zhang Sheng.

(same as above)

③ Listening to the piano on a moonlit night: Sun Feihu Bingwei Pujiu Temple wanted Cui Yingying, and Zhang Sheng wrote a book, calling General Du Que, the White Horse, to rescue it. The old lady promised to get married again, and Zhang Sheng played the piano and wrote songs late at night, which made Yingying's "heart knows itself" hard to stop.

(Cui Yingying listens to Qin Zaju at night)

④ The matchmaker handed over the book: Zhang Sheng entrusted the matchmaker to hand over the book, "Acacia turned to hate, and heptachord was overwhelmed. Pleasure comes in spring, and my heart moves. This situation can't be violated. Why should a false reputation be served? Don't lose the moon, and pity the flowers. " He expressed his eagerness to meet Yingying under the moon. Yingying replied: "When the moon is under the west wing, the windward door is half open; The partition wall is moving, and it is suspected that it is a jade person. " Zhang Sheng jumped into the wall as promised, but was humiliated by Yingying and left disgruntled.

(

Zhang Junrui's Acacia Zaju) ⑤ Cui Zhang got married: Zhang Sheng was ill, and Yingying couldn't help worrying. She asked the matchmaker for a decoction and passed on a love poem: "Don't worry about your own business, it depends on destroying your talents. I didn't expect to finish my life at that time, so why not make a disaster for you today? It's hard to follow Zagreb's example, and I would like to offer new poems as a medium. I sent a message to Gao Tang to take a break from ode and make the clouds and rain come at night. " That night, Yingying Chong was bound by feudal ethics and took a decisive step: she married Zhang Sheng privately.

(Cao Qiao Dian Meng Ying Ying Zaju)

3. The style of The West Chamber

The general rule of Yuan Zaju is that one book is 4% off, while the West Chamber is five books, which is a whole matter of "getting the same score". Although it is not just The Romance of the West Chamber that breaks through a 4% discount, the scale of five books is a special case after all. The reasons are as follows: firstly, the story itself, which is full of joys and sorrows, twists and turns, is difficult to accommodate; Second, The Romance of the West Chamber, as a classical poetic drama, has a strong lyricism. It not only tells a story, but also shows the emotional waves and inner world of the characters, which inevitably requires a large number of aria and corresponding space; Third, Wang Xixiang is based on Dong Xixiang, and Dong Xixiang is a magnum opus with 5, words, which also requires a corresponding scale. Fourth, in the era when Wang Xixiang came into being, the Southern Opera has developed, and its style of appearing dozens of times will inevitably affect Wang Shifu's zaju creation.

(History of Ancient Chinese Literature, edited by Guo Yuheng, Volume III, page 373)

4. Comments on the West Chamber

Scholars in the Ming Dynasty commented on the West Chamber, and many comments appeared. There are more than ten kinds of criticisms of The West Chamber by Ming people. There are mainly Wang Shizhen's and Li Zhi's co-commentary (Yuan Ben Chu Xiang Bei Xiang Ji), Li A Zan's criticism "Mr. Li Zhuowu's Criticism of Bei Xiang Ji" and Chen Jiru's criticism <; Ding Engraved Mr. Chen Meigong's Criticism of the West Chamber), Tang Xianzu's Criticism (Tang Hairuo's Criticism of the West Chamber), Xu Wei's Criticism (Re-engraving and Revising Yuan Ben's Batch of Paintings to the North West Chamber), Tang, Li and Xu's Three Misters' Comments on Yuan Ben's North West Chamber, etc. These critics have expressed many views on the conception, structure and characters of The West Chamber from different angles, from which we can see the various understandings of the West Chamber by the fathers-in-law, progressive thinkers and dramatists in the Ming Dynasty.

(The History of Literature in Yuan Dynasty, edited by Deng Shaoji, p. 127)

5. The Western Chamber, which was approved by Jin, was widely circulated and had great influence in the Ming and Qing dynasties, that is, The Story of the Western Chamber, the Sixth Talented Man's Book in Guanhuatang. In addition to commenting on essays, Jin Shengtan wrote two prefaces in front of the book, one is "Mourning the ancients", the other is "Leave it to future generations", and there are 81 readings, which are quite wonderful, and he also made many changes to the original text of The West Chamber. There are always different opinions about Jin Shengtan's comments and changes. For example, Liang Tingnan, a Qing dynasty man, thought: "Jin Shengtan tried to solve problems by taking The West Chamber and separating it. The West Chamber is a great boon at this point; It is also a change of meaning, especially reckless. " (Quhua) However, some people praised it, such as saying, "The West Chamber has been in existence for more than 4 years, and it is the first one to write lyrics. I don't know tens of millions of people, but the one who can refer to it as the first one is the only one who has a golden sigh." (Li Yu's Casual Notes)

(History of Ancient Chinese Literature, edited by Guo Yuheng, Volume III, page 372)

6. Comments by predecessors

The West Chamber, which was handed down from the world, to "Blue sky, yellow flowers, tight west wind, flying south in the north", was very bitter in conception, thirsty, and died on the ground.