Russian Far East

English name:

Russian Far East

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The area is about 6.2 million square kilometers and the population is about100000.

In today's Russian Far East, more than 30 nationalities of different sizes have lived here since ancient times. Although their development degree is very different, they all made their own contributions to the creation of ancient civilization in this area. These ethnic groups belong to Ugric-Finnish language family, Turkic language family, Manchu-Tungusic language family and ancient Asian language family. Its religious beliefs in ancient times were totem worship and primitive shamanism. Later, he gradually accepted foreign Buddhism, Islam and Orthodox Church. Generally speaking, the ethnic groups in the south have a high degree of development, and some of them have reached the stage of feudal society. Some of these ethnic groups were greatly influenced by ancient China, and even some areas were under the jurisdiction of China Dynasty and were part of China. The ethnic minorities in the north are very backward. Until16-17th century, most ethnic minorities were still at the end of primitive society but just entered the stage society.

Only the Heilongjiang river basin. Around 1050, the mixed-race ethnic groups of Huaxia and Qiang destroyed the last mixed-race ethnic group of Taizixin, Tunguska and Huaxia in Shang Dynasty and established the Western Zhou Dynasty. Sushen of Heilongjiang paid tribute to the king of Zhou with a crossbow. During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, there were two main ethnic groups in the Heilongjiang River Basin, the Donghu ethnic group and the Su ethnic group, both of which were Tungusic languages. They worshipped totems and later believed in Shamanism. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, after the Huns perished, the Wuhuan Department of East Lake occupied the Mongolian Plateau and the upper reaches of Heilongjiang, which became the pride of the grassland. Wuhuan was defeated by Cao Cao, a Han nationality, and Xianbei of Donghu was powerful, controlling the upper and middle reaches of Heilongjiang and the Mongolian Plateau. The formation of Xianbei nationality is divided into Duan, Murong, Begging, Tuoba, Yuwen and Rouran. After Xianbei moved south, Rouran replaced Xianbei Mongolia and Heilongjiang. In 555, Rouran was wiped out by white and yellow mixed-race Turks, and Rouran's northern branch fled to the east of Ya 'Blauf Mountains and south of Outer Xing 'an Mountains, which was the ancestor of Shiwei. Rounan Branch fled to the upper reaches of Liaohe River and became the ancestor of Qidan people. The Han Dynasty destroyed Goguryeo in the Tang Dynasty, and General Dazuo Rong of Goguryeo went to Heilongjiang to establish the Bohai Kingdom. Ethnic groups are mainly Heishui Beach in Sanjiang Plain and Tansu Beach in Jilin Province today. King Da Zuo Rong of Koguryo and his descendants gradually browned and merged into Tantan. In 9 17, the Khitan established the Liao Empire in Balinzuoqi, destroyed the Bohai Sea, ruled the Jurchen nationality in the Bohai Sea and reached the Sea of Okhotsk. 1 1 15 years, the indigenous Jurchen nationality of Heilongjiang established the Daikin Kingdom in Acheng, and got rid of the independence of Liao. 1 125 years, the state of Liao perished, and the Khitans led some people to Central Asia to rebuild the state of Liao, which was called the Western Liao in history. Shiwei people evolved into Mongols, and the Heilongjiang River Basin was under the jurisdiction of Liaoyang Province in the Yuan Dynasty. In the early Ming Dynasty, the Han people conquered Kuwu (Sakhalin Island) and established Nurgan Province in Miaojie, the estuary of Heilongjiang Province, which governed the Heilongjiang River Basin. 16 16, the Jurchen nationality, an indigenous ethnic group in Heilongjiang, got rid of the independence of the Ming Dynasty and established the post-Jin Dynasty. At that time, the eastern side of Daxinganling was Hercynian Jurchen, Sanjiang Plain was Savage Jurchen, and Jilin Province was Jianzhou Jurchen. Shihot Mountain and Sakhalin Island belong to Hezhe nationality. From the south bank of the Sea of Okhotsk, along the Udi River-Waixing 'an Mountains to the Ergon River, Ewenki (Sauron, Yakutia) lives, and the Elunchun lives in Jieya River. They are all local aborigines, Tungusic people, and are under the management of Houjin. To the east of Lake Baikal, Buryat Mongols lived, which did not belong to the jurisdiction of the late Jin Dynasty. This is why the eastern side of Lake Baikal was ceded to Russia by the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar in the Qing Dynasty.

/kloc-Before the end of 0/6, neither Siberia nor the Far East was Russian territory. During this period, Russia has just formed a unified centralized country, with a territory area of only 2.8 million square kilometers, located in a corner of northeast Europe, far from Siberia. /kloc-After Tsar Ivan IV came to power in the middle of the 6th century, Russia began to expand eastward, gradually annexing large areas of Siberia and the Far East and extending its territory to the Pacific coast. In the process of Russia's eastward expansion, the first obstacle is the Siberian khanate adjacent to Russia.

1556, the tsar summoned the Lohan family in Kharkov state adjacent to the Siberian khanate, asked about the border situation and authorized them to resist the Siberian khanate. They were ordered to build fortifications near the Siberian khanate, recruit soldiers, acquire weapons and wait for an opportunity to occupy the Siberian khanate. 1574, the tsar once again ordered the Strohan family in Kharkov State to build cities and recruit troops in the east of Ural-ob river and its tributaries, the Tours River, the Tobol River and the Irtysh River, thus Russia directly expanded its power to the territory of the Siberian khanate. The Lohan people in Kharkov state, adhering to the will of the tsar, invaded the Siberian khanate many times and had fierce conflicts with the people of the khanate. 1579, the Lohan family in Kharkov sent someone to contact Ermak, the Cossack leader who had been severely punished by the Tsar, to encourage him to join in, conquer the Siberian khanate and help the Tsar colonize the territory.

158 1 year, after a long period of preparation, Ermak led a team of 840 people to conquer Siberia under the weapons of the Strohan family in Kharkov. Russian troops marched along the waterway, passed through the Chusovaya River, crossed the Urals, crossed the Shereka River, the Tagil River, the Tours River and the Tobol River, and finally invaded the Irtysh River. 158 1 year1year1October 26th, Kashrek, the capital of the Siberian khanate, was captured. Ermak and his gang made great contributions to Russia's expansion. The czar government decided to pardon Ermak and others, commend their actions, and award a large number of salaries. The Rohan family in Kharkov was also encouraged and rewarded by the two cities. The Russian aggression and atrocities aroused great anger among the people of the Siberian khanate, who struggled to resist the Russian invaders and persisted for more than 20 years. 1598, Russian troops defeated Kuchum Khan, and Kuchum Khan died shortly after fleeing to the prairie. At this point, Russia finally conquered the Siberian khanate. Its aggressive forces crossed the Urals Mountains, and Ermak's expedition opened the prelude to Russia's large-scale expansion to Siberia. By the 1930s and 1940s of 17, Russian aggression had crossed the Yenisei River and reached the Lena River, Chukchi Peninsula and the Sea of Okhotsk.

After Russia conquered the Siberian khanate, it sent heavy troops, built castles, held military positions and consolidated the newly occupied areas. And take these strongholds as the base camp, and further get their hands on the Balabin prairie. In order to occupy the middle and lower reaches of ob river, Russia also sent troops to Peking University, successively destroying the Emirate of Piram and the Emirate of Yepancha, and establishing two cities, Piram and Turinsk. The northern Ural Mountains and the lower reaches of ob river are known as "Yugra" and "Boshula" regions in Russian history. Samoyed, Hunter, Mansi and Trude have lived here for a long time. Their aquaculture and fur industry are very famous, and Russians have long coveted the wealth here. After Russia eliminated the Siberian khanate, it paved the way for the complete conquest of the lower reaches of ob river. 1593, after Russia defeated the Teutonic people, it established Berezov City on the former sites of Hante and Mansi Sugemutawa, and continued to March on the Taza River on this basis. In 160 1 year, it established Mangateya City in the lower reaches of the Taza River, which indicated that Russia basically occupied the lower reaches of ob river. At the same time, Russia stepped up its push to the upper reaches of ob river and established Tomsk City at the mouth of Tomu River. In this area, Russian troops fought fiercely with local Mongolians and Kyrgyz, and began to advance to the northwest frontier of China.

From the beginning of17th century, Russia continued to expand eastward and occupied the Yenisei River area in the 1920s. Russia's eastward advance is mainly based on the huge flow of Siberia, along the criss-crossing rivers and streams, from one stream to another. Between two similar waters and rivers, Russians call them "land and water roads". In winter, you can walk on ice. "Land-water connection" can shorten many distances. By the early 1930s, the Russians had occupied the middle, lower and upper reaches of the Yenisei River.

In the process of Cossack's colonization, news about the Lena River has been heard all the time. And obtained some route information to the Lena River. After the Russian government occupied the two major water systems in Siberia, it also wanted to occupy the Lena River, the third largest water system. So they sent troops from Mangaxia in the north and Yenisesk in the south, and occupied the Lena River at the same time. Cossack troops came to the Lena River basin mainly through the north road of the Lower Tunguska River, the south road of the Upper Tunguska River and the ancient roads often used by the Ewenki people. They plundered the property on both sides of the river and established strongholds. Central Villier, Lower Villier and Upper Villier were successively established. 1638, the Russian government ordered the establishment of the Yakutsk military governor's office, forcibly incorporating large envelopes in the Lena River area into the Russian territory. Yakutsk was originally built on the right bank of the Lena River. 1643, Governor Golovin ordered the city to be moved to the left bank of the river. Since then, Yakutsk has become the command center of Russia's further expedition to Northeast Asia.

The geographical conditions in Northeast Asia are complicated. Besides mountains and rivers, it is also close to the Arctic Ocean and the Sea of Okhotsk. From 65438 to the end of 1930s, Russian Cossacks began an expedition to Northeast Asia. Thaksin mainly entered the Arctic Ocean from the mouth of the Lena River by sea, reached all parts of Northeast Asia by using the Lena River and its tributaries or by land, or reached the Sea of Okhotsk by several different routes. Russian colonialism established many castles and winter camps in this area in the process of advancing eastward. For example, 1638 established Vilho Jansk on the Yana River, and 1642 established Nijansk; Peter Vilske and others set up a stronghold on the Indigilka River. 1645, Mikhail Stadukhin and others arrived at the Jorge Lema River, and successively established three winter camps: Upper, Middle and Lower Kolemesk. Fort Okhotsk was built in 1647.

By the fifties and sixties of 17, Cossack's footprints had spread all over Northeast Asia. Then, they began to advance to kamchatka peninsula. At this time, the kamchatka peninsula was inhabited by Igor, Creole, Eskimo, slaves and so on. They are engaged in fishing and hunting here and live a primitive life. 1695, Yakutia Cossacks went to Fort Anadel in the overseers. Some of them visited kamchatka peninsula the next year. At the beginning of 1697, Atlasov, a Cossack of 50 people, assembled a team of 120 people to conquer kamchatka peninsula, where he fought fiercely with the local people. Later, castles such as Upper Kamchatka were built and guarded. By 17 1 1, the whole of kamchatka peninsula was conquered and incorporated into the Russian territory. After occupying Northeast Asia and kamchatka peninsula, Russia stepped up its push to Alaska and Aleutian Islands in the North Pacific.

In the process of expanding to Siberia and the Far East, Russia also extended its aggression tentacles to Lake Baikal and Heilongjiang. /kloc-In 1930s and 1940s, Russia invaded Lake Baikal from the west and north, centering on Yenisesk and Yakutsk. Cossacks established Balagansk (1654) and Irkutsk (1652) in the Angara River basin, and Vilho Lensk (1642) in the upper reaches of the Lena River. In the northeast corner of Lake Baikal, Cossacks established Upper Angarsk (1647) and Balguzin Fort (1648), and 1652 established Fort Bowen Tosk. In this way, Russian troops generally surrounded Lake Baikal from the north, laying the foundation for further southward and eastward advancement.

Russian troops went all the way south from the south bank of Lake Baikal, reaching the Mongolian area of China. One moves eastward to the Shileka River in the upper reaches of Heilongjiang and then invades Heilongjiang. On the way to the east and south, the Russians chose to go hand in hand with land and built several town castles in a hurry. For example, Nebuchadnezzar was founded in 1658, Telianbinsk in 1658, Serengesk in 1665 and Houdusse in 1666. These castles have played an important role in Russia's military, diplomatic and economic activities and trade with China.

65438+ In the forties and fifties of last century, Russia invaded the Heilongjiang River Basin. 1643, the branch of Cossack Bojar did not take the Ardan River, a tributary of Lena River, but entered the Mka River in New York State along the Wuqiur River, then crossed the outer Xing 'an Mountains, took the land route of lianshan, and finally entered the Jingjili River (Jieya River), a tributary of Heilongjiang Province. The other route starts from Mahe River in aulick and reaches Heilongjiang along Tujil River, its tributary. Khabarov's expedition to Heilongjiang took this road. In order to strengthen management, the Russian government set up the aulick Minsk Fortress at the Mahekou in aulick at 1656.

Russia conquered the vast Siberia and the Far East, and immediately established administrative and military institutions to control it and implement colonial rule. The whole Siberia is managed by the central Siberian government. The region is divided into inspector jurisdiction and county. There are four supervision areas, namely Tobolsk, Tomsk, Yakutsk and Yenisesk, and each area belongs to several counties. /kloc-in the 0/7th century, there were 19 counties in Siberia, such as Tulinsk, Tyumen and Tara. Each district and county has supervisors who are responsible for all military, administrative, judicial and economic powers in their respective areas.

1850, taking advantage of the decline of China in the Qing Dynasty, invaded the Heilongjiang River Basin by force. In jaxa, Russians even eat Sauron people as food, which is really a man-eating demon; Nikolayev captured the Temple Street, brutally killed the local Hezhe and Ewenki residents, created the Temple Street tragedy, and renamed it Nikolayevsk; At the same time, it forced the Qing Dynasty to sign the Sino-Russian Love-Faint Treaty and the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty, and seized 6,543,800 square kilometers of China territory in the Heilongjiang River Basin, including a large area of territory north of Heilongjiang, south of the outer Xing 'an Mountains and east of the Wusuli River to Sakhalin Island. Hezhe people living in this territory were slaughtered, the Elunchun people of Jieya River were forced to move into Daxing 'anling, and the Jurchen people were forced to move into the west of Wusuli River south of Heilongjiang. Finally, Russian immigrants became the main ethnic group in the area. I wonder if the Buryat Mongols east of Lake Baikal have been assimilated?

At the end of the Qing Dynasty, a large number of Han people immigrated to Northeast China and became the main ethnic group in Northeast China, which ensured the centripetal force of Northeast China to China and became the strongest force to consolidate the border defense in Northeast China. Sixty-four villages east of Hailanpao River were reclaimed by Han Chinese for many years, so it was specifically declared in the Aihui Treaty to be reserved as the territory of China, becoming the only territory in China, north of Heilongjiang. At the end of the Qing dynasty, the Russians broke the contract and drove the Han and Oroqen residents to Heilongjiang to drown or kill them. This is the Hailan gun tragedy! After the Qing Dynasty, Yuan Shikai, the Northern Warlords and the Kuomintang regime refused to recognize the occupation of Sixty-four Tun in Jiangdong, insisting that it was a part of China territory.

1900, Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China, and Russia took advantage of the fire to seize and colonize the whole northeast of China. 1905 Japan defeated Russia, seized the southern section of Sakhalin Island, the southern Kuril Islands and Vladivostok, and controlled Jilin and Liaoning. Later, southern Heilongjiang entered Zhang, and the Far East Republic was established in 19 17, and Japan controlled the entire Kuril Islands.

193 1 year, the Japanese occupied the northeast of China, established a puppet "Manchukuo" and confronted the Soviet Union in Heilongjiang. The Soviet Union drove away or killed the Han nationality in the Far East and forcibly moved the Korean nationality in the Far East to Central Asia. 1945, the Soviet Union recaptured the southern part of Sakhalin Island and Vladivostok from Japan, and occupied the entire Kuril Islands (including four northern Japanese islands). Sayanling-Lake Baikal-Waixinganling-Sakhalin Island is the life and soul of Russia's Far East, the population center, resource center and economic center of Russia in Asia, and the mainland of the Pacific Fleet. Without these territories, Russia will lose convenient transportation links with Kamchatka and Aleutian, and the security of Northeast Asia will be completely lost. Without these China territories, Russia will have no real foothold in Asia. The following is a brief introduction to the Russian Far East cities in the former China territory:

Vladivostok (Vladivostok): More than 800,000 people, founded in 1860, is the base of whaling, fishing and freezing ships in the Far East, with monsoon climate. 65438+ 10, the average temperature in October is-15℃, the average temperature in August is about 20℃, and the annual rainfall is about 690 mm. China's name is Vladivostok, and it is rich in sea cucumbers (where mountains and water bend).

Khabarovsk: 700,000 people, founded in 1858, the largest city in the Far East. Inland river shipping can go directly to sea through amur river, or directly to Tongjiang, Fujin, Jiamusi and Harbin. The city is one of the largest green cities in the Far East, with tens of thousands of hectares of nature reserves, including well-preserved grassland forests. The main industrial sectors are aircraft manufacturing, fuel industry, wood processing industry, construction and building materials industry. China is called Boli, the capital of blackwater. In the Ming Dynasty, the Jurchen people lived in Valka.

Yakutsk: With a population of 200,000, it is the capital of Yakutsk Autonomous Region and the oldest city in the Far East. It has always been famous as a distribution center for fur, leather, livestock, ivory and wood. Contact with the outside world depends on air transportation, and there are large airports. Not the territory of China, but the forces of Liaoyang Province in the Yuan Dynasty once arrived. The natural gas fields in Ustivelui provide fuel for the city.

Magadan: Located on the north bank of the Sea of Okhotsk, it was built in 1933, with a population of150,000. It is a new port city, and Nagayev Port is its maritime gateway. It is not the territory of China, but the land trade between Bohai State and hooligans passes through here.

South Sakhalinsk: The capital of Sakhalin State, located on the Susuya River in sakhalin island, with a population of1.8000. It was founded in 1.946. From here, you can take the railway to Hormuzk on the west coast of the island, where there is a railway ferry to Vanino port to connect with the Baya railway trunk line. Industry is mainly wood processing, pulp and paper making, and seafood fishing and processing. The Hezhe people in China made Lubuju where the Korean passenger plane was shot down.

Petropavlovsk: The capital of Kamchatka, built in 1740, with a population of more than 250,000, is a cold storage base for fishing fleets. The port is a transit point for goods between Vladivostok and Nakhodka. Cars, tractors, geological exploration equipment, cement, machine tools, daily necessities, etc. Wood and fish are mainly shipped out. Not the territory of China, the center of ghosts and gods in history.

Ussurisk: Located at the southern end of Ussuri-Xingkai Lake Plain in the south of Primorsky Krai, it is the intersection of three rivers (Suifen River, Mukovli River and Suptiga River) with a population of 200,000. Established in 1866. Agriculture is relatively developed, and there is komarov Nature Reserve near the urban area. There are three passages leading to China in this city: one is Suifenhe Passage, with a railway and a highway; One is the Dongning passage, with a highway; One is the Mishan Passage, which has an expressway. China was named Shuangchengzi and Shuangchengwei in Ming Dynasty.

Nakhodka: The largest port and fishery center in the Russian Far East, with 200,000 people, was built in 1935. The port of this city is deep and calm, and it can be navigable all year round. In the Gulf of America, about 0/8km east of Nakhodka, there is a large port aided by Japan-Dongfang Port. So far, this is a relatively successful free economic zone in Russia. The traditional residence of the Jurchen nationality in China, Wojibu (Kurkabu) in the East China Sea.

* * * Qingcheng: This city was born in the first five-year plan of the Soviet Union. In order to build a shipyard and an aircraft factory here, a group of volunteers from Moscow, St. Petersburg and Ukraine came here. 1932 established the city.

Blagoveshchensk (Baoxing City): 200,000 people. 1858, Russia occupied the area and built a city. The largest port in Amur Prefecture is built outside the intersection of amur river and Jaya River, and the river transportation is developed. China's name is Hailanpao, where the Oroqen people live.

Birobidzhan: the capital of the Jewish Autonomous Prefecture, founded in 1937. Located on the banks of the Bila River, it has a population of 90,000. The traditional houses in the Sahel of the Jurchen nationality. Russians and thousands of Cossacks occupied the region with the richest natural resources in the world for hundreds of years.